Abstract: A rearview mirror assembly includes a housing. A circuit board is positioned within the housing. A cantilevered contact is coupled with the circuit board. An electro-optic element is positioned proximate the circuit board. A first substantially transparent substrate defines a first surface and a second surface. A first edge extends around the first substrate. A second substantially transparent substrate defines a third surface and a fourth surface. A second edge extends around the second substrate and defines a notch having a notch edge set inboard from the second edge. An electrical bus extends proximate the first and second edges. A primary seal is disposed between the first and second substrates. The seal and the first and second substrates define a cavity therebetween. An electro-optic material is positioned within the cavity.

Abstract: Methods and materials to fabricate electrochromic including electrochemical devices are disclosed. In particular, emphasis is placed on the composition, fabrication and incorporation of electrolytic sheets in these devices. Composition, fabrication and incorporation of redox layers and sealants suitable for these devices are also disclosed. Incorporation of EC devices in insulated glass system (IGU) windows is also disclosed.

Abstract: Systems and methods for operating sensors in an aircraft are provided. Aspects include receiving, by a processor associated with a sensor, a first request to test a transmitter function of the sensor, transmitting a test message to one or more other sensors associated with the aircraft, and listening to a transmitter associated with each of the one or more other sensors to determine a transmitter status of the sensor, wherein the transmitter status of the sensor is a pass status based on receiving a confirmation from at least one of the one or more other sensors. Aspects also include transmitting air data parameters and health status parameters associated with the air data probe to the one or more other air data probes.

Abstract: Device for controlling transmission of radiation, comprises a first substrate comprising a first conductive layer; a second substrate comprising a second conductive layer; an active layer positioned between the first and second conductive layers for controlling the transmission of radiation by altering its light transmissivity dependent on a voltage applied to the first and second conductive layers; a first contact providing a first electrical connection to the first conductive layer; a first portion of an adhesive or solder for attaching a first proximal end of the first contact to the first conductive layer; a second contact providing a second electrical connection to the second conductive layer; and a second portion of adhesive or solder for attaching a second proximal end of the second contact to the first or second conductive layer.

Abstract: Lithium ion batteries and cells, as well as operating and testing methods are provided, which utilize a transparent pouch to monitor the battery in operational condition and/or in operation. Covers may be used to prevent illumination of battery components when testing is not required, and the covers may be removed or have modifiable transparency configured to enable visual monitoring. Indicators in the transparent pouch may be associated with cell components such as electrodes and electrolyte to indicate their condition. For example, the transparent pouch may be used to monitor battery safety, e.g., by enabling to monitor lithium metallization on an anode (directly or via indicators), monitor battery lifetime and other operational parameters, without having to damage the battery.

Abstract: An actuator assembly is configured to adjust a viewing axis of a vehicle mirror. The assembly comprises a toggle switch and a pivot plate. The pivot plate comprises a pivoting member and a slider component configured to receive the pivoting member. The pivot plate is rotationally coupled to the toggle switch proximate a first axis. The assembly further comprises a support bracket rotationally coupled to the pivot plate via the pivoting member along a second axis. The support bracket is further rotationally coupled to the toggle switch along the first axis. The support bracket is configured to support the vehicle mirror such that a rotation of the toggle switch is configured to move the pivot plate relative to the support bracket to adjust a viewing angle of the vehicle mirror.

Abstract: An exterior rearview system for an autonomous vehicle includes a housing adapted for mounting to an exterior side of a vehicle, the housing holding at least one of a reflective element or display screen for displaying to a driver a rear or side image of the vehicle, one or more lighting modules disposed in the housing and providing an adaptive lighting sector which is adaptively controlled, and a control system configured to receive input data related to at least one of a user's intention using a tracking sensor and a user's retaking control of the autonomous vehicle.

Abstract: An electrochromic device can include a substrate, a transparent conductive oxide layer over the substrate, and a bus bar over the substrate. The bus bar can include silver and has a resistivity of at most 6.7×10?6 ?*cm, an average adhesion strength to SiO2 of at least 3N based on 20 measurements, as determined by Method A of ASTM B905-00 (Reapproved 2010), or a classification of at least 4, as determined by Method B of ASTM B905-00 (Reapproved 2010). In another aspect a process of forming an electrochromic device can include forming a transparent conductive oxide layer over a substrate; forming a bus bar precursor over the substrate, wherein the precursor includes silver; and firing the precursor to form a bus bar. Firing can be performed such that the first bus bar is at a temperature of at least 390° C.

