Abstract: A tire sensor attachment structure is provided. The tire includes a pair of bead areas, a sidewall extending from each respective bead area to a tread, a carcass extending toroidally between each of the bead areas, and an innerliner that is disposed radially inwardly of the carcass. A sensor housing is attached to the innerliner, and defines an interior chamber. A sensor is disposed in the chamber. The tire sensor attachment structure includes a compressible body that is disposed in the chamber between the sensor and the innerliner.

Abstract: An electronic wheel unit for arrangement on a vehicle wheel of a vehicle, having at least one sensor for detecting at least one wheel operational parameter, a control device, which is designed to generate wheel operational data on the basis of the at least one wheel operational parameter, a radio device for transmitting radio data signals containing the wheel operational data, a power supply device for supplying electrical power to the wheel unit which has an energy-harvesting device for converting mechanical energy captured on a rotation of the vehicle wheel into electrical energy and an electric battery, wherein the electronic wheel unit furthermore has a switchover device for switching over between the energy-harvesting device, and the electric battery for the electrical power supply to the wheel unit, and the switchover device has an actuable switch and an actuating device for actuating the switch, wherein the at least one wheel operational parameter comprises an acceleration parameter, and the actuating

Abstract: Systems and methods of for tire maintenance using machine learning are provided. The system receives one or more values comprising sensor data and a unique identifier associated with the tire. The system can retrieve historical inspection data associated with the unique identifier of the tire. The system can generate a matrix comprising a first dimension based on timestamps and a second dimension based on the one or more values and the historical inspection data. The system can predict, via input of the matrix into a machine learning model constructed, an output matrix comprising an indication to perform a type of maintenance and at least one tire maintenance category. The system can provide the indication to perform the type of maintenance for the tire during the time interval and the at least one tire maintenance category.

Abstract: A vehicle height adjustment control apparatus is provided for compensating for vehicle pulls including a recognition device that recognizes that a vehicle is driven straight, a determination device that determines whether the vehicle pulls of the vehicle occur, in response to recognizing that the vehicle is driven straight, and a controller that generates a warning message and calculates compensation height control information of the vehicle in response to determining that the vehicle pulls occur.

Abstract: A transceiver of a spare wheel includes a sensing unit having a pressure sensor and an acceleration sensor configured to output a detection signal according to a tire pressure of the spare wheel and an acceleration generated in the spare wheel, a first control unit configured to create a frame that processes the detection signal indicating the tire pressure and stores it as data related to the tire pressure, and a first transmitter receiver configured to transmit the frame. A receiver includes a second transceiver configured to receive a frame and transmit a response signal indicating that the frame is received and a second control unit configured to detect the tire pressure and transmit a response signal from the second transceiver when the frame is received.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and computer program product are provided for predicting road locations that are likely to induce tire pressure changes. In one example, the apparatus receives historical data of an event in which a first vehicle is impacted by a first tire pressure change at a first road segment. The historical data indicates point-of-interest (POI) information associated with the first road segment. The apparatus trains a prediction model using the historical data. The prediction model is configured to determine a likelihood in which a second road segment induces a second tire pressure change for a second vehicle based on POI information associated with the second road segment.

Abstract: A method of monitoring the pressure of a tire of an aircraft is disclosed including taking two or more pressure readings from the tire at different times; calculating an estimated deflation rate based on the pressure readings; and calculating a time for the tire to deflate to a reference pressure level based on the estimated deflation rate. Two or more temperature readings are each associated with one of the pressure readings, and the estimated deflation rate is calculated by normalising each pressure reading based on its associated temperature reading and a common reference temperature to obtain a temperature-normalised pressure reading, and calculating the estimated deflation rate based on the temperature-normalised pressure readings. The estimated deflation rate is compared with a threshold, and a warning provided if the estimated deflation rate exceeds the threshold.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a plurality of controllers, a database in which priorities for switching to inactivation of the plurality of controllers are stored, and a main controller configured to identify whether a key of the vehicle is in off state, when the key of the vehicle is identified to be in off state, identify a communication state of the vehicle, when at least one communication state is identified among a first communication state, a second communication state, and a third communication state, select a controller corresponding to the identified communication state from the plurality of controllers, based on the identified communication state and the priorities stored in the database, the first communication state in which an active sate of communication being maintained due to a controller in error, the second communication state in which the active sate and an inactive state of communication being repeated due to the controller in error, the third communication state in which the active sate of communicat

Abstract: A vehicle message managing method includes: providing an operation message of a tire through a tire sensor; receiving the operation message through the tire sensor setting tool, or receiving at least one outer message through the tire sensor setting tool; transmitting at least one of the operation message and the outer message to a remote server; storing and analyzing at least one of the operation message and the outer message and generating an analyzing result.

