Abstract: A liquid crystal display (200) includes a first base plate (202), a second base plate (220), a liquid crystal layer (238) located between the first base plate and the second base plate, and two alignment films (210, 228). The two alignment films are respectively positioned on inner surfaces of the first base plate and the second base plate. Each alignment film is a film of oriented carbon nanotubes (212, 230). An oriented direction of the carbon nanotubes on the first base plate is perpendicular to that of the carbon nanotubes on the second base plate. A manufacturing method for the liquid crystal display is also disclosed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display with better visibility and transmittance. The liquid crystal display includes a first plate having a first field-generating electrode, disposed in a pixel area on an insulating substrate, comprising a plurality of sub-electrodes which are separated from each other by a predetermined distance and arranged parallel to each other, and a connecting electrode electrically connecting the sub-electrodes. An alignment film that is rubbed in a first direction covers a first field-generating electrode and an alignment film that is rubbed in a second direction covers a second field-generating electrode to achieve a predetermined orientation of the liquid crystals when no field is applied and more uniform rotation of the liquid crystal molecules when a field is applied.

Abstract: A method for fabricating liquid crystal (LC) alignment includes the steps of processing an alignment film having a plurality of liquid crystal molecules with a single or plurality of plasma generating devices, such that the liquid crystal molecules are aligned at a high pretilt angle. Compared with the prior art, the present invention is suitable for modifying the alignment film surface adjustablely in directions and angles, and can attain the effect of alignment stability with a high pretilt angle in a single process, thus overcoming the drawbacks of the prior art.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus including a pair of substrates having electrodes and vertical alignment layers. A liquid crystal having a negative anisotropy of dielectric is inserted between the substrates. Each substrate has linearly arranged alignment control structures for controlling the alignment of the liquid crystal. The alignment control structures are formed in the form of projections or slits. Each alignment control structure is formed of a plurality of constituent units. In addition, means for forming a boundary of alignment of liquid crystal (singular point in director field) to control the liquid crystal located on the alignment control structures.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus including a pair of substrates having electrodes and vertical alignment layers. A liquid crystal having a negative anisotropy of dielectric is inserted between the substrates. Each substrate has linearly arranged alignment control structures for controlling the alignment of the liquid crystal. The alignment control structures are formed in the form of projections or slits. Each alignment control structure is formed of a plurality of constituent units. In addition, means for forming a boundary of alignment of liquid crystal (singular point in director field) to control the liquid crystal located on the alignment control structures.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display including a first substrate including a first alignment layer, gate lines, and data lines, a second substrate facing the first substrate and including a second alignment layer, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. A plurality of pixels are arranged in a matrix defined by the gate lines and the data lines, and alignment directions of the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer in a first pixel are different than alignment directions in a neighboring pixel.

