Abstract: A delay line for a printed circuit board (PCB) is disclosed. The delay line includes a first straight line, a second straight line and a third straight line. The second and third straight lines are respectively disposed at two sides of the first straight line. The first, second and third straight lines are parallel to each other and form a delay path. The current direction of the second straight line is opposite to that of the third straight line.

Abstract: A design structure, structure, and method for providing an on-chip variable delay transmission line with a fixed characteristic impedance. A method of manufacturing a transmission line structure includes forming a signal line of the transmission line structure, forming a first ground return structure that causes a first delay and a first characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure, and forming a second ground return structure that causes a second delay and a second characteristic impedance in the transmission line structure. The first delay is different from the second delay, and the first characteristic impedance is substantially the same as the second characteristic impedance.

Abstract: In the field of thin-layered superconductors, particularly those having tunable or adjustable characteristics, a method for the production of such components is provided, in addition to devices including such components. In such a device, is a stack of thin layers alternately consisting of an electrically insulating material and a superconductor material, and turning structure resulting in a resistive link between at least two of the superconductor layers. The inductance of the component can be adjusted by modifying the resistivity of the link.

Abstract: A wafer antenna comprises a wafer substrate, a plurality of antenna elements integrated on the wafer substrate for radiating and receiving a radio frequency signal, an electrical connection integrated on the wafer substrate; a feed network integrated on the wafer substrate for distributing the RF signal from the electrical connection to the antenna elements and from the antenna elements to the electrical connection, and a plurality of tunable dielectric phase shifters integrated on the wafer substrate with each of the tunable dielectric phase shifters coupled to a corresponding one of the antenna elements and controlling the phase of the RF signal coupled to the corresponding one of the antenna elements.

Abstract: Disclosed is a phase shifter having a power dividing function. The phase shifter includes: an input port for receiving a radio frequency (RF) signal; a power dividing unit for dividing the RF signal into a first divided signal of which phase is to be varied and a second divided signal having a fixed phase value; a first output port for outputting the second divided signal having the fixed phase value; a phase shift unit for dividing the first divided signal into a third divided signal and a fourth divided signal wherein the third divided signal and the fourth divided signal move in opposite directions; a phase delay unit for shifting phase of the third divided signal and the fourth divided signal based on a difference in a path length of the third divided signal and the fourth divided signal, to thereby generate phase-shifted signals; and at least two second output ports connected to the phase delay unit, for outputting the phase-shifted signals.

Abstract: A true time delay (“TTD”) system with wideband passive amplitude compensation is provided. The TTD system includes an input switch, an output switch, a reference delay line disposed between the input switch and the output switch, and time delay lines disposed between the input switch and the output switch. Each time delay line (“TDL”) has a different line length, and includes a center conductor between two corresponding ground planes. Each center conductor has a width and is separated from the two corresponding ground planes by a gap space. For each TDL, the width of the center conductor is configured such that a loss of the TDL is substantially the same as a loss of every other TDL over a range of operating frequencies. For each TDL, the gap space is configured such that an impedance of the TDL is substantially the same as an impedance of every other TDL.

Abstract: A delay line system able to reduce the microwave loss by reducing the effective dielectric loss and dielectric constant of the system including a signal line, dielectric system with opened trench or slot filled up with the air or lower dielectric loss material, a ground plane, and a system of switches if the line is to be variable. The delay line proposed in this invention could be made of any type of signal line configuration, for example: micro-strip line, strip line, or coplanar line. The signal line can also be made as single ended or differential pairs of any configurations. The delay line systems based on the fundamental techniques provided in this invention can be used for on-chip devices where the delay line is laid on the oxide or dielectric material, or in a traditional PCB implementation such as FR4.

Abstract: Mechanical phase shifter which from an external feed signal obtains several signals out of phase with each other, each one of which is applied to an antenna of an array, so that the result of the interference of the radiated fields provides a radiation pattern. The object of the invention is to obtain a greater range of pointing angles, achieved by protrusions or screws that act as capacitors or short-circuits that allow suppressing the higher modes generated in the phase shifter, as well as preventing part of the mutual coupling between the phase shifter L-lines. In addition, due to the greater length of the L-lines, these are reinforced by a protrusion perpendicular to the greater length of the line located on the outer edge of each L-line, and in addition they are provided with supporting means for the L-lines which minimize the vibrations, sag and deformations. The L-lines also increase the frequency at which higher modes appear.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention provides a phase shifter, comprising a substrate, resistive ink adjacent one surface of said substrate and separating a voltage tunable dielectric material from said surface of said substrate and a plurality of conductors adjacent said voltage tunable dielectric material separated so as to form a gap filled with resistive ink in said gap.

