Abstract: The technology relates to an encoding device, an encoding method, a decoding device, a decoding method, and a program enabling encoding with favorable transmission efficiency with a controlled running disparity. A calculation section divides inputted data into N or M bits to calculate a first running disparity of an N or M bit data string. A determination section determines whether the data string is inverted based on the first running disparity calculated by the calculation section and a second running disparity calculated therebefore. An addition section inverts or non-inverts the data string based on a determination result by the determination section to add a flag indicating the determination result for outputting. The determination section determines not to perform inversion when the data string is a control code. The addition section adds the flag assigned to the control code. The technology is applicable to a device communicating in an SLVS-EC specification.

Abstract: Example transmission methods and apparatus are described. In one example method, a transmitter is configured to communicate with a receiver via a communication channel. The transmitter is configured to precode a data word into a precoded data word using a probabilistic shaping scheme, wherein the probabilistic shaping scheme depends on one or more precoding parameters. The precoded data word is encoded into a codeword using a modulation and/or coding scheme, wherein the modulation and/or coding scheme depends on one or more modulation and coding parameters. At least one precoding parameter is determined on the basis of at least one of the one or more modulation and coding parameters and/or on the basis of at least one further precoding parameter.

Abstract: A method of encoding input data includes identifying an input packet of the input data, the input packet including a plurality of input words, each of the input words including pre bits, groupID bits, and post bits, organizing the plurality of input words into a plurality of groups based on groupID bits of the plurality of input words, identifying a key group of the plurality of groups based on a number of input words in each of the plurality of groups, determining a key value based on the pre bits, the groupID bits, and the post bits of one of the plurality of input words corresponding to the key group, and generating a plurality of coded words based on the key value and the plurality of input words.

Abstract: Encoding and decoding apparatuses and methods for implementing multi-mode coding are provided. The apparatus includes a transmitter and a receiver connected to a data bus. When data bursts are converted by the transmitter into codewords each including a plurality of symbols and/or a codeword received by the receiver is recovered as data bursts, maximum transition avoidance (MTA) codeword mappings in which no maximum transition (MT) event occurs between the plurality of symbols and minimum DC current (MDC) codeword mappings related to minimum power consumption of the plurality of symbols are used.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to technology for sending network management information in a network. A source edge node modifies data packets by encapsulating an operations, administration and maintenance (OAM) header in the data packets traversing a data path, and the OAM header includes a first indicator field. The source edge node also inserts a segment size field into the OAM header of the data packets based on an indication by the first indicator field, the segment size field indicating the data path is partitioned into segments based on a value of the segment size field.

Abstract: A method of encoding input data includes receiving the input data that includes a plurality of input words including a first input word and a second input word, generating a plurality of converted words including a first converted word and a second converted word, the first converted word being based at least on the first input word, the second converted word being based on the first converted word and the second input word, identifying a key value based on the plurality of converted words, and generating a plurality of coded words based on the key value and the plurality of converted words.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a signal transmission device AC-coupled with a reception device through a digital transmission line, includes transmitting circuitry configured to transmit a differential signal to the digital transmission line, the differential signal including a first signal and a second signal that are based on an encoded bit serial input signal, wherein absolute values of amplitudes of the first and second signals are 857.14 (mV) or larger.

Abstract: A method of encoding input data includes identifying an input packet of the input data, the input packet including a plurality of input words, each of the input words including pre bits, groupID bits, and post bits, organizing the plurality of input words into a plurality of groups based on groupID bits of the plurality of input words, identifying a key group of the plurality of groups based on a number of input words in each of the plurality of groups, determining a key value based on the pre bits, the groupID bits, and the post bits of one of the plurality of input words corresponding to the key group, and generating a plurality of coded words based on the key value and the plurality of input words.

Abstract: A system for distributed dual-function radar-communication comprises a plurality of dual-function radar transmitters positioned within a region of interest, each configured to transmit at least one radar waveform, with each transmitter for having a minimum transmit power, a maximum transmit power, and a working transmit power, a plurality of radar receivers positioned within the region of interest, each configured to receive the radar waveforms, at least one controller communicatively connected to at least one connected transmitter of the plurality of dual-function radar transmitters, configured to calculate a vector of transmit power values for the plurality of dual-function radar transmitters. A method of transmitting a radar waveform is also disclosed.