Abstract: A tire configured to rotate about an axis of rotation, the tire comprising a tread block forming at least a part of a tread of the tire and a circuit comprising a primary capacitive component, wherein at least a part of the primary capacitive component is arranged a first distance apart from the tread and inside the tread block and a primary inductive component of which at least a part is arranged a second distance towards the interior of the tire from the tread. The tire further comprises an interrogator comprising an electric source, a communication circuit, and a secondary inductive component. The secondary inductive component is arranged on the same side of the tread as the primary inductive component and at least a part of the secondary inductive component is arranged a third distance apart from the tread, the third distance being greater than the second distance. A method for arranging a wear indicator to a tire.

Abstract: A method for communication of a plurality of wheel units with one another and with a device for remotely monitoring and/or controlling the wheel units, the wheel units measuring a pressure value of a wheel of a motor vehicle as parameter(s). The units are identified beforehand and each wheel unit may identify the other wheel units, the communication taking place in accordance with a communication standard allowing a bidirectional data exchange. A hub wheel unit storing the pressure values measured by each of the wheel units is selected at least temporarily, the other units being peripheral. The hub unit sends a signaling frame in the direction of the peripheral units, received in a peripheral unit through scanning. The pressure values are communicated between the wheel units and a device solely via the hub unit.

Abstract: An auto-location system for auto-locating a wheel in a vehicle comprises: a sensor module which comprises a sensor adapted for sensing a physical property of the tire when mounted in a tire or on an inner surface of the tire of the wheel, an acquisition system adapted for determining when the part of the tire where the sensor is mounted hits the ground, and forms a contact patch with the ground, by analyzing data from the sensor, and a communication system adapted for transmitting a wireless message, in which a unique identifier is embedded, a transmit delay after the part of the tire where the sensor is mounted hits the ground.

Abstract: A pressure measuring device for a bicycle has a housing that includes a pressure chamber. The pressure chamber has a valve disposed in a first opening and a second opening into or out of a tire assembly volume of a tire assembly. A sense element is in pressure communication with the pressure chamber along a flow path between the first and second openings.

Abstract: An arithmetic model generation system includes a sensor information acquisition unit, a tire force calculator, and an arithmetic model update unit. The sensor information acquisition unit acquires acceleration of a tire. The tire force calculator includes an arithmetic model for calculating tire force F based on the acceleration, and calculates the tire force F by inputting the acceleration acquired by the sensor information acquisition unit. The arithmetic model update unit compares tire axial force measured by the tire and the tire force F calculated by the tire force calculator, and updates the arithmetic model.

Abstract: A trailer monitoring system for monitoring a trailer having at least one trailer sensor has a bridge integrator unit, configured to couple with the trailer, including a wireless data transceiver electrically coupled with a microcontroller and capable of wirelessly communicating data over a short-range wireless protocol; the bridge integrator unit receives data existing in a first messaging format that is compatible with and used by one or more trailer sensors via a short-range wireless protocol, extracts the data, encodes the data into a second messaging format that is compatible with a master control unit having a telematic data transceiver capable of cellular data communications, and transmits the data in the second messaging format from the bridge integrator unit to the master control unit via a short-range wireless protocol.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for measuring the variance in a measurement signal, comprising the following steps: filtering the measurement signal by means of a high-pass filter in order to obtain a filtered measurement signal; determining the variance by using the filtered measurement signal.

Abstract: A method of operation of a computer system comprising: receiving a tire image for a target tire; determining an analyzability for the target tire based on a wear model including the tire image; analyzing a wear level for the target tire based on the analyzability meets or exceeds a usable threshold; generating an augmented reality image for the wear level for the target tire; and communicating the augmented reality image for displaying the wear level for the target tire.