Abstract: An exemplary multi-domain vertical alignment LCD (200) includes a common electrode, a pixel electrode and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the common electrode and the pixel electrode. The LCD is regularly divided into a plurality of frist and second sub-pixel regions (250, 260). The first sub-pixel region corresponding to two of the first protrusions (241), one of the second protrusions (242), one of the first slits (281), and two of the second slits (282), a second sub-pixel region corresponding to two of the third protrusions (243), one of the fourth protrusions (244), one of the third slits (283), and two of the fourth slits (284), a first ratio of first distance between the first slit and the second slit to a first width of the first slit is less than second ratio of second distance between the third slit and the fourth slit to second width of the third slit.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display screen includes a first electrode plate, a second electrode plate opposite to the first electrode plate and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first electrode plate and the second electrode plate. A first alignment layer is located on the first electrode plate and faces the liquid crystal layer. The first alignment layer comprises a plurality of parallel first grooves defined therein. A second alignment layer is located on the second electrode plate and faces the liquid crystal layer. The second alignment layer comprises a plurality of parallel second grooves defined therein. The second grooves are perpendicular to the first grooves. At least one of the first alignment layer and second alignment layer comprises a carbon nanotube layer and a fixing layer located thereon facing the liquid crystal layer. The carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of carbon nanotube wires being arranged in parallel and closely located.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (“LCD”) includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates. A pixel electrode is formed on the first substrate and provided with a first domain divider. A common electrode is formed on the second substrate and provided with a second domain divider. The second domain divider extends in a first direction and a second direction symmetric with the first direction in order to have a curved portion of the second domain divider. The common electrode has a concavo-convex portion in a saw-toothed shape in a plan view of the common electrode, and the concavo-convex portion is positioned in a region where the curved portion is formed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display screen includes a first electrode plate, a first alignment layer, a liquid crystal layer, a second alignment layer, and a second electrode plate opposite to the first electrode plate. The liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between the first electrode plate and the second electrode plate. The first alignment layer and the second alignment layer are respectively disposed on the first electrode plate and the second electrode plate, and face the liquid crystal layer. The first alignment layer and the second alignment layer respectively include a plurality of parallel first grooves and second grooves perpendicular to the first grooves formed thereon facing the liquid crystal layer. Furthermore, the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer respectively include a plurality of parallel and spaced carbon nanotube structures.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display screen includes a first substrate, a first alignment layer, a liquid crystal layer, a second alignment layer, and a second substrate opposite to the first substrate. The liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first alignment layer and the second alignment layer are respectively disposed on the first substrate and the second substrate, and face the liquid crystal layer. The first alignment layer and the second alignment layer respectively include a plurality of parallel first grooves and second grooves perpendicular to the first grooves formed thereon facing the liquid crystal layer. Furthermore, at least one of the alignment layers includes a carbon nanotube layer and a fixing layer disposed thereon facing the liquid crystal layer. The carbon nanotube layer includes at least one carbon nanotube film pulled out from an array of carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: An aligning method of a ferroelectric liquid crystal display includes; disposing a first mask and a second mask, each of which has opening regions and blocking regions arranged in alternating fashion in vertical direction and horizontal direction corresponding to liquid crystal cells of the liquid crystal display; and injecting a ferroelectric liquid crystal material within the liquid crystal panel.

Abstract: A picture element includes a 4-divided domain including first, second, third and fourth sub-domains which are arranged in this order in a predetermined direction and in each of which an orientation direction of liquid crystal molecules located in the vicinity of the center of a liquid crystal layer in the thickness direction is different from those of the other sub-domains. A first substrate includes two first regions having an orientation-regulating force for orienting the liquid crystal molecules in a first direction and a second region provided between the two first regions and having an orientation-regulating force for orienting the liquid crystal molecules in a second direction that is opposite to the first direction.

Abstract: Horizontal-switching flexible liquid crystal displays (LCD) and fabrication methods thereof are provided. The horizontal-switching flexible liquid crystal display includes a flexible first substrate, a second substrate and a liquid crystal (LC) layer interposed therebetween. The LC layer consists of liquid crystal molecules affected by a horizontal field and divided into an upper portion and a lower portion. At least one pair of a patterned pixel electrode and a common electrode is disposed on the first substrate. The pixel electrode and the common electrode are formed on the same plane, thereby generating a horizontal field during operation. First and second alignment layers allow the LC molecules of the LC layer to be in a substantially vertical alignment. The phase retardation of the horizontal-switching LCD is due to the lower portion of the LC layer.

Abstract: There is disclosed a liquid crystal display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate arranged opposite to the first substrate with a gap, a liquid crystal layer held between the first and second substrates, and a plurality of pixels formed of the first substrate, the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer, and arrayed in a direction along a plane of the first and second substrates, each pixel having a plurality of pretilt angles different from each other.