Abstract: A system and a method provide compression and decompression of weights of a layer of a neural network. For compression, the values of the weights are pruned and the weights of a layer are configured as a tensor having a tensor size of H×W×C in which H represents a height of the tensor, W represents a width of the tensor, and C represents a number of channels of the tensor. The tensor is formatted into at least one block of values. Each block is encoded independently from other blocks of the tensor using at least one lossless compression mode. For decoding, each block is decoded independently from other blocks using at least one decompression mode corresponding to the at least one compression mode used to compress the block; and deformatted into a tensor having the size of H×W×C.

Abstract: A data transmission method for transmitting a data signal using four data signal levels during a unit interval and transmitting a data bus inversion (DBI) signal using two DBI signal levels during the unit interval, the method including: receiving n (n is a natural number) data, each of the n data including a first bit and a second bit; counting the number of data in which the first bit and the second bit have the same value among the n data; in response to the counting result being less than or equal to a predetermined number, transmitting the n data using the four data signal levels, together with a DBI signal having a first DBI signal level; and in response to the counting result being greater than the predetermined number, transmitting data, which is obtained by changing a value of either of the first bit and the second bit of the n data, using the four data signal levels, together with a DBI signal having a second DBI signal level different from the first DBI signal level.

Abstract: A method of encoding data values where the data values are arranged into words, each word having a plurality of input values and one or more padding bits. A word is encoded by determining whether more than half of the bits in a portion of the word are ones, where the portion may be some or all of the bits of the input values in the word, and in response to determining that more than half of the bits in the portion are ones, inverting all the bits in the portion and setting a corresponding padding bit to a value to indicate the inversion.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an optical disk device capable of reproducing data recorded on a high linear density optical disk stably. The optical disk device according to the disclosure is characterized by being equipped with a recording expected waveform generation circuit which generates, at the time of recording, an expected waveform that is expected to be obtained at the time of decoding; and a recording pulse generation circuit which generates a recording pulse for driving a laser with power and a time width suitable for an amplitude value of the recording expected waveform for each sampling point of the recording expected waveform.

Abstract: Methods and systems for condensing a sequential data set on a computer system. A sequential data set is received by the computer system and analyzed to identify a number of occurrences in the sequential data set of each of a plurality of unique data value pairs. A condensed data set is generated including a data element for each of the unique data value pairs. Each data element in the condensed data set includes an identification of the first data value and the second data value of the unique data value pair as well as a count indicative of the number of occurrences in the sequential data set of the first data value immediately followed by the second data value. A graphical signature is generated including a plurality of vectors each extending between two nodes corresponding to the data values of a different data element.

Abstract: An encoder for use in a memory system receives data bits and position information regarding a storage area among storage areas of a memory device in which the data bits are to be stored, determining the number of multiple random sequences to be used based on the position information, scrambling the data bits using the determined number of multiple random sequences, to generate scrambled sequences, selecting from among the generated scrambled sequences the scrambled sequence having the lowest number of a particular logic value, and outputting the selected scrambled sequence for storage in the storage area of the memory device.

Abstract: A method of encoding fixed length data bit strings includes receiving and sequentially encoding a sequence of data bit strings. For a data bit string immediately following a preceding data bit string, this includes obtaining a reference bit string, and a mask bit string and a tracking bit string as present at the end of a previous encoding of the preceding data bit string, identifying bits that differ form corresponding bits in the reference bit string, determining, as unpredictable bits, all those bits in the data bit string that are indicated as not predictable by the mask bit string and are not in bit positions indicated by the tracking bit string, generating a sequence of position indicators, generating an encoded data packet that includes representations of values of the unpredictable bits and the sequence of positon indicators, and periodically updating the mask bit string and the tracking bit string.

Abstract: Methods and systems regarding the rapid and efficient compression and decompression of sparse data are disclosed. One method for compressing a set of data from a sparse matrix includes, evaluating a sequence of data entries from the set of data, extracting a sequence of sparse data values from the sequence, extracting a sequence of non-sparse data value run lengths from the sequence, formulating a set of row pointers from the sequence, storing the sequence of sparse data values in a first set of memory addresses, and storing the sequence of non-sparse data value run lengths in a second set of memory addresses. The set of row pointers identify a set of rows of the sparse matrix in both the first and second sets of memory addresses. Rapid decompression can be conducted using the row pointers.

Abstract: A method for improving decoding and error correction in non-volatile memory, e.g., solid state drives. A map is generated for each data type that has a structure, e.g., text files. The map can be based on the underlying characteristics of this type of the data file and the mutual information between Lout to a soft decoder. The map transforms the data prior to encoding to condition the data to improve decoding and error correction.

