Abstract: A digitizer includes an analog to digital converter (ADC), a sampling frequency generator, and a controller. The ADC samples an IF signal to generate a digital signal. The sampling frequency generator is connected to the ADC and provides a sampling clock of variable frequency to the ADC. The controller is connected to the sampling frequency generator and determines frequency of the sampling clock.

Abstract: According to embodiments, a color signal processing circuit includes: an A/D converter configured to convert an analog television signal into a digital signal by using a clock; a color signal demodulation circuit configured to color-demodulate the television signal converted into the digital signal by the A/D converter; a clock generation section configured to generate the clock that is used by the A/D converter; and a frequency control section configured to control the clock frequency of the clock generation section on the basis of a color subcarrier frequency of a color signal included in the analog television signal and on the basis of the vertical synchronization signal frequency of the analog television signal.

Abstract: A video receiver for SCART input includes an input configured to receive a composite video signal, RGB signals, and a switch-indicating signal, a first digitizer module coupled to the input and including a one-bit slicer configured to receive and convert the switch-indicating signal to a one-bit digital signal, the first digitizer further including a downconverter configured to convert the one-bit signal to a multi-bit digital signal with non-abrupt transitions between a logical zero and a logical one, and a combiner module configured to receive and combine indicia of the composite video signal and the RGB signals to produce a total video output signal as a function of the indicia of the multi-bit digital signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for an analog-to-digital video signal converter. The converter is controlled by a clock with controllable frequency and phase for sampling an analog signal. A circuit corrects the clock frequency using a period of a columnar frame differences as a function of columnar location. The sampling clock frequency is changed by an amount dependent on the period of the columnar differences. A second measure of the difference between successive frames is computed for a sequence of clock phases. The frequency of the clock is verified using a characteristic of the second measure. The characteristic can be the ratio of the maximum to the minimum of the second measure over selected clock phases. Other characteristics can be used such as a difference of a maximum and a minimum measure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for providing a cockpit display in an aircraft. The method includes the steps of receiving a plurality of independent signals formatted for generating a cockpit image on a cathode ray tube of the aircraft, converting the received plurality of analog signals into an equivalent low voltage digital signal and displaying the cockpit image on a flat panel display of the aircraft using the equivalent low voltage digital signal.

Abstract: A method for improving image quality in an image processing device comprises receiving an image signal comprising a plurality of field signals corresponding to a plurality of fields, each field signal comprising a plurality of pixel signals corresponding to a plurality of pixels, and each pixel signal comprising an original chrominance value and a compensating chrominance value; replacing the compensating chrominance value of a pixel signal in every field signal by the original chrominance value of another pixel signal of a same position in another field signal, and generating a primary compensating result corresponding to every pixel signal; calculating a primary weighted sum of a pixel signal corresponding to every pixel and a primary compensating result corresponding to the pixel signal according to a degree of variation corresponding to every pixel of every field; and outputting the primary weighted sum corresponding to every pixel, to output primary compensating field signals.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for ensuring the security of configuration or programming data supplied to an electronic device, such as a video consumer electronic device. This is achieved by storing within an integrated circuit video processor in the device both logic and data for checking the security of input configuration and/or programming data for the video processor to detect and prevent tampering with same. Not only is it determined if the input data is correct versus unacceptable, also if it is determined unacceptable, the logic then determines if the input data is the result of an innocent error or tampering by a hacker and takes appropriate protective steps accordingly.

Abstract: A high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) receiver recovers high speed encoded data which are transmitted differentially over data channels of a lossy cable, along with a clock. Inter symbol interference, high-frequency loss, skew between the clock and data channels, and differential skew within a differential signal are compensated by analog circuits which are automatically tuned for best performance by observing the quality of the recovered analog signal. Oversampling is used to provide a 24-bit digital representation of the analog signal for determining the quality of the signal.