Abstract: Electrochromic devices and methods may employ the addition of a defect-mitigating insulating layer which prevents electronically conducting layers and/or electrochromically active layers from contacting layers of the opposite polarity and creating a short circuit in regions where defects form. In some embodiments, an encapsulating layer is provided to encapsulate particles and prevent them from ejecting from the device stack and risking a short circuit when subsequent layers are deposited. The insulating layer may have an electronic resistivity of between about 1 and 108 Ohm-cm. In some embodiments, the insulating layer contains one or more of the following metal oxides: aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, silicon aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, tungsten oxide, nickel tungsten oxide, and oxidized indium tin oxide. Carbides, nitrides, oxynitrides, and oxycarbides may also be used.

Abstract: An electrochromic device is disclosed which has a plurality of layers, including at least one planarizing layer having an upper surface roughness which is less than or equal to half of the upper surface roughness of an underlying layer in contact with a lower surface of the at least one planarizing layer, wherein at least valleys of the underlying layer are filled by the lower surface of the at least one planarizing layer. A method for fabricating the electrochromic device is also disclosed.

Abstract: An electrochromic medium includes a solvent, a first pair of a first anodic material and a first cathodic material, and at least one of a second anodic material and a second cathodic material. At least one of the first anodic material and the first cathodic material is an electrochromic absorbing in the visible range, and at least one of the second anodic material and the second cathodic material is electrochromic absorbing in the visible range.

Abstract: A tiled electrochromic (EC) device comprises a carrier glass, a first EC panel laminated to the carrier glass, a second EC panel laminated to the carrier glass, and a seam between the first EC panel and second EC panel. The first and second EC panels comprise an active area, a clear state and a dark state, and the tiled EC device is capable of switching between a clear state and a dark state.

Abstract: The disclosure provides for a scanning apparatus. The scanning apparatus may be disposed in a vehicle mirror assembly. The mirror assembly comprises an electrochromic element comprising a first substrate comprising a first surface and a second surface, and a second substrate comprising a third surface and a fourth surface. The mirror assembly further comprises an image sensor directed toward the fourth surface and configured to capture image data of an object through the electrochromic element. A light source is disposed proximate the fourth surface and configured to transmit an emission through the electrochromic element. The image sensor is configured to capture the image data to identify at least one passenger of the vehicle.

Abstract: Several of the films that comprise various energy producing or control devices, for example, electrochromic devices, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic cells, are sensitive to moisture in some way. They may be especially vulnerable to moisture at particular stages during their fabrication. It may also be highly desirable during fabrication to be able to wash particulates from the surface. The particulates may be generated some aspect of the fabrication process, or they may arise from the environment in which the fabrication takes place. This invention shows ways to remove said particles from the surface without incurring the damage associated with typical washing processes, resulting in higher manufacturing yields and better device performance.

Abstract: The disclosure provides for an electrochromic element comprising a first substrate and a second substrate. The first substrate comprises a first surface and a second surface. The second substrate comprises a third surface and a fourth surface. The first substrate and the second substrate form a cavity have an electrochromic medium disposed therein. A dielectric coating is disposed on the fourth surface and is configured to provide for improved transmittance of the electrochromic element in the near infrared (NIR) range, wherein the near infrared transmittance exceeds the visible transmittance.

Abstract: A front plate for a lighting device includes a translucent substrate having a first surface, a high refractive index layer formed on the first surface of the translucent substrate and having a refractive index higher than a refractive index of the translucent substrate, and an electrically conductive light reflection layer formed on a surface of the high refractive index layer on an opposite side of the translucent substrate. The electrically conductive light reflection layer is formed on a portion corresponding to a non-luminous region around a luminous region on the surface of the high refractive index layer.

Abstract: An integrated window structure having opposing substrates that sandwich an electrochromic coating, a dye layer and an ion-isolating mechanism. In some embodiments, this is a selective ion-conductive layer and other embodiments incorporate nanostructures and polymers to tether the dye ions; these methods prevent dye ions from transporting into the electrochromic layer during redox activity. Control and systems to integrate the electrochromic elements in windows is provided.

Abstract: An electro-optic device includes a front substrate defining a first surface and a second surface. A rear substrate defines a third surface and a fourth surface. A seal is disposed about a periphery of the second surface and the third surface. A space is defined between the front substrate, the rear substrate, and the seal. An electro-optic medium is disposed within the space. A first conductive material is disposed on the second surface of the front substrate. A second conductive material is disposed on the third surface of the rear substrate. At least one isolation line extends across at least one of the first conductive material and the second conductive material to define independently controlled dimming regions.

Abstract: An electro-optic element includes a first substantially transparent substrate defining a first surface and a second surface. A second substantially transparent substrate defines a third surface and a fourth surface. A primary seal is disposed between the first and second substrates. The seal and the first and second substrates define a cavity. An electro-optic material is positioned within the cavity. A transflective coating having a transmittance of between about 15% and about 60% in a visible wavelength band is positioned on at least one of the second and third surfaces. The transflective coating includes a first layer including an absorbing material, a second layer, a third layer including a low index metal and a fourth layer. The second and fourth layers include at least one of a dielectric material and a transparent conducting oxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds of the formula (I), to the use of compounds of the formula (I) in electronic devices and electronic devices comprising one or more compounds of the formula (I). The invention furthermore relates to the preparation of the compounds of the formula (I) and to formulations comprising one or more compounds of the formula (I).