Abstract: A panel antenna having a variable phase shifter module with at least one main-PCB having an input trace coupled to a wiper junction. An arcuate trace on the main-PCB extending between a first output trace and a second output trace, the arcuate trace having an arc center proximate the wiper junction. A wiper-PCB having a linking trace thereon; the wiper-PCB rotatably coupled to the main-PCB proximate the wiper junction with the linking trace facing the first main-PCB. Because the linking trace faces the main-PCB, the wiper-PCB may be formed from inexpensive and structurally resilient substrate material. The linking trace coupling the wiper junction with the arcuate trace. Multiple arcuate traces may be linked to further output traces to add additional outputs, each having variable phase shift between them, depending upon the position of the wiper-PCB. Multiple main-PCBs may be stacked upon each other and the wiper-PCBs of each controlled by a common linkage.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for providing an electrically adjustable RF delay in which a splitter splits an input signal into two signal paths, one signal path providing a delay fixed at an integral number of wavelengths of a desired center frequency and both signal paths providing electrically adjustable attenuation. A combiner combines the signals passing through the signal paths, such that the sum of the electrically-adjustable attenuation provided by the signal paths adds to unity, whereby the input signal is delayed by an adjustable time depending upon the attenuations provided by the signal paths.

Abstract: A delay filter module comprising at least one dielectric monoblock ceramic bandpass filter and a circuit for compensating/equalizing the signal delay produced by the delay filter. In one embodiment, the circuit is defined by a hybrid coupler defining at least two ports coupled to a dielectric ceramic reactive termination block defining at least a pair of reactive termination resonators and coupling capacitors. The delay can be adjusted by tuning the dielectric monoblock bandpass filter and/or the reactive termination resonators and/or the coupling capacitors defined by the dielectric ceramic reactive termination block.

Abstract: An antenna for communicating with mobile devices in a land-based cellular communication system via an antenna beam having a width, azimuth angle and downtilt angle. The antenna includes: a two dimensional array of radiating elements (31-34); and a feed network (35-39) from a feed line to the radiating elements. The feed network includes: downtilt phase shifting means (35,36) for varying the phase of signals supplied to or received from the radiating elements so as to vary the downtilt angle of the antenna beam; azimuth phase shifting (38,39) means for varying the phase of signals supplied to or received from the radiating elements so as to vary the azimuth angle of the antenna beam; and beam width adjustment means (37) for varying the power or phase of signals supplied to or received from the radiating elements so as to vary the width of the antenna beam.

Abstract: A compact RF differential circuit has a first differential I/O port comprising a first pair of signal carrying terminals which is connected to a source termination and a second differential I/O port comprising a second pair of signal carrying terminals which is connected to a load termination. The common mode impedance measured at either the first or second differential I/O port is zero. The differential mode impedance measured at the first differential I/O port is equal to the differential mode impedance of the source termination, and the differential mode impedance measured at the second differential I/O port of the circuit is equal to the differential mode impedance of the load termination.

Abstract: A high-frequency circuit device, a high-frequency module, and a communication apparatus, which prevent generation of an undesired wave to prevent electrical power loss and undesired coupling, are provided. The high-frequency circuit device includes a first slot line and a second slot line, which are provided at respective surfaces of a dielectric substrate, are formed with the same shape. An FET is provided on the first slot line. For preventing the mounting of the FET from causing a phase difference to occur between a high-frequency signal, which propagates along the first slot line, and a high-frequency signal, which propagates along the second slot line, a phase-adjusting stub is formed at a position of a stub at the second slot line. The phase is adjusted by changing the length of the stub.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a tuning device having at least one control electrode and a ground electrode located over a substrate and an electrically conductive fluid in contact with the control and ground electrodes. The tuning device also has at least one electrical transmission line electrically coupled to the fluid, the transmission line configured to transmit a signal. The fluid is configured to move when a voltage is applied between the ground electrode and the control electrode, the movement of the fluid changing a propagation characteristic of the signal.