Abstract: To effectively utilize the bandwidth of a cable TV network, which is limited, analog TV program material is digitized and compressed before its transmission over the network. The resulting signals consume only part of the analog TV band traditionally needed for transmission of the analog TV program material. The newly available bandwidth in the analog TV band may be utilized for other cable TV services, e.g., video-on-demand (VOD) services. A reception gateway is employed at a user location to frequency-translate any VOD signals, transmitted through the analog TV band, to another frequency band, thereby avoiding disturbing the normal operation of a set-top terminal in receiving the analog TV program material through the analog TV band at the user location.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a voltage controlled oscillator for outputting a clock signal having an oscillation frequency in accordance with an input voltage; a convertor for converting the analog video signal inputted from the exterior into the digital video signal synchronizing with the clock signal outputted from the voltage controlled oscillator; a phase difference detector for detecting a phase difference between the composite synchronizing signal in the analog video signal and a feedback signal which corresponds to the clock signal from the voltage-controlled oscillator; and a voltage control unit for controlling the input voltage of the voltage controlled oscillator to change in response to the phase difference detected by the phase difference detector when the phase difference is within the certain range, and to maintain the input voltage intact when the phase difference is in exceed of the certain range.

Abstract: Multiple digital signals from a single integrated circuit (IC) may be provided. The IC may receive an analog signal comprising a plurality of channels, convert the analog signal to a digital signal, and provide the digital signal to a plurality of digital channel tuners. The tuners may each select one of the plurality of channels and provide the selected channels as a plurality of digital output signals. A signal conditioner may be used to prepare the analog signal for digitization.

Abstract: A device and method of processing signals of a digital interface include the digital interface (e.g., HDMI) transmitting digital A/V signals through one cable such that compatibility between devices is improved and no load is applied to A/V operations. In order to distinguish a physical disconnection of an HDMI cable, prevent the occurrence of system load caused by a complicated control method, and solve software (S/W) operation errors caused by entanglement of wires, a signal processing device effectively decides transient statuses of HOT-PLUG and RSEN signals by detecting a signal level of a CEC line, and reduces system load caused by comparing the action of HOT-PLUG and RSEN transient statuses to the detected signal levels of one or more CEC lines. Therefore, the signal processing device increases stability of A/V operations (e.g., a media playback function) unique to a system, and removes complex and time consuming operations while being controlled, thereby increasing HDMI compatibility.

Abstract: A multimedia (audio and video) insertion system, an A/V premises decoder, a content manager and a method of inserting local content into a multimedia stream at a customer's premises. In one embodiment, the A/V premises decoder includes: (1) a signal converter configured to convert a received digital multimedia stream to an analog multimedia stream, and (2) a content inserter configured to insert secondary content in the analog multimedia stream based on control information associated with the secondary content.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for sampling a plurality of digital video signals to generate an interleaved digital video signal is disclosed. The apparatus includes: a first analog-to-digital converter (ADC), coupled to an analog input signal, for converting the analog input signal to a first digital output signal according to a sampling clock signal; a second ADC, coupled to the analog input signal, for converting the analog input signal to a second digital output signal according to the sampling clock signal; a reference clock generator, for generating a reference clock; a random signal generator, for outputting control values in a random sequence; and a clock controller, coupled to the reference clock generator and the random signal generator, for modifying the reference clock signal according to the control values to generate the sampling clock signal to the first ADC and the second ADC.

Abstract: An audio/video separator provides a high-performance and cost-effective solution to analog TV reception with only one A/D converter and a minimum of analog IF components. The apparatus may operate on a digitized TV signal and, when integrated with a digital video processor, process video signals while separating audio signals. The resultant audio and video signals may be considered to have excellent signal quality due to highly optimized demodulation architecture and digital signal processing techniques on both audio and video data paths.

Abstract: A video device includes a video processor operable to upgrade a video image. The video device is capable of displaying video images. The video device includes a video input configured to receive a composite video signal. The composite video signal includes synchronization information, both vertical and horizontal, a luminance and a chrominance. The video device includes a video processor configured to separate the composite signal into separate paths. The video processor is configured to perform video functions on the separate paths individually and combine the separate paths to produce an upgraded video image. The video device also includes a video output configured to receive the upgraded video imaged from the video processor and output the upgraded video image to a display.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for an analog-to-digital video signal converter. The converter is controlled by a clock with controllable frequency and phase for sampling an analog signal. A measure of the difference between successive frames of the image is computed for a sequence of clock phases. The measure can be a count taken over pixels of the magnitude of the difference between a pixel in one frame and the corresponding pixel in a following frame exceeding a threshold value. The frequency of the clock is verified using a characteristic of the frame difference. The characteristic can be the ratio of the maximum measure to the minimum measure over the selected clock phases. Other characteristics can be used such as a difference of a maximum and a minimum measure.