Abstract: An electrochromic device includes a compound of Formula (I): wherein: R1 and R2 are individually alkyl, alkoxy, or aryloxy; R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 are individually H, alkoxy, or aryloxy; R9 and R10 are individually alkoxy, or aryloxy, or where R1 and R2 are alkyl, R9 and R10 are individually H, alkoxy, or aryloxy; and R11 and R12 are individually alkyl or —(CH2)nN+(R20)3 [X], wherein n is from 1 to 20; each R20 is individually alkyl; and X is an anion.

Abstract: An article includes a transparent non-conducting layer, wherein a thickness of the transparent non-conducting layer continuously decreases in a first direction; and a transparent conducting layer on the transparent non-conducting layer, wherein a thickness of the transparent conducting layer continuously decreases in a direction opposite to the first direction. A thickness of the article is substantially uniform. A sheet resistance, Rs, to a flow of electrical current through the transparent conducting layer, varies as a function of position in the transparent conducting layer. A ratio of a value of maximum sheet resistance, Rmax, to a value of minimum sheet resistance, Rmin, in the transparent conducting layer is at least 1.5.

Abstract: A photovoltaic module includes a first transparent electrode layer characterized by a first sheet resistance, a second transparent electrode layer, and a photovoltaic material layer. The photovoltaic material layer is located between the first transparent electrode layer and the second transparent electrode layer. The photovoltaic module also includes a first busbar having a second sheet resistance lower than the first sheet resistance. The first transparent electrode layer, the second transparent electrode layer, and the photovoltaic material layer have an aligned region that forms a central transparent area of the photovoltaic module. The central transparent area including a plurality of sides. The first busbar is in contact with the first transparent electrode layer adjacent to at least a portion of each of the plurality of sides of the central transparent area.

Abstract: Multi-layer devices comprising a layer of an electrochromic lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the lithium nickel oxide composition comprising lithium, nickel and a Group 4 metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium and a combination thereof.

Abstract: An electrochromic (EC) cell having improved dielectric tunability and lower dielectric losses is disclosed. A multi-layer structure includes at least one electrochromic layer of a transition metal oxide between electrode layers. Two electrolyte layers are located on either side of the at least one electrochromic layer and next to the electrode layers. An ion storage film layer of a transition metal oxide may be provided between the electrochromic layer and one of the electrolyte layers. This structure prevents the shortening of the channel height when a voltage is applied therefore reducing dielectric losses.

Abstract: An electrochromic structure includes: a substrate including a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface; a first conductive layer located on the first surface; a color changing functional layer located on a surface of the first conductive layer; a second conductive layer located on a surface of the color changing functional layer, where the second conductive layer is divided into a first isolation region and a first conductive region which are electrically isolated; a first electrode located in the first isolation region, where the first electrode penetrates the color changing functional layer and is electrically connected to the first conductive layer; a second electrode located on a surface of and electrically connected to the second conductive layer in the first conductive region; and a first light shielding layer for shielding the first isolation region.

Abstract: This group of inventions relates to a field of applied electric chemistry, namely, devices based on modified electrochromic compounds and method of their manufacturing, more specifically, to electrochromic devices comprising electrodes, at least one of which is optically transparent, said electrodes forming an enclosed space filled with a solution which includes an aprotic inert solvent, or their mixtures, an acrylic and/or methacrylic unsaturated oligomer-monomer composition, a cathodic material comprising pyridine, an anodic material, a photo initiator, an adhesive and indifferent electrolytes. According to the invention, the electrochromic solution also comprises an optical brightener selected from the range of aromatic or heterocyclic series and/or their mixtures, an antioxidant selected from the range of sterically hindered phenols and/or their mixtures. The achieved technical result is increased service life of the electrochromic device.

Abstract: The invention relates to glazing (1) comprising a first glazing sheet (10; 10A, 10B) forming a substrate on which at least one film of an electrochemical system (12) is formed, said system having optical and/or energy-related properties that are electrically controllable, a second glazing sheet (14) forming a counter-substrate, and a third glazing sheet (18). The substrate has characteristics that allow it to be obtained by being cut from a motherboard on which motherboard at least one film of the electrochemical system (12) is formed. The substrate is located between the counter-substrate (14) and the third glazing sheet (18) and is set back relative to the counter-substrate (14) and relative to the third glazing sheet (18) over the entire circumference of the substrate (10; 10A, 10B).