Abstract: A method and device may be used for scanning communication protocols for a sensor of a motor vehicle electronic tire pressure monitoring system. The method may include selecting a make and a model of a motor vehicle. The method may include transmitting one or more activation signals. The one or more activation signals may be transmitted in sequential order according to a scanning protocol. The scanning protocol may be based on a predefined parameter. Each of the one or more activation signals may be associated with a different communication protocol. The method may include stopping the transmission of the one or more activation signals on a condition that a signal from a sensor is received.

Abstract: A wheel end component monitoring system includes at least one wheel end component and an aggregator system operably connected to the at least one wheel end component. The wheel end component includes a component body and a sensor assembly configured to detect an input associated with the component body, output sensor data representative of the detected input, and transmit the sensor data. The aggregator system is configured to receive position information for the wheel end component from a user interface, receive identification information for the wheel end component from the wheel end component, associate the position information with the identification information for the wheel end component, receive the sensor data from the wheel end component, associate the sensor data with the position information for the wheel end component, and output the sensor data together with the associated position information for the wheel end component.

Abstract: A mobile electronic device (102, 300), and a method, for obtaining a tyre pressure reading from a tyre pressure sensor module (700) fitted to a valve of a pneumatic tyre (106), a tyre pressure sensor module, a locating feature (304, 400) and a tyre pressure gauge system comprising the above. The mobile electronic device comprising: a transmitter (202) and a receiver (200) to transmit and receive telecommunications signals over a distance of up to 4 cm to obtain the tyre pressure reading; and a locating feature to indicate when the transmitter and/or receiver are located within 4 cm or less of the tyre pressure sensor module. The tyre pressure sensor module comprising an antenna to detect a telecommunications signal from a mobile electronic device over a distance of up to 4 cm, a transmitter (902), a receiver (904) and a pressure sensor (916) to measure tyre pressure.

Abstract: A method for detecting wheel units mounted at wheels of a vehicle and for detecting wheel mounting positions belonging to each of the wheel units is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: positioning a mobile communication device at a predetermined start position with respect to the vehicle, moving the mobile communication device from the start position along a path around the vehicle, receiving RF signals from the wheel units and measuring the RF signal strengths thereof by the mobile communication device when moving along the path around the vehicle, performing an analysis of variations of the measured RF signal strengths of the received RF signals depending on the position of the mobile communication device along the path, identifying the wheel units and identifying the wheel mounting positions based on a result of the analysis.

Abstract: Systems, methods, tangible non-transitory computer-readable media, and devices associated with the operation of a vehicle are provided. For example, a wheel unit system can receive vehicle data including information associated with states of a vehicle. Further, the vehicle can include wheel wells associated with wheel units that are configured to generate indications associated with the states of the vehicle. The wheel unit system can also determine indications to generate on the wheel units based at least in part on the vehicle data. Furthermore, the wheel unit system can generate the indications on the wheel units. The indications can, for example, include visual indications or auditory indications.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to the technical field of automobiles and disclose a tire positioning method and apparatus, an electronic control unit (ECU) and a tire pressure sensor. The method includes: successively controlling, within a transmission cycle, one of L exciter sets to send a low-frequency signal, L being an integer greater than 1; receiving high-frequency signals fed back by N tire pressure sensors according to the low-frequency signals, N being an integer greater than 1; determining a correspondence between one of the L exciter sets and M tire pressure sensors according to the high-frequency signals, M being an integer greater than 1; and after a quantity of transmission cycles reaches a preset threshold, determining a tire corresponding to each of the N tire pressure sensors according to the correspondence between the exciter set and the M tire pressure sensors determined in each transmission cycle. The tire positioning method is accurate and reliable.

Abstract: A vehicular illumination system includes a ground illumination module disposed at a side door of a vehicle. The ground illumination module includes a reconfigurable display element and at least one light source operable to emit light. When the at least one light source is electrically powered, light emitted by the at least one light source illuminates a ground region adjacent the vehicle. When the at least one light source is electrically powered, light emitted by the at least one light source passes through the reconfigurable display element and the ground illumination module projects an icon established by the reconfigurable display element onto the ground region. The reconfigurable display element is reconfigurable to form the icon responsive to programming of the reconfigurable display element for an icon.