Abstract: A processing system for a charge coupled device (CCD) or CMOS imaging system includes a correlated double sample (CDS) circuit for receiving data from an imager, a variable gain amplifier (VGA) having amplifiers of selectable current level to enable reduced data resolution in a preview display, a low power mode analog-to-digital converter (ADC) having a selectable narrow bit-width output and coupled to said VGA circuit, and a gain circuit coupled to said ADC. The single chip low-power analog front end produces digitized CCD data in either 13-bit, 12-bit or 10-bit formats at a first current level and 9-bit, 8-bit, or 6-bit formats at a second current level. The VGA amplifier includes symmetrical subcircuits which are independently actuable to enable full or reduced data resolution levels respectively for still image capture operation and video previewing on a separate preview screen.

Abstract: There are provided a display apparatus, a display system and a display method. The display apparatus includes: a first input unit through which a first image signal having a first type is inputted; an image processing unit which processes the first image signal for display; a converting unit which converts the type of the first image signal into a second type different from the first type; and an output unit which outputs the first image signal converted into the second type to a next connected display apparatus.

Abstract: An electronic device includes at least one gamma correction unit including a first gamma correction unit. In one embodiment, the first gamma correction unit includes at least one tap that is configured to allow the gamma function for the first gamma correction unit to be changed after the electronic device has been fabricated. In another embodiment, a process for using the electronic device operating the array during a first time period using a first gamma function for the first gamma correction unit. The process also includes changing the first gamma function to a second gamma function. The process further includes operating the array during a second time period using the second gamma function for the first gamma correction unit. A data processing system readable medium has code that includes instructions for carrying out the process.

Abstract: An image data decoding method of an image vertical blanking interval (VBI) and device thereof can adjust a run-in clock signal of data lines of teletext to a data phase of teletext data lines. The method can accurately decode data of the teletext data lines to avoid a phase bias and an erroneous decoding result. A main technical method to decode the data of the VBI is to extract the data of the teletext data lines to determine corresponding bit logical values of the image data and then to output a decode result and also output a phase adjustment value. The phase adjustment value is used to adjust a read phase value of the extracted image so as to synchronize a data phase in VBI.

Abstract: A system and method for tuning a sampling frequency. A method comprises detecting a sampling frequency of an analog image signal, generating a set of histograms from samples of pixels from the analog image signal, using the set of histograms to determine whether the detected sampling frequency is substantially equal to a natural sampling frequency of the analog image signal, and sampling the analog image signal at the detected sampling frequency to produce image data. The samples are taken at the detected sampling frequency and at a different sampling phase for each of the histograms, and each histogram is for samples from a single image.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting a sampling clock offset of an analog-to-digital converter used to digitize an analog image signal. A method comprises buffering samples of an analog image signal, computing a value of an autocorrelation function using the buffered samples and a delayed version of the buffered samples, and repeating the computing a value for delays in a range of delays. The method also comprises computing a sampling frequency offset from the values of the autocorrelation function and changing a sampling frequency using the sampling frequency offset.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device for processing a signal includes: a digital television (DTV) demodulator which receives and demodulates a modulated DTV signal, and outputs a demodulated DTV signal; an analog TV demodulator which receives and demodulates a modulated analog TV signal, and outputs a demodulated first analog TV signal; and a multiplexer which receives the demodulated DTV signal from the DTV demodulator and the demodulated first analog TV signal from the analog TV demodulator, and selectively outputs one of the demodulated DTV signal and the demodulated first analog TV signal.

Abstract: A display apparatus including an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module, a phase detecting module, and a clock generator is provided. The ADC module is used to receive a first analog video signal, and convert the first analog video signal into a digital signal according to a clock signal. The first analog video signal includes a first synchronous information and a first video information. The phase detecting module is used to receive the digital signal, and output a phase adjustment signal according to a part of the digital signal corresponding to the first synchronous information. The clock generator is used to output the clock signal according to the phase adjustment signal.