Abstract: A liquid crystal light control element, a lens barrel, and an imaging device, which are so designed as to adequately control the amount of light led to the imaging element at the time of photographing in a bright ambience are provided. The lens barrel includes an optical system, a liquid crystal light control element, and an imaging element. The object image captured by the optical system reaches the imaging element through the liquid crystal light control element, which is composed of a first liquid crystal light control unit, a second liquid crystal light control unit, and a first and a second liquid crystal layers, which are placed on top of the other in their thickness direction.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a liquid crystal display panel includes forming a first alignment film on a first substrate, aligning the first alignment film in a first alignment direction by a first rubbing process, forming a second alignment film on a second substrate, aligning the second alignment film in a second alignment direction by a second rubbing process, attaching the first and second substrates to each other, and re-aligning a substantially non-uniformly aligned area on at least one of the first and second substrates by irradiating a light irradiating device of one of an ultraviolet ray and a laser beam.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display screen includes a first substrate, a first alignment layer, a liquid crystal layer, a second alignment layer, and a second substrate. The liquid crystal layer is sandwiched therebetween. The first alignment layer and the second alignment layer correspondingly are disposed on the first substrate and the second substrate. The first alignment layer and the second alignment layer respectively include a plurality of parallel first grooves and perpendicular second grooves. Furthermore, at least one of the alignment layers includes a carbon nanotube layer. The carbon nanotube layer includes at least one carbon nanotube film. The carbon nanotube film comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes joined end to end and substantially aligned along a single direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device comprises a first substrate having a grooved surface profile; an alignment film layer of inorganic material formed on the grooved surface and having the grooved surface profile, the alignment film of inorganic material being aligned in response to an ion beam incident to the grooved surface in a direction parallel to a groove direction; a second substrate aligned opposite the first substrate for forming a plurality of LCD cells having liquid crystal (LC) material deposited therein, wherein LC molecules align parallel to the grooves for enhanced LCD performance.

Abstract: A liquid-crystal electro-optical device is offered which can operate at high speeds and easily oriented. The value of the surface tension of liquid crystal-orienting layers is 40 dynes/cm or more, and these layers are rubbed in antiparallel directions to each other. This reduces the pretilt angle of the molecules of a nematic liquid crystal sandwiched between two substrates. The anisotropy of the dielectric constant of the nematic liquid crystal is positive.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a liquid crystal display device includes: forming alignment keys by at least one of ink jet printing, offset printing, screen printing and laser marking on a dummy region of an upper substrate; forming a first alignment film over an active region of the upper substrate; forming sealant along a periphery of the active region of the upper substrate; and bonding the upper substrate to a lower substrate.

Abstract: An optically self-compensated birefringence liquid crystal display (OCB-LCD) panel including a first substrate, a first splay aligned layer, a second substrate and an OCB liquid crystal layer is provided. A first alignment layer is disposed on a surface of the first substrate. The first splay aligned layer is disposed on a surface of the first alignment layer, and the material of the first splay aligned layer includes a polymer polymerized by a first reactive mesogen (RM) monomer. The second substrate is disposed opposite to the first substrate, and a second alignment layer is disposed on a surface of the second substrate. The OCB liquid crystal layer is interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: This invention provides a bistable liquid crystal device. The bistable liquid crystal device includes a first substrate having thereon a first conductive layer and a first alignment layer; a second substrate having thereon a second conductive layer and a second alignment layer; and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first and second alignment layers. The first alignment layer induces a first pretilt angle ?1 in the range of 20°-65° between the liquid crystal layer in contact with the first alignment layer. The second alignment layer induces a second pretilt angle ?2 in the range of 20°-65° between the liquid crystal layer in contact with the second alignment layer. The liquid crystal layer is capable of maintaining a stable bend state or a stable splay state at zero bias voltage and is switchable between the stable bend state and the stable splay state when a switching energy is applied in operation to the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: Each pixel has a transmissive area and a reflective area. A first alignment process area and a second alignment process area are placed such that an overlapping region is created in part of the reflective area. A region where the liquid crystal alignment direction shifts continuously is created in a boundary between the transmissive are a and the reflective are a without exception. A first liquid crystal alignment region is formed wider than the transmissive area, and a second liquid crystal alignment region is formed narrower than the reflective area.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display mainly includes two substrates processed for vertical alignment and a liquid crystal having a negative dielectric constant anisotropy sealed between the two substrates. An array of slits is provided on pixel electrodes formed on one substrate. A light-shielding matrix and an array of protrusions is provided on the other substrate. Each of the first protrusions has a main body being arranged substantially in a zigzag pattern and in parallel to one another. The slits and the main bodies of the first protrusions are arranged alternately. The liquid crystal display is characterized in that the first protrusions have a plurality of breaks formed within the area of the light-shielding matrix.