Abstract: A single-stage multi-input forward DC-DC chopper type high-frequency link's inverter with series simultaneous power supply includes a multi-input single-output combined isolated bidirectional forward DC-DC chopper, a plurality of input filters connected to non-common ground and a common output filter circuit. The plurality of input filters and the output filter circuit are connected by the multi-input single-output combined isolated bidirectional forward DC-DC chopper. Each input end of the multi-input single-output combined isolated bidirectional forward DC-DC chopper is connected to output ends of each input filter in a one-to-one correspondence. The output ends of the multi-input single-output combined isolated bidirectional forward DC-DC chopper are connected to the output filter circuit. The inverter has multiple input sources connected to non-common ground, the power is supplied in a time-sharing or simultaneous manner, a high-frequency electrical isolation is performed between the output and the input.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method and a video generator for generating video response to user queries. The video generator receives a visual image of a character of interest from the user and generates a frontal face of the visual image. Further, facial expressions of the character of interest are mapped with an audio/video sequence of one or more textual responses for generating a human like video response to the user queries. In an embodiment, the video generator detects gender of the character of interest, and modulates and matches voice of the video response based on the gender of the character of interest. The instant method can synthesize a video with the face of a character of interest to the user, thereby providing a wholesome communication experience to the user.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a computer program product includes a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith. The computer readable storage medium is not a transitory signal per se. The embodied program instructions are readable/executable by a processor to cause the processor to write, by the processor, data to a storage medium of a data storage system using a partial reverse concatenated modulation code. The partial reverse concatenated modulation code includes encoding the data by applying a C2 encoding scheme prior to encoding the data by applying one or more modulation encoding schemes, followed by encoding the data by applying a C1 encoding scheme subsequent to the encoding of the data with the one or more modulation encoding schemes. Other computer program products for writing data to a storage medium of a data storage system using a partial reverse concatenated modulation code are presented according to more embodiments.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell array including a plurality of dynamic memory cells, an ECC engine configured to correct at least one error in a read data from the memory cell array, and a test circuit which performs a test on the memory cell array in a test mode of the semiconductor memory device by writing a test pattern data in the memory cell array and by reading, from the memory cell array, test result data corresponding to the test pattern data. When the test result data includes at least one error bit, the test circuit subtracts a second number from a first number of the at least one error bit and is configured to output the subtracted result to an outside of the semiconductor memory device. The second number corresponds to a number of error bits that the ECC engine is capable of correcting.

Abstract: Systems and methods for accommodating variable page sizes in solid-state drives using customized error correction are disclosed. In one embodiment, a system is disclosed comprising a NAND Flash storage device comprising a plurality of NAND Flash pages; a NAND FTL configured to convert a LBA of a NAND Flash page to a PBA; a syndrome calculator configured to calculate a syndrome using a LBA and an LBA parity matrix, the LBA associated with a read command issued by a host device; and an ECC decoder configured to: read a codeword located at a PBA associated with the LBA associated with the read command, the codeword including a plurality of user data bits and a plurality of parity bits, confirm that the codeword does not contain an error if the codeword converges with the syndrome, and transmit the user data bits to the host device as a response to the read command.

Abstract: A method of redundantly encoding data includes formatting the data into columns and rows, and generating first and second sets of projections of the data using an encoding transform. For each set of projections generated, an encoding parameter of the encoding transform is set to a different value. The first and second sets of projections are stored as the encoded data. A decoding method reads settings including an indication of a number of data fragments. The number of data fragments is compared to a number of projections in a first set of projections of the encoded data in order to determine whether to use a first or a second decoding mode. The encoded data is then decoded according to the selected decoding mode and the result is outputted.

Abstract: A subsystem configured to encode an RGBA8 data stream assembles sequences of four-byte groups from the data stream. The subsystem decorrelates the red and blue channels, and computes a difference between each four-byte group and an anchor value. The anchor is encoded at full value. The subsystem then assigns each group a five-bit header based on the number and location of non-zero bytes and on the data content of the non-zero bytes within the group. The subsystem favors zero valued bytes. Thus, when a group includes only zero valued bytes, the header is sufficient to encode the group; no data bits are necessary. Further, two successive groups of zero-valued bytes may be encoded as a single header with no data bits, achieving further data reduction. Finally, the subsystem concatenates all the headers with associated data to yield the source data stream compressed to some ratio, e.g. four-to-one.