Abstract: A method of localizing a TPMS sensor module includes transmitting, by the TPMS sensor module, a TPMS signal; and localizing, by a localization module, the TPMS sensor module based on receiving the TPMS signal at a phase array antenna including a plurality of reception antennas each configured to receive the TPMS signal. Localizing the TPMS sensor module includes measuring a phase of the TPMS signal at each of the plurality of reception antennas such that a plurality of phases corresponding to the TPMS signal are determined, and determining a location of the TPMS sensor module based on the plurality of phases.

Abstract: A remote control apparatus uses wireless communication to control driving of a control object such as a vehicle. When the drive condition is changing, as when the vehicle is being steered to follow a curve in a travel route, while also the vehicle speed exceeds a specified threshold value, processing is executed for reducing a communication delay between the remote control apparatus and the control object, to thereby ensure sufficient speed of control response.

Abstract: A tire pressure monitor includes a printed circuit board (PCB) and a sealed pressure chamber mounted to the PCB. The tire pressure monitor also includes a piston mounted adjacent to the sealed pressure chamber. The piston is configured to contact the sealed pressure chamber in response to an applied pressure. The tire pressure monitor also includes a liquid within the sealed pressure chamber. Translation of the piston causes the liquid to apply pressure to a pressure sensor. The pressure sensor is mounted within the sealed pressure chamber, and is configured to detect the applied pressure.

Abstract: A system is disclosed included but not limited to a wheel having a wheel pressure chamber; a tire having a tire pressure chamber, wherein the tire is mounted on the wheel; a tire pressure sensor inside of the tire pressure chamber for measuring a tire air pressure inside of the tire pressure chamber; a wheel outlet valve between the wheel pressure chamber and the tire pressure chamber; a processor that reads a measure of the pressure inside of the tire pressure chamber from the tire pressure sensor and controls the wheel outlet valve to allow gas from the wheel pressure chamber to flow into the tire pressure chamber to increase the pressure in the tire pressure chamber when the tire pressure is less than a reference tire pressure. A method is provided for using the system.

Abstract: A tyre pressure sensor is mounted at the distal end of a valve stem mounted on a wheel. A protective assembly comprises a body which is releasably attached to the wheel, and a cap which is releasably attached to the body. The valve stem and pressure sensor are enclosed within the body and the cap.

Abstract: At a control circuit of a TPM sensor, one or more of a first adjustment to the periodicity, a second adjustment to the content, and a third adjustment to the length of a message are determined based upon the operational history of the sensor. The adjustments are applied to the messages and adjusted messages are transmitted.

Abstract: A tire pressure monitoring system (30) includes a data acquisition portion (101) that acquires data indicating a tire pressure and a tire temperature of the tire, from a sensor (50FL), a sensor (50FR), a sensor (50RL), and a sensor (50RR) mounted to the tire; a puncture determination portion (103) that determines whether the tire is punctured, based on a puncture determination threshold defined by a relationship between the tire pressure and the tire temperature; and a warning processing portion (105) that generates a warning indicating that the tire is punctured apart from a warning of a drop of the tire pressure when the puncture determination portion (103) determines that the tire is punctured.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for associating tire sensor modules (6.i) with a trailer vehicle (3), having at least the following steps: capturing data messages (S1) from tire sensor modules (6.i, 106.i, 206.i) in a monitoring region (8); associating the captured data messages (S1) with a tire sensor module (6.i, 106.i, 206.i); ascertaining a number of captured data messages (S1) for each detected tire sensor module; rating the captured data messages (S1) to establish whether the tire sensor modules (6.i, 106.i, 206.i) received in total up to then belong to the driver's own trailer vehicle (3) or to the adjacent trailer vehicle (103, 203); accepting the tire sensor modules (6.i) detected in the rating as affiliated to the driver's own trailer vehicle (3). According to the invention, each tire sensor module (6.i, 106.i, 206.i) detects a wheel position associated with the respective tire sensor module (6.i, 106.i, 206.i) and a trailer axle configuration, so that for an accepted tire sensor module (6.

Abstract: A tire pressure monitoring device includes a display, a receiver, a memory, and a processor. The receiver is configured to receive a first signal from a first sensor and a second signal from a second sensor. The memory stores a first and second communication protocols corresponding to the first and second sensors, respectively. The processor is in communication with the display, the receiver, and the memory and is configured to perform operations. The operations include selecting the first and second communication protocols based on the first and second signals, respectively, converting the first and second signals into first and second sets, respectively, of at least one of temperature data or pressure data corresponding to a first tire, and transmitting the first set and the second set of at least one of temperature data or pressure data to the display.