Abstract: An optical element comprises a pair of substrates each having an electrode and bonded together with a gap therebetween and a light adjusting material including a liquid crystal and enclosed in the gap. Each of the pair of substrates has an electrode connecting portion to be connected to an external circuit. At least a part of the electrode connecting portion of each of the substrates is located on the same side as that of the optical element. The electrode connecting portion of one of the substrates and the electrode connecting portion of the other of the substrates have respective electrode portions at regions that are not opposed to each other. The electrode portion of each of the electrode connecting portions is connected to the external circuit.

Abstract: A repeated pattern layer having areas for imparting different electro-optic characteristics to a light modulating device is disclosed. The repeated pattern is arranged so that any pixel area formed in the assembled device (above a certain minimum size) will contain an area of each electo-optic characteristic in the right proportions. The pattern is arranged as a two dimensional grid of areas of different characteristic with at least one area of each characteristic provided in each row and column of the grid. The patterned layer may usefully be an alignment layer for a liquid crystal device, especially a bistable device, and the different areas may be arranged to give grey scale in the device.

Abstract: The invention provides a flat panel display having an insulating substrate; a data line formed on the insulating substrate; an interlayer insulating film formed on the data line having a first contact opening exposing the data line; a connecting member formed in a part of the first contact opening; an interlayer insulating film around the first contact opening; a gate insulating film formed on the connecting member having a second contact opening exposing the connecting member; and an organic semiconductor layer formed on the gate insulating film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate, wherein a pixel region is defined by a gate line and a data line, the pixel region is divided into a reflection region and a transmission region, an electric field guide window is formed on the transmission region, a pixel electrode is formed on the pixel region, and a predetermined step difference part is formed on a boundary between the reflection region and the transmission region, a second substrate facing the first substrate and having a dielectric rib spaced apart by a predetermined distance from the electric field guide window, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and the second substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided, which includes: first and second panels facing each other, interposing a gap therebetween, and first and second field generating electrodes, respectively; a liquid crystal layer filled in the gap and including a plurality of liquid crystal molecules; first and second tilt direction defining members disposed on the first and the second panels, respectively, and giving a first tilt direction to a group of the liquid crystal molecules; and a third tilt direction defining member disposed on one of the first and the second panels and giving a second tilt direction oblique to the first tilt direction to the group of the liquid crystal molecules.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device with an alignment film provided on at least one of a pair of substrates, sandwiching a liquid crystal layer, on the side facing the liquid crystal layer, in which the alignment film aligns liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer substantially vertical or horizontal when there is no voltage application, and a mask rubbing process is performed with at least a part of a hard mask adhered to the alignment film surface such that alignment control directions in regions of the alignment film are different from each other.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display screen includes a first substrate, a first alignment layer, a liquid crystal layer, a second alignment layer, and a second substrate. The first substrate is opposite to the second substrate. The liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first alignment layer and the second alignment layer are respectively disposed on the first substrate and the second substrate facing the liquid crystal layer. The first alignment layer and the second alignment layer respectively include a plurality of parallel first grooves and second grooves. An alignment direction of the first grooves is perpendicular to that of the second grooves. Furthermore, at least one of the alignment layers includes a carbon nanotube layer and a fixing layer. The fixing layer is disposed on the carbon nanotube layer, and facing the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes: a first substrate; a second substrate; and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates, the layer being made of liquid crystal aligned vertically in an initial alignment state and exhibiting negative dielectric anisotropy. The first substrate includes a plurality of pixel electrodes and a first alignment layer composed of a vertical alignment layer provided on the pixel electrodes and of a horizontal alignment layer provided in a region on the pixel electrodes and the first substrate, the region excluding the pixel electrodes. The second substrate includes an electrode, a protrusion provided so as to face the horizontal alignment layer, and a second alignment layer made of a vertical alignment layer provided on the electrode and the protrusion.