Abstract: A data compressing device according to an embodiment includes a data cutting unit configured to divide continuously inputted data into W-bit data blocks and to output the data blocks in segments such that each of the segments is composed of N data blocks, and a compression-method determining unit configured to select, as a compression portion for each of the segments, a run length system, a flag system, or no compression, according to a ratio of data blocks of specific data in any of the segments. The data compressing device further includes an RL compression unit configured to execute, on any of the segments, a run length system of storing a consecutive amount of the specific data into compressed data, and a flag compression unit configured to execute, on any of the segments, a flag system of storing positional information of the specific data into compressed data.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for three-dimensional video coding using the virtual depth information are disclosed. For a current texture block in the dependent view, the method incorporating the present invention first derives an estimated disparity vector to locate a corresponding texture block in a coded view. A collocated depth block in the coded view collocated with the corresponding texture block in the coded view is identified and used to derive the virtual depth information. One aspect of the present invention addresses derivation process for the estimated disparity vector. Another aspect of the present invention addresses the usage of the derived virtual depth information.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided a storage device including a controller circuit and a storage medium. The controller circuit includes a first conversion circuit and a second conversion circuit. The first conversion circuit converts data into M-ary symbols where M is an integer of 3 or more. The second conversion circuit converts respective ones of the converted n samples of M-ary symbols into signals with L-patterned pulse width where n is an integer of 2 or more. The storage medium stores the converted n samples of signals with L-patterned pulse width. The controller circuit further includes an equalization circuit that equalizes signals read from the storage medium into the n samples of M-ary symbols.

Abstract: A method for encoding bits according to a convolutional code. Bits to be encoded with the convolutional code are obtained for transmission over a communication channel. The bits are encoded according to the convolutional code with an encoder having an M-bit memory and a plurality of logic gates so as to separate trellis segments of the convolutional code into trellis sub-segments having a reduced number of branches per state than that of the trellis segments.

Abstract: A data compression apparatus of the invention includes a data acquisition unit to acquire n integers from encoding data, an integer division unit to divide each integer of the n integers into a second integer represented by low-order bits whose number of divided bits is b and a first integer represented by high-order bits obtained by excluding the low-order bits from each integer of the n integers and to output n first integers and n second integers, a first encoding unit to encode and output the n first integers as a first code represented by binary data having a number of bits that is a natural-number times the number of unit bits of L, and a second encoding unit to encode and output the n second integers as a second code.

Abstract: In a data compression method, a data string is compressed in units of symbols, each of the symbols being data having a fixed length. Then, a conversion table in which an entry indicating a correspondence between two or more pre-conversion symbols and one post-conversion symbol is registered is searched, and if it is determined that two or more consecutive symbols in the data string are not registered as two or more pre-conversion symbols, an entry in which the two or more consecutive symbols are registered as two or more pre-conversion symbols is registered in the conversion table, and the two or more consecutive symbols are output without conversion, and if two or more consecutive symbols in the data string are registered as two or more pre-conversion symbols in an entry in the conversion table, the two or more consecutive symbols are converted into one post-conversion symbol, the one post-conversion symbol being in correspondence with the two or more consecutive symbols in the entry.

Abstract: A device for storing data in a plurality of multi-level cell memory chips. The device includes a scrambling unit to generate a plurality of candidate scrambled sequences of data by performing a plurality of scrambling operations on a sequence of data to be stored, a calculation unit to calculate a cost function for each of the plurality of candidate scrambled sequences of data, the result of each cost function being indicative of a balancing degree of subsequences of a candidate scrambled sequence, when the subsequences of the candidate scrambled sequence are written to the plurality of multi-level cell memory chips, a selection unit to select one of the candidate scrambled sequences of data based on the results of the cost functions, and a storing unit to store the selected candidate scrambled sequence of data in the multi-level cell memory chips by storing the subsequences across the multi-level memory chips.

Abstract: There is provided a method for use by a client device having a client address in a network for communication with a host device having a host address in the network. The method includes retrieving a first subset of a plurality of images, displaying the first subset of the plurality of images, receiving a selection of a second subset of the first subset of the plurality of images from a user of the client device, determining a number based on the second subset of the first subset of the plurality of images, replacing a portion of the client address with the number to obtain the host address, and connecting to the host device using the host address obtained by the replacing of the portion of the client address with the number.