Abstract: A discontinuous transmission line structure includes an input transmission line, an output transmission line, a plurality of meandered inductors, coupled in series between the input transmission line and the output transmission line, and a plurality of shunted to grounded capacitors, coupled between the meandered inductors. The discontinuous transmission line structure has a high inductance and a high capacitance, and can effectively reduce the size by increasing the transmission line load impedance and capacitance while the characteristic impedance of the transmission line structure remains.

Abstract: A tunable delay line system includes a stripline and a plurality of cross-over lines. The stripline defines a propagation delay characteristic. The plurality of cross-over lines are each spaced from and extend with an orientation that is nonparallel with the stripline. Each of the plurality of cross-over lines is configured to be selectively grounded to alter the propagation delay characteristic of the stripline.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) phase shifter having an RC-CR circuit that includes a first capacitor having a first capacitor node and a second capacitor node and a first resistor coupled between the first capacitor node and a ground. The RC-CR circuit also includes a second resistor having a first resistor node and a second resistor node and a second capacitor coupled between the first resistor node and the ground. The RF phase shifter generates arbitrary phase shift by using a scheme of adding two perpendicular vectors with variable gains (or amplitudes).

Abstract: A variable differential phase shifter including an isolation element providing good isolation between output ports, good return loss and reduced reflections. In one embodiment a Wilkinson divider is incorporated in the wiper arm of a wiper type variable differential phase shifter. In another embodiment a linear phase shifter incorporates a Wilkinson divider. Multistage embodiments are also disclosed. The variable differential phase shifter may be used in combination with a hybrid coupler to provide an isolated variable power divider. The variable differential phase shifter may be utilized in a variety of feed networks and antenna arrays to vary beam tilt, beam azimuth and beam width. Antennas incorporating the phase shifter exhibit low variation of half power beam width with frequency and reduced side lobes.

Abstract: In a variable matching circuit including an impedance device and a variable-capacitance capacitor, the variable-capacitance capacitor is formed in a manner that a plurality of variable-capacitance devices using thin film dielectric layers whose dielectric constants change depending on applied voltages are connected to each other in parallel regarding a direct current and connected to each other in series regarding a high frequency, between an input terminal and an output terminal. The variable matching circuit can be realized that can make the maximum use of the rate of a capacitance change of the variable-capacitance capacitor by a bias signal and make an impedance matching, that exhibits small waveform distortion and intermodulation distortion, and that is excellent in electric high power handling capability and low-loss even at a high frequency.

Abstract: A phase-shifting system for electrically swiveling the direction of a beam of an antenna field includes several radiators with two planes of polarization. The phase-shifting system includes two jointly changeable phase shifters with microstrip lines associated therewith. The electrical length of each phase shifter can be changed by a dielectric which is slidable above the microstrip lines. Such a phase-shifting system offers a simplified design and added functional safety by arranging the microstrip lines of both phase shifters in parallel next to each other and by providing a common slidable dielectric in order to change the electrical length of the microstrip lines of both phase shifters.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for a monolithic device utilizing cascaded, switchable slow-wave CPW sections that are integrated along the length of a planar transmission line. The purpose of the switchable slow-wave CPW sections elements is to enable control of the propagation constant along the transmission line while maintaining a quasi-constant characteristic impedance. The device can be used to produce true time delay phase shifting components in which large amounts of time delay can be achieved without significant variation in the effective characteristic impedance of the transmission line, and thus also the input/output return loss of the component. Additionally, for a particular value of return loss, greater time delay per unit length can be achieved in comparison to tunable capacitance-only delay components.

Abstract: An element of parallel flat plate line type suitable for operation at a higher speed and with a higher frequency is provided.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus involving semiconductor devices based on coplanar striplines (CPS). In one example, high-speed microelectronic devices based on coplanar stripline implementations support differential signals in a range of approximately from 1 Gigahertz to at least 60 Gigahertz. In one aspect, CPS-based devices incorporate various features that dramatically increase the quality factor Q of the resulting device. In another aspect, an enhancement of the quality factor Q is achieved while at the same time reducing the phase velocity of one or more waves propagating in the device, thereby also facilitating the fabrication of relatively smaller devices. In yet another aspect, a tapered coplanar stripline configuration results in position-dependent line parameters, which may be exploited to achieve significantly high-Q devices.