Abstract: A receiver device is provided singly capable of applying demodulator circuits with differing frequency characteristics with respective signals of desired frequencies for the demodulator circuits. The receiver device in accordance with the present invention switches between a mode in which a digital signal having a frequency suitable for various signal processes is supplied to a DA converter and a mode in which a digital signal for which the IF frequency is about 30 MHz to 60 MHz is supplied to the DA converter, by using a switch and a wire.

Abstract: An apparatus to measure noise in an image signal and a method thereof. The apparatus includes an area division unit to divide an image signal having noise therein into a plurality of areas and to output area information corresponding to the plurality of areas, a variance calculation unit to calculate variances of the plurality of areas using the area information, the image signal and a noise-attenuated image signal obtained by attenuating the noise from the image signal, and a noise determination unit to determine an amount of noise in the image signal by comparing the calculated variances of the plurality of areas. Accordingly, the noise measurement apparatus can measure the amount of noise irrespective of characteristics of the image signal, and thus noise attenuation can be performed more accurately.

Abstract: A signal adjusting circuit and a video apparatus thereof are provided. The signal adjusting circuit includes a delay unit, a minimum value acquisition device, and a first operating unit. The delay unit receives a digital signal and delays the digital signal for N periods to serve as a delay signal. The minimum value acquisition device receives the digital signal and acquires a minimum value of the digital signal in every N periods. The first operating unit is coupled to the delay unit and the minimum value acquisition device for operating the delay signal with the minimum value to obtain an adjusting signal.

Abstract: A digitized analog television signal processing system is disclosed, comprising an analog-to-digital converter, a demodulation unit, a decoding unit, and a control unit. The analog-to-digital converter samples a television signal comprising a video signal. The demodulation unit demodulates the video signal. The decoding unit decodes the demodulated video signal. The control unit adjusts the demodulation unit according to a signal quality indicator generated during and/or after the decoding of the decoding unit.

Abstract: An aerial surveillance apparatus for processing an analog video signal is described. The aerial surveillance apparatus includes a first input configured to receive an analog video signal from a video camera, a processor coupled with the analog video signal and configured to filter and digitize the analog video signal to form a de-emphasized digital signal, an output configured to couple to an FM video transmitter and to communicate the de-emphasized digital signal to the FM video transmitter. The filtering of the processor decreases amplitudes of higher frequencies within a band of frequencies more than amplitudes of lower frequencies within the band of frequencies, and the FM video transmitter filters the de-emphasized digital signal using a pre-emphasis filter that counteracts the filtering of the de-emphasis filter.

Abstract: A television receiving system is disclosed, comprising an input terminal, a down-converter, an amplifier, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a demodulator, and an isolation circuit. The input terminal receives an RF signal. The down*converter, coupled to the input terminal, converts the RF signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. The amplifier, coupled to the down-converter, amplifies the IF signal. The analog-to-digital converter, coupled to the amplifier, converts the amplified IF signal to digital data. The demodulator, coupled to the ADC, processes the digital data to generate baseband data. The isolation circuit, coupled between the amplifier and ADC, isolates the amplified IF signal from being affected by interference induced by the ADC.

Abstract: A method, and apparatus, and logic encoded in one or more computer-readable media to carry out a method. The method is to sample analog video at a sample clock rate and at a phase selected from a set of phases based on a quality measure determined from the sampled video. The quality measure is based on statistics of pixel to pixel differences in a coordinate of the generated digital video that have a magnitude exceeding a pre-determined threshold.

Abstract: To provide an A/D converting circuit capable of improving an S/N ratio regardless of a color television system. An over-sampling A/D converting circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: an A/D converter for over-sampling an analog video signal; a digital low-pass filter allowing passage of a signal component in a predetermined passing band out of the over-sampled signal; a down-sampling circuit for down-sampling the passed signal; and a color television system determining circuit for switching the passing band.

Abstract: A digital video signal processing apparatus and method for detecting data in a vertical blanking interval (VBI) includes a re-sampler generating, from input video data, first re-sample data at a VBI data rate and second re-sample data with a data rate twice as high as the VBI data rate, a signal tracking unit tracking an existence of a clock run-in and a phase of the clock run-in from the second re-sample data and calculating an average of the clock run-in, and a slicer determining a logical value of the first re-sample data according to the average of the clock run-in and outputting the determined logical value as VBI data, wherein the re-sampler determines a compensation phase from the tracked phase of the clock run-in, re-samples the input video data according to the compensation phase with the VBI data rate and generates the first re-sample data.