Abstract: In a vertically aligned liquid crystal display device for controlling liquid crystal molecules alignment in voltage application by providing linear structures or linear slits consisting of a plurality of constituent units to at least one of a pair of substrates having an electrode thereon, there is provided alignment controlling means for forming an alignment singular point s=?1 of liquid crystal molecules at an intersecting point between the structures on the pixel electrode or the slits in the electrode and an edge of a pixel electrode on one of the substrates.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device according to this invention includes a control structure provided at each of or one of a liquid crystal side of a first substrate and a liquid crystal side of a second substrate to control a tilt direction of a liquid crystal upon application of a voltage to a liquid crystal layer, a first domain where a liquid crystal tilts in one direction upon application of a voltage to a liquid crystal layer, and a second domain where a liquid crystal tilts in a direction different from the tilt direction of the liquid crystal in the first domain by substantially 180°. Herein, an angle formed by the tilt direction of the liquid crystal in the first domain and a horizontal direction of a screen in the liquid crystal display device falls within a range between 22° and 39° or a range between 51° and 68°.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of the present invention has a first structure (protrusion) which is provided on a first substrate and which causes liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of the first structure to align with a first direction when a voltage is applied, and a second structure (protrusion) which is provided at a position on the second substrate where the second structure is opposed to the first structure and which causes liquid crystal molecules in the vicinity of the second structure to align with a second direction when the voltage is applied. Here, the second direction is different from the first direction. The shapes or sizes of the first and second structures are different from each other.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device using a photodecomposition type light orientation film, the deterioration of display performance due to an impurity resulting from a light orientation treatment of the orientation film is suppressed to enable high-quality image display. In the orientation film to which a liquid crystal orientation function is provided, the amount of decomposition product due to the orientation film is 3957.5 ng or less per 100 cm2.

Abstract: A LCD panel is disclosed. The LCD panel has an upper substrate and a lower substrate substantially parallel to the upper substrate. A common electrode is disposed on the upper substrate, and a pixel electrode is disposed on the lower substrate. A first alignment layer, having a first rubbing direction, is disposed on the common electrode, and a second alignment layer, having a second rubbing direction, is disposed on the pixel electrode. The first rubbing direction and the second rubbing direction form a first angle. A liquid crystal layer is disposed between the upper substrate and the lower substrate, and an alignment structure, having an extending direction, is disposed between the common electrode and the liquid crystal layer. The extending direction and the first rubbing direction form a second angle, and the extending direction and the second rubbing direction form a third angle. The second angle is substantially equal to the third angle.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a display panel assembly, includes: preparing a first panel and a second panel each having a display area and a non-display area; forming a first alignment layer and a second alignment layer on the first panel and the second panel, respectively; eliminating at least a part of the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer which is disposed on the non-display area; forming a sealant on the non-display area of at least one of the first panel and the second panel; and adhering the first panel and the second panel each other with the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer facing each other.