Abstract: RF and microwave radiation directing or controlling components are provided that may be monolithic, that may be formed from a plurality of electrodeposition operations and/or from a plurality of deposited layers of material, that may include switches, inductors, antennae, transmission lines, filters, hybrid couplers, antenna arrays and/or other active or passive components. Components may include non-radiation-entry and non-radiation-exit channels that are useful in separating sacrificial materials from structural materials. Preferred formation processes use electrochemical fabrication techniques (e.g. including selective depositions, bulk depositions, etching operations and planarization operations) and post-deposition processes (e.g. selective etching operations and/or back filling operations).

Abstract: A transmission line includes a signal conductor and at least one varactor diode capacitively coupled to the signal conductor. The transmission line's signal path delay is a function of its shunt capacitance, and the varactor's capacitance forms a part of the transmission line's shunt capacitance. The transmission line's signal path delay is adjusted by adjusting a control voltage across the varactor diode thereby to adjust the varactor diode's capacitance.

Abstract: In the present technique for transmitting and delaying radio frequency signal transmission, an RF delay filter (102) is provided with at least one high permittivity material coaxial delay element (104) with each having an input port (114) and an output port (116). Multiple coaxial delay elements are operably coupled by a quarter-wave microstrip transmission line (230) to offset any frequency mismatch at the band edges of the delay elements. A series of capacitors (126, 128) are also included at each port of the coaxial elements to compensate for any resultant parasitic inductance.

Abstract: An RF phase shifter includes the cascade of active and passive RF phase shift bits, having different phase increments. The active phase shift bit includes a FET with source and drain. First and second RF single-pole, double throw switches have their common elements coupled to the source and drain, respectively, for selectively connecting one of the in-phase source signals and out-of-phase drain signals to a third switch, and for coupling the non-selected signal to a reference. The third switch outputs the available signal. Additional phase increments may be included to achieve phase shifts or differences other than 180°.

Abstract: A wiper-type phase shifter with a cantilever shoe that ensures that the electrical contact on the wiper arm remains in electrical communication with the transmission trace located on the antenna backplane without relying to an element, such as a spring-loaded set screw, that passes through the backplane. The cantilever shoe thus provides a wiper hold-down mechanism without requiring holes or slots through the backplane, which could allow rain or other elements to get inside the antenna enclosure. A dual-polarization antenna that includes a wiper-type phase shifter for each polarization. The wiper arms define gear portions that engage each other, which allows a single actuator, typically located on the rear of the backplane opposite the location of the wiper arms, to drive both wiper arms in a coordinated manner. The antenna is suitable for use as a wireless base station antenna.

Abstract: The present invention provides a phase shifting filter and a phase compensating direct downconversion receiver. A DC offset detector detects a DC offset in a received baseband signal and provides a feedback signal. A tunable filter phase shifts a local oscillator signal responsive to the feedback signal. The phase-shifted local oscillator signal is used to directly downconvert a received RF signal, whereby DC offset in the resulting baseband signal is reduced.

Abstract: A constant-gain phase shifter is provided, comprising a first tank circuit with a first node to accept an input signal, a first inductor connected between the first node and a reference voltage, and a first capacitor connected in parallel with the first inductor. The first tank circuit modifies the phase and the insertion loss associated with the input signal. A variable gain circuit has as input connected to the first node, an input to accept a control signal, and an output to supply a gain-modified signal. A second tank circuit comprises a second node connected to the variable insertion loss circuit output to supply a constant-gain phase-shifted signal, a second inductor connected between the second node and the reference voltage, and a second capacitor connected in parallel with the second inductor. The second tank circuit modifies the phase and insertion loss associated with the gain-modified signal.

Abstract: A printed circuit board providing crosstalk compensation. The printed circuit board includes first plated through holes for receiving a first connecting component and second plated through holes for receiving a second connecting component. A signal carrying trace transmits a signal from one of the first plated through holes to one of the second plated through holes. A phase delay control trace is in electrical connection with the one of the first plated through holes. The phase delay control trace affects phase delay of the signal from the one of the first plated through holes to the one of the second plated through holes.