Abstract: A method of decoding a codeword that satisfies a k constraint into output data includes, using a decoder of a hard disk drive system, converting each bit of the codeword in Non-Return-to-Zero format, extracting, from the converted codeword, a plurality of data blocks comprising a first data block and a plurality of remaining data blocks, performing a first analysis on the plurality of data blocks for modifying each of the plurality of data blocks that satisfies a first predetermined criterion, and performing a second analysis on the plurality of data blocks after the first analysis for modifying each of the plurality of data blocks that satisfies a second predetermined criterion to obtain the output data.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for serial data transmission, comprising the steps consisting in computing the running disparity (RD) of a bit stream that is being transmitted; when the running disparity reaches a threshold (T), computing a point disparity on a subsequent frame (S) of the stream; if the point disparity has the same sign as the threshold, inverting the states of the bits of the frame in the transmitted bit stream; and inserting into the transmitted bit stream a polarity bit having a state signalling the inversion.

Abstract: An operating method of a controller includes: a first step of generating an internal codeword including an ECC unit data and an internal parity code by performing ECC decoding operation to an input data; a second step of updating an external parity code based on the ECC unit data, which is included in the internal codeword currently generated, and the ECC unit data, which is included in the internal codeword previously generated; and a third step of storing in a semiconductor memory device one or more internal codewords and the updated external parity code, which are generated through repetition of the first and second steps, by a unit of predetermined storage size.

Abstract: New partial response signaling systems and methods for high spectral efficiency communications are described. In a first implementation, a communication system includes a partial response signaling transmitter and a nonlinear satellite transponder. The partial response signaling transmitter includes a partial response transmit filter configured to convert complex-valued data symbols to a transmit signal using a partial response pulse shaping function; and a modulator configured to modulate the transmit signal onto a carrier wave. The transponder receives and non-linearly amplifies the modulated transmit signal for broadcast to receivers.

Abstract: In a scenario of a flexible Ethernet, the number of Ethernet frame streams received by an Ethernet interface of a receiver and a bit width of each Ethernet frame stream may need to be adjusted. A corresponding scrambling circuit is disposed for each data segment in the Ethernet frame streams, so as to separately perform scrambling on each data segment, where the number of bits of each data segment is M. Furthermore, X scrambling circuits corresponding to X data segments in a first Ethernet frame stream may separately calculate scrambling results of the X data segments. Therefore, if an adjusted bit width of each Ethernet frame stream is an integral multiple of M, a corresponding number of scrambling circuits may be reconfigured to perform scrambling on each adjusted Ethernet frame stream.

Abstract: A device for storing data in a plurality of multi-level cell memory chips. The device includes a scrambling unit to generate a plurality of candidate scrambled sequences of data by performing a plurality of scrambling operations on a sequence of data to be stored, a calculation unit to calculate a cost function for each of the plurality of candidate scrambled sequences of data, the result of each cost function being indicative of a balancing degree of subsequences of a candidate scrambled sequence, when the subsequences of the candidate scrambled sequence are written to the plurality of multi-level cell memory chips, a selection unit to select one of the candidate scrambled sequences of data based on the results of the cost functions, and a storing unit to store the selected candidate scrambled sequence of data in the multi-level cell memory chips by storing the subsequences across the multi-level memory chips.

Abstract: A count table maintenance apparatus for maintaining a count table referenced to apply a backward adaptation to a probability table. The count table maintenance apparatus includes a count data access interface, at least one buffer, and at least one count data updating circuit. The count data access interface determines a read address and a write address of the storage apparatus. The at least one buffer buffers at least one input count data, wherein the at least one input count data is derived from count data read from the count table according to the read address. The at least one count data updating circuit updates the at least one input count data read from the at least one buffer to generate at least one updated count data, and store the at least one updated count data into the storage apparatus according to the write address.

Abstract: A device may receive an input indicative of acoustic feature parameters associated with speech. The device may determine a modulated noise representation for noise pertaining to one or more of an aspirate or a fricative in the speech based on the acoustic feature parameters. The aspirate may be associated with a characteristic of an exhalation of at least a threshold amount of breath. The fricative may be associated with a characteristic of airflow between two or more vocal tract articulators. The device may also provide an audio signal indicative of a synthetic audio pronunciation of the speech based on the modulated noise representation.