Abstract: To provide a liquid crystal display device and an electronic apparatus in which deterioration of contrast due to a protrusion or a slit used for division of alignment can be prevented in the liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal which has a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state. There is provided a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal layer, which includes a liquid crystal having a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state, between a pair of substrates and disposed to be opposite to each other, in which alignment control means for controlling alignment of the liquid crystal layer is provided on at least one of electrodes provided on the pair of substrates, and in which a light-shielding film BM two-dimensionally overlapped with the alignment control means is provided on at least one substrate of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: The present invention provides a substrate for liquid crystal display devices which comprises a substrate body and an alignment film formed on a surface of the substrate body. The alignment film comprises at least two alignment film regions having different alignment characteristics, and neighboring alignment film regions are formed by coating different alignment materials to have the different alignment characteristics.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device having an alignment film of which pretilt angle and azimuthal angle can be adjusted without ultraviolet irradiation and a method for fabricating the LCD device are provided. A liquid crystal display having a thin film transistor substrate and a color filter substrate facing each other and a liquid crystal layer sealed between the substrates includes a first alignment film having a pattern which defines a first and second alignment domains on the thin film transistor substrate and a second alignment film formed on the color filter substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing an elliptically polarizing plate including the steps of: forming a first birefringent layer on a surface of a transparent protective film; laminating a polarizer on a surface of the transparent protective film; forming a second birefringent layer on a surface of the first birefringent layer; and forming a third birefringent layer on a surface of the second birefringent layer. The first birefringent layer is arranged on the opposite side against the polarizer with respect to the transparent protective film. The step of forming the first birefringent layer includes the steps of: applying a liquid crystal material onto a substrate subjected to an alignment treatment; treating the applied liquid crystal material, so as to form the first birefringent layer on the substrate; and transferring the first birefringent layer onto a surface of the transparent protective film.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a display panel and a viewing angle control panel. The viewing angle control panel includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, and a pair of electrodes for applying an electric field to the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal layer is composed from hybrid-aligned liquid crystal molecules. The viewing angle of the display panel is controlled by changing an alignment state of the hybrid-aligned liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer by voltage applied by the electrodes.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device including a pair of spaced and opposed substrates, an electrode and an alignment layer formed on one of the substartes and on the other substrates of said substrates, and a liquid crystal filled between the pair of substrates. The liquid crystal has a dielectric constant of negative anistrophy. The alignment layers on the one and the other substrates are formed so that one pixel has four regions divided by a crosswise boundary line in which the alignments of the liquid crystal are mutually different. A shading layer is provided to cover the crosswise boundary line, wherein the shading layer includes a storage capacity electrode formed on one of the substrates, and has a first portion extending in a first direction and a second portion extending in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display and a method for fabricating the same are disclosed, which can yield maximum liquid crystal efficiency from all areas within the pixels by orienting the liquid crystals in a manner that the liquid crystals are twisted by 90° in an area above the electrodes and twisted by 180° in an area in-between the electrodes. The liquid crystal display device includes, a pixel electrode insulated from a counter electrode having a plurality of slits on a first substrate, a second substrate facing into and adhered to the first substrate and having a liquid crystal layer formed therebetween, and an orientation layer formed on each inner surface of the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein one orientation layer is oriented to be twisted by 90° from above the pixel electrode and the other orientation layer is oriented to be twisted by 180° from above the slit.

Abstract: To provide a liquid crystal display device and an electronic apparatus in which deterioration of contrast due to a protrusion or a slit used for division of alignment can be prevented in the liquid crystal display device including a liquid crystal which has a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state. There is provided a liquid crystal display device comprising a liquid crystal layer, which includes a liquid crystal having a negative dielectric anisotropy exhibiting vertical alignment as an initial alignment state, between a pair of substrates and disposed to be opposite to each other, in which alignment control means for controlling alignment of the liquid crystal layer is provided on at least one of electrodes provided on the pair of substrates, and in which a light-shielding film BM two-dimensionally overlapped with the alignment control means is provided on at least one substrate of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is provided that includes first and second panels facing each other, an alignment layer disposed on at least one of the first and second panels, a fixing member disposed on the surface of the alignment layer to fix the alignment structure of the alignment layer, and liquid crystal materials disposed between the first and second panels. The liquid crystal materials include liquid crystal molecules that have a pre-tilt angle and are disposed on the alignment layer.

Abstract: A method for providing an improved displaying effect of a liquid crystal panel is provided, wherein the liquid crystal panel comprises two alignment layers disposing therebetween a liquid crystal layer having a spiral pitch and a liquid crystal twist angle. The method comprises steps of (a) spacing the two alignment layers at an interval with a desired twist angle therebetween; (b) measuring a first ratio of the interval to the spiral pitch of the liquid crystal layer, at which the liquid crystal twist angle is less than the desired twist angle between the two alignment layers; and (C) deciding an initial ratio of the interval to the spiral pitch of the liquid crystal layer being larger than the first ratio for providing the improved displaying effect of the liquid crystal.

Abstract: A color filter substrate includes: a base substrate; a light-shield layer and a color filter layer provided on the base substrate; a plurality of columnar spacers, which are made of a resin and provided so as to stick out of the base substrate; and an undercoat layer, which is provided between the columnar spacers and the base substrate. The color filter layer includes a first type of color filter, a second type of color filter and a third type of color filter, which transmit light rays in mutually different colors. The undercoat layer is made of the same film as one of the first, second and third types of color filters and the light-shield layer. A portion of the undercoat layer, associated with a first one of the columnar spacers, has a different area and/or shape from another portion of the undercoat layer, associated with a second one of the columnar spacers. The first and second columnar spacers have mutually different heights.