Abstract: The present invention provides a TV receiver and an analog TV signal processing method. The TV receiver includes a tuner, an analog-to-digital converter, and a digital filter module. The tuner is utilized to receive an RF signal and generate a first signal; the analog-to-digital converter is coupled to the tuner for converting the first signal to a digital signal, and the digital filter module is coupled to the analog-to-digital converter for filtering the digital signal in order to filter an analog TV signal contained in the RF signal in digital domain.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an analog television broadcast signal receiving apparatus including: a tuner section configured to convert an analog television broadcast signal into a predetermined intermediate frequency band signal; a demodulation circuit section configured to obtain a picture output signal and a sound intermediate frequency signal from the predetermined intermediate frequency band signal coming from the tuner section; a picture processing circuit section configured to convert the picture output signal into a display-ready picture signal; a sound demodulation processing circuit section configured to demodulate the sound intermediate frequency signal; and a control section.

Abstract: A video receiving apparatus comprises a switch, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a video processing circuit and a decoder is provided. The ADC receives a first analog channel data from the switch within a plurality of first periods and receives a second analog channel data from the switch within a plurality of second periods, and output a digital video signal. The sampling frequency of the ADC is a plurality of times of a switching frequency of the switch. The video processing circuit includes a recovery circuit and a noise reduction circuit. The recovery circuit restores the digital video signal to a recovery video signal corresponding to a video format of the analog video signal. The noise reduction circuit reduces noises generated by the switch according to the digital video signal. The decoder outputs a display signal according to the analog video signal.

Abstract: An automatic clamping analog-to-digital converter (A/D converter) is provided, which includes an A/D converter, a switch, a comparator, a bidirectional counter, and a digital-to-analog converter (D/A converter). Wherein, the A/D converter receives an analog signal from a node, and then converts the analog signal into a digital signal according to a DC offset level. The switch is coupled between the node and a fixed voltage level, and is turned on or off according to a clamping signal. The comparator outputs a compare signal according to a comparison result between the digital signal and an offset value. The bidirectional counter outputs a count, and increases or decreases the count according to the compare signal. The D/A converter converts the count into the DC offset level and provides the DC offset level to the A/D converter.

Abstract: In each of a plurality of stages, an input analog signal is quantized, so that a digital signal corresponding to each part of bits is generated. A DA conversion portion generates an analog reference signal based on the digital signal, and a remainder operation portion performs addition/subtraction and amplification by a predetermined factor with respect to the input analog signal. Then, the signal thus obtained is supplied to a subsequent stage. The DA conversion portion in the first stage where A/D conversion of a plurality of bits is performed includes primary voltage supply portions capable of outputting a reference voltage at one of a plurality of levels, and an auxiliary voltage supply portion capable of outputting a reference voltage at an auxiliary level different from the above-described level. The respective voltage supply portions selectively output the reference voltages based on a digital signal generated by an AD conversion portion.

Abstract: A pedestal level of each of the R-Y and B-Y signals (color-difference signals) in a horizontal synchronization time T1 of a horizontal synchronizing signal is detected, and a pedestal level adjustment value for adjustment of the pedestal level of each of the R-Y and B-Y signals is determined based on the pedestal level determined in such a manner that a difference in pedestal level of each of the R-Y and B-Y signals between in the horizontal synchronization time T1 and in a horizontal scanning time T2 of the horizontal synchronizing signal is lessen. The pedestal level adjustment value determined is stored and video amplification-chroma circuit 130 adjusts the pedestal level of each of the R-Y signal and the B-Y signal in the horizontal synchronization time T1 of the horizontal synchronizing signal by an amount of adjustment value stored in.