Abstract: A sender device may include a transmitter and one or more processors. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit, to one or more receiver devices, a frame via a communication bus. The one or more processors may be configured to detect a replicated frame on the communication bus, and identify an attack event based on detecting the replicated frame. The one or more processors may be configured to determine a sequence of interframe transmit times based on identifying the attack event, wherein the sequence of interframe transmit times is determined based on a shared secret associated with the one or more receiver devices. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit a series of alert frames according to the sequence of interframe transmit times to permit the one or more receiver devices to be notified of the attack event.

Abstract: A tire pressure monitoring system interface comprising: a receiver configured to receive tire pressure signals from each of a plurality of tire pressure sensors of a corresponding plurality of vehicle wheels; an alerting device; an electronic input/output device configured to display at least one menu with data selections of tire pressure related data and receive manually inputted instructions; and an electronic controller having electronic memory and being electronically connected to the receiver, the alerting device and the electronic input/output device, the electronic controller being configured to: operate the electronic memory to access data that defines a first tire pressure and a second tire pressure for each of the plurality of wheels, the first tire pressure being for on-road driving conditions and the second tire pressure being for off-road driving conditions, display the at least one menu via the electronic input/output device, receive at least one of data input, data selection and operation i

Abstract: A gap measurement device. The device has a circuit having a variable inductor and a capacitor. The variable inductor has an indicator. The device has a gap that includes a gap measurement and a gap length. The gap measurement is related to the inductance. The gap is configured to receive at least a portion of the variable inductor while the variable inductor moves along the gap length. The movement of the variable inductor along the gap length causes the inductance to change in response to the gap measurement.

Abstract: A device is disclosed, which includes: a charge portion with a plurality of piezoelectric elements embedded in a tire configured for a vehicle, a capacitor mechanically coupled to the tire and electrically coupled to the plurality of piezoelectric elements; a transmitter coil, mechanically coupled to the tire and electrically coupled to the capacitor through a discharge portion; wherein in response to an external radial pressure on the tire resulting from movement of the vehicle which causes a pressure on the plurality of piezoelectric elements, the plurality of piezoelectric elements produce an electrical charge on the capacitor, and wherein the discharge portion electrically connects the electrical charge on the capacitor to the transmitter coil to send electromagnetic power to the vehicle.

Abstract: A tire condition monitoring system includes transmitters that are respectively attached to wheel assemblies of a vehicle. Each transmitter includes a power source, a data generating section, a storage section that stores a correspondence relationship in which ranges obtained by dividing possible values of the detection value of a traveling state detecting section are respectively assigned to a plurality of specific angles set for the rotation angles of the wheel assemblies, and a transmission control section capable of performing specific angle transmission in which the transmission control section transmits the transmission data from the transmitting section when detecting that the rotation angle of the wheel assembly is any of the specific angles. When performing the specific angle transmission, the transmission control section transmits the transmission data when detecting that the rotation angle is the specific angle that corresponds to the detection value of the traveling state detecting section.

Abstract: An electronic air pump pressurizes object in either manual or automatic mode. In automatic mode, the electronic air pump determines air pressure needed to adjust an object to a set target pressure. The electronic air pump inflates or deflates the ball automatically until the air pressure inside the ball matches the preset value. In manual mode regulation of the air pressure is adjusted by a user.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for monitoring a tire pressure using a mass of a vehicle. Provided is a tire pressure monitoring apparatus using a mass of a vehicle including: a radius analyzing unit; a frequency analyzing unit; a mass estimating unit; a calibration unit; and a low pressure determining unit.

Abstract: An apparatus and method include, among other things, providing a plurality of sensors for a tire pressure monitoring system where each sensor is associated with tire parameter properties and has sensor parameters. Each sensor has a unique initial identification. A new unique identification is automatically generated for each sensor to replace the initial identification in response to a predetermined condition that is associated with at least one sensor parameter.

