Abstract: The petroleum stream watercut monitor includes a test cell having a petroleum stream flowing through it. A microwave transmitter provides microwave energy through an antenna through an isolator. The antenna irradiates the test cell with the microwave energy so that the microwave energy enters the test cell and is reflected from the petroleum stream back to the antenna. A circulator connected to the isolator connects the transmitter to the isolator means and provides microwave energy to the antenna through the isolator and receives from the antenna again through the isolator the reflected microwave energy. An indicator provides an indication of the watercut of the petroleum stream in accordance with the phase difference between the transmitted microwave energy and the test microwave energy.

Abstract: A petroleum stream microwave water cut monitor includes test cell means which contains a reference petroleum multiphase fluid sample and which has a sample stream of a petroleum stream passing through it. A source transmits microwave energy to one of a first pair of antennae which irradiates the petroleum stream flowing in the test cell or the reference sample in the test cell with microwave energy. One of a second pair of antennae receives the microwave energy that has passed through either the petroleum stream or the reference sample. A detector detects the received microwave energy and provides a signal corresponding thereto. An indicator provides an indication of the water cut of the petroleum stream in accordance with the received signal power and a phase difference between the transmitted microwave energy and the received microwave energy.

Abstract: A co-variance microwave water cut monitor includes a test cell having a petroleum stress flowing through it while permitting the microwave energy to enter the test cell. A microwave source provides microwave energy to a circulator which in turn provides the microwave energy to an antenna. The antenna provides the petroleum stream in the test cell with the microwave energy and receives reflected microwave energy back from the stream. The reflected microwave energy is provided by the antenna to the circulator which in turn provides the reflected microwave energy as test microwave energy. A detector assembly connected to the circulator detects the intensity of the test microwave energy and provides a corresponding intensity signal.

Abstract: A method for evaluating characteristics of a printed wiring board by measuring the alternating current impedance spectra of the printed wiring board conductor pattern. The method is useful in evaluating a number of different characteristics, such as moisture content, delamination, interlayer thickness and surface characteristics.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the water content of crude oil in a pipeline is disclosed. The device consists of S-band tarnsmitting and receiving antennas, and X-band transmitting and receiving antennas. These are used to determine the complex dielectric constant of the fluid in a pipeline. Water salinity and an adjustment to the mixing formula are calculated using X-band and S-band sidewall links. The overall water content of the pipeline can then be determined by using as S-band main link that transmits a wave through a representative portion of the entire pipeline.