Abstract: A phase shifter comprises: a phase shift unit including a reactance unit having a first variable capacitance device, and a susceptance unit having a second variable capacitance device, T-connected to the reactance unit; and a control unit for outputting a control signal continuously changing the capacitance of the first variable capacitance device and the second variable capacitance device to the phase shift unit. The amount of phase shift can be continuously changed by changing these variable capacitance devices continuously. Moreover, these devices can be formed on a semiconductor, thereby realizing low-voltage driving and high-speed response. Furthermore, the variance of impedance can be prevented by adjusting these two variable capacitance devices, whereby transmission efficiency can be improved.

Abstract: This invention relates to semiconductor devices and to printed circuit boards (PCB) or circuit assemblies used to electrically connect components. Delay devices are associated with the conductive traces or with integrated circuits. Delay is used to offset then realign the wave edges of propagating signals so as to minimize electric field effects on nearby signals. Impedance controlling devices are used to minimize reflections. The effects of split planes may be minimized or negated.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided that facilitate the formation of micro-mechanical structures and related systems on a laminated substrate. More particularly, a micro-mechanical device and a three-dimensional multiple frequency antenna are provided for in which the micro-mechanical device and antenna, as well as additional components, can be fabricated together concurrently on the same laminated substrate. The fabrication process includes a low temperature deposition process allowing for deposition of an insulator material at a temperature below the maximum operating temperature of the laminated substrate, as well as a planarization process allowing for the molding and planarizing of a polymer layer to be used as a form for a micro-mechanical device.

Abstract: A hybrid circuit phase shifter assembly of RF MEMS switch modules and passive phase delay shifter circuits uses a low loss, preferably flip-chip, interconnection technology. The hybrid circuit assembly approach separates the fabrication of the MEMS switch modules from the fabrication of the passive phase delay circuits thereby avoiding process incompatibilities and low yields and providing substantial production cost savings. In another aspect of the invention, the integration on a common substrate of a MEMS-based hybrid circuit phase shifter assembly behind each of a plurality of radiating elements provides a compact, low cost electronic scanning antenna array.

Abstract: A transmission line includes a signal conductor and at least one varactor diode capacitively coupled to the signal conductor. The transmission line's signal path delay is a function of its shunt capacitance, and the varactor's capacitance forms a part of the transmission line's shunt capacitance. The transmission line's signal path delay is adjusted by adjusting a control voltage across the varactor diode thereby to adjust the varactor diode's capacitance.

Abstract: A multi-bit time-delay adjuster with Radio Frequency (RF) MicroElectroMechanical (MEM) switches may be used in MultiCarrier Power Amplifiers (MCPAs) with a feed-forward linearization technique. The multi-bit time-delay adjuster makes it possible to automatically control a time-delay match with very high precision typically required in feed-forward MCPAs. A searching process for the automatic control of time-delay match is also introduced.

Abstract: A group delay adjusting circuit. The group delay adjusting circuit comprises an electronically adjustable variable capacitance, and an electronically variable virtual inductor coupled in parallel to the electronically variable capacitance at a node.

Abstract: A variable true time delay line (100) includes an RF transmission line (110) and at least one fluidic delay unit (108). The fluidic delay unit includes a fluidic dielectric contained in a cavity (109) and coupled to the RF transmission line (110) along at least a portion of a length thereof. At least one pump is provided for adding and removing the fluid dielectric to the cavity (109) in response to a time delay control signal. A propagation delay of the RF transmission line is selectively varied by adding and removing the fluid dielectric from the cavity.

Abstract: A circuit assembly may include one or more coupler sections, and may include a phase inverter and/or a phase shifter. A coupler section may include a phase inverter. A coupler may include first and second mutually coupled spirals disposed on opposite sides of a dielectric substrate. Conductors forming the spirals may be opposite each other on the substrate and each spiral may include one or more portions on each side of the substrate. Some circuit assemblies may include first and second multi-port coupler sections. A phase inverter or a phase shifter may be coupled between coupler sections. In some examples, a circuit assembly may include first and second conductors each having first and second ends and mutually inductively coupled turns, and a capacitive device coupling the first ends of the first and second conductors to a reference potential.