Abstract: A tire pressure monitoring sensor comprises an environmental pressure sensor, a non-volatile memory for storing a first program and a second program, a processing unit for executing the first program, a communication module including a wireless transmitter for transmitting at least one parameter indicative of conditions within a tire and a wireless or wired receiver for loading the second program into the non-volatile memory and a battery for powering the sensor. The second program contains a sensor operation description which is used by the first program.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a tire pressure measurement device that includes an electromechanical transducer configured to convert mechanical energy from tire deformation of a tire into electrical energy for powering the tire pressure measurement device; and an energy harvesting circuit configured to receive and store the electrical energy from the electromechanical transducer, where the energy harvesting circuit is further configured to supply the stored electrical energy to the tire pressure measurement device.

Abstract: An electronic wheel unit for detecting a tire pressure of a tire of a vehicle wheel, for storing tire information of the tire and for sending tire pressure information and tire information. The wheel unit is configured to allow the alteration of stored tire information in a first mode of operation and to prevent the alteration of stored tire information in a second mode of operation. To improve the integrity and safety of the stored tire information in this case, the wheel unit is further configured to change from the first mode of operation to the second mode of operation when a first mode change criterion is satisfied. The satisfaction of the first mode change criterion is dependent at least on an operating parameter of the vehicle wheel that is representative of a rotational movement of the vehicle wheel.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are disclosed for controlling vehicle TPMS sensor localization. An example vehicle includes a plurality of tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) sensors, a communication module, and a controller. The controller is to detect an initiation event associated with the vehicle, and, in response to detecting the initiation event, determine whether first localization information is valid based on information associated with the TPMS sensors. The controller is also to initiate, via the communication module, a localization procedure at the TPMS sensors when the first localization information is not valid.

Abstract: A tire inflation system is provided for a vehicle supported by a plurality of inflatable tires. The system includes a compressor carried on the vehicle, and an air storage tank carried on the vehicle and connected to the compressor for storing compressed air. A plurality of automatically operable fill valves are provided, each fill valve being associated with a respective one of the tires so that each tire is communicated with the air storage tank via a separate one of the fill valves to increase inflation pressure in the tire when its respective fill valve is in an open position. A controller is operably associated with all of the fill valves.

Abstract: A wheel comprising a rim carrying a tire that co-operates with the rim to define an inside volume, the wheel comprising a pressure measurement device comprising an electronic control circuit that is connected to a pressure sensor, to an absence-of-movement sensor for sensing that the wheel is not moving and to an electronic circuit for wireless communication, the pressure measurement device being arranged to cause pressure to be measured while the wheel is detected as not moving. A pressure measurement device and an associated measurement method.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for monitoring a tire pressure of a vehicle are provided. The apparatus for monitoring a tire pressure of a vehicle according to the present disclosure includes a first sensor configured for measuring a tire pressure of one of first to fourth wheels of the vehicle, a plurality of second sensors configured for respectively measuring wheel speeds of the first to fourth wheels, an analysis device configured for analyzing tire pressures of the first to fourth wheels based on a measured value from the first sensor and measured values from the second sensors, and a controller configured for determining a tire in a low-pressure state based on the tire pressure analysis results of the first to fourth wheels.

Abstract: An integrated tire sensor and reader system includes at least one sensor unit mounted a tire or a wheel. A reader is disposed remotely from the sensor unit. The sensor unit includes at least one sensor for measuring a parameter of the tire or wheel and an antenna for communicating with the reader. The sensor unit is configured to receive a radio frequency power signal from the reader and to transmit data to the reader. The reader includes an antenna for transmitting the radio frequency power signal to the sensor unit to actuate the one sensor unit. Upon actuation of the sensor unit, the sensor measures the parameter of the tire or wheel, and data from the sensor is transmitted from the sensor unit to the reader.

Abstract: A system and method which uses pattern recognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status and/or an operator's driving behavior. A vehicle, for use by an operator or driver, can be equipped with a data collection and assessment system. The system can comprise one or more data collection devices, e.g., accelerometers, which can be used to capture data and information, or otherwise measure vehicle actions. A pattern recognition module is configured with one or more defined operating patterns, each of which operating patterns reflects either a known change in vehicle status corresponding to, e.g., when a passenger has embarked or disembarked the vehicle, or a known vehicle operating or driving behavior. Information collected as events describing a current vehicle status or a current driving behavior can be compared with the known operating patterns.