Abstract: A relatively non-complex signal processor supporting an active pixel sensor imaging system is disclosed. The signal processor only requires the first sample from a group of samples in a multiple sample to be transmitted to the signal processor at full resolution. The subsequent samples in that group can be transmitted using only a subset of least significant bits. The minimum number of required LSBs is based upon the level of noise in the system. In one embodiment, the number of LSBs transmitted is k+2 per sample, where k indicates the number bits corresponding to peak noise. In an alternative embodiment, each subsequent sample is transmitted using only k+1 bits.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and method for outputting digital video data in a display appliance. The digital video data outputting apparatus includes data converting units for converting various kinds of analog video signals into digital video data, an output signal selector for receiving outputs of the data converting units and selecting any one of the received outputs, and an encoding unit for encoding the output of the output signal selector.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a carrier medium carrying code to implement the method. The method includes accepting blindly video samples of at least one video signal representing lines of video. At least one of the video signals includes horizontal synchronization pulses at a sync tip level. The video samples are formed by blindly sampling the least one video signal in a manner unsynchronized with the video signal or any synchronization signal related to the video signal. The method further includes storing the accepted video samples in a memory that store at least one video line of samples, and analyzing sets of the accepted video samples that include at least one video line to determine video characteristics of the video signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a video signal processing circuit, which comprises: first and second DC level adjusting circuits, for adjusting the DC level of a video signal to generate a first adjusted video signal and a second adjusted video signal respectively; an analog to digital converter, for sampling a data signal of the video signal according to a target clock signal; a sync signal separating circuit, for separating a sync signal from the first adjusted video signal; a sync signal processor, for detecting the existence of the sync signal, and outputting a sync clock signal if the sync signal exists; a multiplexer, for outputting one of the sync clock signal or predetermined clock signal as the target clock signal according to a selecting signal; and a processor unit, for controlling the first DC level adjusting circuit, the second DC level adjusting circuit, and for generating the selecting signal.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converting system with automatic gain control. The analog-to-digital converting system includes a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) for receiving and amplifying an input signal by a gain factor to generate an amplified input signal; an ADC, coupled to the PGA, for converting the amplified input signal into a digital signal according to an actual reference voltage signal; and an automatic gain controller, coupled to the PGA and the ADC, for jointly controlling the gain factor set to the PGA and the actual reference voltage signal set to the ADC according to a hysteretic behavior.

Abstract: A method for adjusting a phase of a sampling frequency of ADC is disclosed. The method includes converting an analog signal into a first digital signal according to a first phase of the sampling frequency during a first time interval; calculating a first value according to the first digital signal; converting the analog signal into a second digital signal according to a second phase of the sampling frequency during a second time interval; calculating a second value according to the second digital signal; and adjusting the phase of the sampling frequency according to the first value and the second value.

Abstract: An audio/video separator provides a high-performance and cost-effective solution to analog TV reception with only one A/D converter and a minimum of analog IF components. The apparatus may operate on a digitized TV signal and, when integrated with a digital video processor, process video signals while separating audio signals. The resultant audio and video signals may be considered to have excellent signal quality due to highly optimized demodulation architecture and digital signal processing techniques on both audio and video data paths.

Abstract: In transmission of video signals of a plurality of channels using a digital interface in conformity with the high definition multimedia interface (HDMI) standard, a transmission minimized differential signaling (TMDS) mixing circuit and a TMDS separation circuit are provided, to perform time-division transmission of TMDS data of the video signals of the plurality of channels at a frequency higher than the transmission rate of the video signals. Video signals of a plurality of channels are therefore transmitted via an inexpensive type A connector and cable.

Abstract: In an automatic gain control circuit comprising a black level detecting unit which detects a black level from a video signal, a white level detecting unit which detects a white level from the video signal, and an analog-to-digital converter which adjusts a dynamic range of the video signal based on a difference value between the black level and the white level, a video signal for adjustment including a black level which indicates a minimum brightness of a video image and a white level which indicates a maximum brightness of the video image is input and the dynamic range is adjusted.

Abstract: Apparatus, system, and method for detecting AC-coupled electrical loads of a set of digital-to-analog converters are described. In one embodiment, a processing apparatus includes a digital-to-analog converter. The processing apparatus also includes a pulse generation module connected to the digital-to-analog converter, and the pulse generation module is configured to direct the digital-to-analog converter to transmit a pulse of electrical energy. The processing apparatus further includes a load detection module connected to the digital-to-analog converter, and the load detection module is configured to determine a connection status of the digital-to-analog converter based on a degree to which the pulse of electrical energy is reflected during a transient response time period.