Abstract: A device for feeding signals between a common line and two or more ports. The device including a branched network of feedlines coupling the common line with the ports. The feedlines have transformer portions of varying width for reducing reflection of signals passing through the network. A dielectric member is mounted adjacent to the network and can be moved to synchronously adjust the phase relationship between the common line and one or more of the ports. The dielectric member also has transformer portions for reducing reflection of signals passing through the network. At least one of the junctions of the network does not overlap with the dielectric member, or overlaps a region of reduced permittivity.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, a delay line comprises a spirally coiled strip transmission line encapsulated within conductive ground discs. In an advantageous embodiment the delay line is a monolithic ceramic structure produced by forming the stripline on green ceramic tape, spirally rolling the green stripline, encasing the rolled stripline in green ceramic encapsulating discs and cofiring the green assembly into a monolithic compact disc.

Abstract: A varactor based phase shifter that increases phase shift range using a lower characteristic impedance between quadrature ports than is used at its input/output ports. The circuit makes use of a four port coupler arrangement that imbeds a quarter wave impedance transformation between the input port and the quadrature ports as well as between the quadrature ports and the output port. The characteristic impedance across the quadrature ports is therefore less than the characteristic impedance across the input and output ports. In one implementation, reducing a characteristic input/output impedance of 50 to a 20 ohm quadrature port impedance results in a phase shift range increase of more than 50%.

Abstract: A phase delay line (100). The phase delay line can include an RF transmission line (110) and a fluid channel (109) having a serpentine configuration. The transmission line can be coupled to a solid dielectric substrate material (102), for example a substrate formed from a low temperature co-fired ceramic material. The fluid channel can be coupled to the RF transmission line along at least a portion of a length of the transmission line. A phase delay of the RF transmission line can be selectively varied by adjusting a distribution of the fluidic dielectric (130) present within the fluid channel. Similarly, the phase delay of the RF transmission line also can be maintained constant as an operational frequency of the RF transmission line is varied.

Abstract: A variable phase delay line (100). The variable phase delay line (100) can include an RF transmission line (102) and a fluid channel (130) having a serpentine configuration. The fluid channel (130) can be coupled to the RF transmission line (102) along at least a portion of a length of the transmission line (102). The variable phase delay line (100) also can include at least one fluid control system (150) for adding and removing the fluidic dielectric (132) to the fluid channel (130) in response to a phase delay control signal (122) to selectively vary a phase delay of the RF transmission line (102). The fluidic dielectric (132) can have a permeability and a permittivity selected for maintaining a constant characteristic impedance along an entire length of the RF transmission line (102).

Abstract: A varactor based phase shifter that increases phase shift range using a lower characteristic impedance between quadrature ports than is used at its input/output ports. The circuit makes use of a four port coupler arrangement that imbeds a quarter wave impedance transformation between the input port and the quadrature ports as well as between the quadrature ports and the output port. The characteristic impedance across the quadrature ports is therefore less than the characteristic impedance across the input and output ports. In one implementation, reducing a characteristic input/output impedance of 50 to a 20 ohm quadrature port impedance results in a phase shift range increase of more than 50%.

Abstract: A switched coupler type digital phase shifter using a quadrature generator is disclosed. A switched coupler type digital phase shifter includes: a coupling unit for receiving one input signal and generating a first signal and a second signal having 180 degree phase difference based on the received input signal; a quadrature signal generation unit for generating a third signal to a sixth signal having 90 degree phase difference to each other based on the first signal and the second signal outputted from the coupling unit; and a switching unit for selectively outputting one of the third signal to the sixth signal outputted from the quadrate signal generation unit in response to a control signal. The present invention can increased integration of the multi-bit digital phase shifter by implementing multi bit phase variant with only one phase shifter. Also, the insertion loss can be minimized.

Abstract: An oscillator to generate a low phase-noise reference signal at an oscillation frequency includes a frequency generator to generate the reference signal responsive to a control signal, and a delay element made of a high-temperature superconductor material. The delay element time-delays the reference signal and provides a low phase-noise time-delayed reference signal when cooled to a cryogenic temperature. The oscillator includes a phase detector to generate the control signal from a phase difference between the time-delayed reference signal and a phase-shifted reference signal. The delay element may comprise a coplanar waveguide having a length between 500 and 1000 meters arranged randomly on a substrate having a diameter of between five and thirteen centimeters. The delay element may provide a delay ranging from five to fifteen microseconds. The coplanar waveguide may be comprised of Yttrium-Barium-Copper Oxide disposed on either a Lanthanum-Aluminum Oxide or a Magnesium Oxide substrate.