Abstract: A system and method for Flex Over or On Suspension (FOS) fault detection under a write gate for magnetic disk drives may employ a flex over suspension fault comparator that compares a predetermined reference threshold to a positive delta of a disk drive write head data stream and outputs a positive or negative FOS fault indication. A max/min buffer detects polarity of a disk drive read/write head and applies a positive buffered delta to the fault comparator. A transition-free window detector triggers the fault comparator to output the fault indication when a transition-free window of zero-value data bits of a predetermined length is detected from the disk drive head, and the transition-free window detector provides a fault validation signal to validate output of the fault comparator when the transition-free window of zero-value data bits of the predetermined length is detected from the disk drive head.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an encoder adapted to encode data bits for transmission via a communication link. The encoder includes a logic circuit. The logic circuit is adapted to perform a logic operation on a pattern of bits and the data bits in order to reduce a run-length of the data bits.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for encoding data are disclosed that may allow for variable run length encoding of data to be transmitted. An ordered stream of data bits is received from a logic circuit, and N sequential data bits of the stream are selected, where N is a positive integer. Of the N sequential data bits, M sequential data bits are selected, wherein M is a positive integer less than N. The M sequential data bits are then encoded to generate a code word that includes P data bits, wherein P is a positive integer greater than M and less than N. The code word is then concatenated with a subset of the N sequential data bits that excludes the M sequential data bits to form a transmission word. A transmit unit then sends the data bits of the transmission word in a serial fashion.

Abstract: Techniques and tools for sub-block transform coding are described. For example, a video encoder adaptively switches between 8×8, 8×4, and 4×8 DCTs when encoding 8×8 prediction residual blocks; a corresponding video decoder switches between 8×8, 8×4, and 4×8 inverse DCTs during decoding. The video encoder may determine the transform sizes as well as switching levels (e.g., frame, macroblock, or block) in a closed loop evaluation of the different transform sizes and switching levels. The encoder and decoder may use different scan patterns for different transform sizes when scanning values from two-dimensional blocks into one-dimensional arrays, or vice versa. The encoder and decoder may use sub-block pattern codes to indicate the presence or absence of information for the sub-blocks of particular blocks.

Abstract: A method of encoding an input data into a codeword that satisfy a k constraint includes partitioning the input data into a plurality of data blocks comprising a first data block and a plurality of remaining data blocks; performing a first analysis of the plurality of data blocks for modifying each of the plurality of remaining data blocks that satisfy a first predetermined criterion; performing a second analysis of the plurality of data blocks after the first analysis for modifying each of the plurality of data blocks that satisfy a second predetermined criterion; and converting each bit of the plurality of data blocks after the second analysis to produce the codeword in Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) format with the k constraint. There is also provided a method of decoding the codeword with satisfies the k constraint into an output data, and the corresponding encoder and decoder.

Abstract: Embedded differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is performed in response to coding locations of DPCM non-zero residuals during entropy coding utilizing adaptive run-length (ARL) coding. In this manner the need to code zero residuals is eliminated. After adaptive run-length coding, the non-zero residuals are coded in the regular mode, such as utilizing exponential Golomb coding. Overall compression is improved for blocks containing any significant number of zeros.

Abstract: An electronic device for processing data includes: an input interface for receiving input data; a processing module for processing data; and an encoding unit configured to encode data words received at the input interface as input data, in order to obtain encoded data words. The encoding unit is configured to encode the data words in such a manner that a specified proportion of all encoded data words have a specified Hamming distance and/or a specified Hamming weight. The processing module is configured to process the encoded data words.

Abstract: The present techniques provide systems and methods for decoding an optical data signal in an optical system to retrieve source information while decreasing errors resulting from optical and electronic noise in the optical system. The techniques involve using decoding algorithms to estimate the a posteriori state probabilities and the a posteriori transition probabilities of the data encoding, and estimating bit state probabilities. The probability density function used to estimate bit states is parameterized by the expected optical and electronic noise in the optical system. Different optical and electronic noise variances, or different probability densities, may be stored in registers or look-up tables to be accessed by a decoder while decoding the optical data signal.

Abstract: A noise generator includes a selection unit suitable for outputting first elements corresponding to first seeds based on a first function, and outputting second elements corresponding to second seeds based on a second function, a first permuter suitable for generating first pair elements based on a first correspondence relationship in which the respective first elements and the respective second elements correspond to each other, and a first calculation unit suitable for generating a first noise based on the first pair elements, wherein a product of the first function and the second function is a Gaussian random variable.