Abstract: The present invention provides a display panel and a method for manufacturing the same. The method comprises steps of forming a black matrix and forming a sealant, wherein the black matrix layer contains a thermochromic material at the position corresponding to the sealant, so that when the sealant is cured with ultraviolet light, the thermochromic material layer is transparent. In such case, a side of the first substrate away from the sealant can be irradiated and ultraviolet light passes through the first substrate and the thermochromic material to cure the sealant, thus achieving a uniform irradiation of ultraviolet light and a high curing efficiency. After the sealant is cured, the thermochromic material can become black by changing the temperature thereof so as to avoid the light leakage.

Abstract: A photochromic article is provided, containing a structural component, a fluid in contact with the structural component, and a polyoxometalate complex in contact with the fluid. The polyoxometalate complex includes a counter cation complexed with either a polyoxometalate anion or a polyoxometalate derivative anion. The structural component includes a porous material, a plurality of cavities, or both. The article is photochromic. A method of changing a light transmission of a photochromic article is provided, as is a method of changing a light reflectance of a photochromic article. A method of forming a photochromic article is also provided.

Abstract: Discussed is a lighting apparatus having an organic light-emitting element configured as a transparent window and provided with an optical filter to prevent transmission of light when light having an intensity higher than a preset intensity is incident on the lighting apparatus so as to allow the lighting apparatus to be driven in a transparent mode, an opaque mode, and a lighting mode. The organic light-emitting element includes first and second electrodes and an organic emission layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode to emit light when a signal is applied thereto. The organic light-emitting element performs single-side emission or dual-side emission. The optical filter is formed of a photochromic material or an electrochromic material to make the lighting apparatus be opaque so as to adjust the transmissivity of light when the light having the intensity higher than the preset intensity is incident on the lighting apparatus.

Abstract: A vehicular interior prismatic rearview mirror assembly includes a mirror casing and a prismatic reflective element disposed at the mirror casing and comprising a glass mirror substrate. The mirror substrate has a forward rounded perimeter region that is contactable and viewable by the driver of the vehicle and that provides a rounded transition between a front surface and a perimeter edge of the substrate. The mirror substrate has a rear perimeter edge region chamfered to form an angled surface between the rear surface and the perimeter edge. A reflector coating and a protective coating are disposed at the rear surface. An encapsulant is disposed about a perimeter region of the rear surface so as to encompass and overlay a portion of the angled surface and the reflector coating and the protective coating at the rear surface, with no part of the encapsulant being disposed at the forward rounded perimeter region.

Abstract: A lamination structure of two-axis curvy touch panel includes a cover having a touch surface and an inner surface opposite to the touch surface, wherein the touch surface is a curved surface that protrudes from edge to center and has a long axis and a short axis. A transparent conduction module is flatly laminated to the inner surface of the cover to reduce a stress generated by laminating the transparent conduction module. A lamination area of said transparent conduction module is less than an area of the inner surface of the cover. The lamination structure of touch panel of the present invention applies to a two-axis curvy touch panel, wherein the cover is flatly laminated to the transparent conduction module to reduce stress values or improve stress concentration.

Abstract: Light-dimmable glass, a controllable light shielding device, a controllable light shielding method and a vehicle are provided. The light-dimmable glass includes a plurality of light-dimmable regions and a plurality of light dimmers each arranged on a respective one of the plurality of light-dimmable regions. Each of the light dimmers is capable of being controlled individually so as to change its light transmittance, thereby to adjust a light transmittance of the corresponding light-dimmable region where the light dimmer is located.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a frame mounted on an observer's head, an image display device attached to the frame and a dimming device 700, the image display device includes an image forming device and an optical device 120, 320 having a virtual image forming region 140, 340 where a virtual image is formed on the basis of light emitted from the image forming device, the optical device 120, 320 overlaps with a portion of the dimming device 700, at the time of operation of the dimming device 700, a light blocking ratio of the dimming device 700 is changed over a range of from an upper region 701U to a lower region 701D and/or over a range of from an inner region 701C to an outer region 701S, and a virtual image forming region facing region 701 has a light blocking ratio higher than the light blocking ratio of the lower region 701D or the outer region 701S.

Abstract: A window with display function includes a window frame, a window body embedded in the window frame, a flexible display screen, an electronic element. The window body includes a first glass layer and a second glass layer spaced from each other. The flexible display screen is between the first glass layer and the second glass layer. A house using the window is also related.

Abstract: A lighting device installed in a vehicle for optimized light distribution includes a substrate having quantum dots which are adapted to emit light, a reflecting layer which may be arranged on the bottom side of the substrate, and a transparent layer which may be arranged on the top side of the substrate.

Abstract: The disclosure relates generally to an electrochromic system. The system may include one or more electrochromic devices and a central control device. Each electrochromic device may include two glass layers, two adhesive layers, an electrochromic film, a controller, and a control device. The two adhesive layers may be disposed on inner surfaces of the two glass layers. The electrochromic film may be disposed between the two adhesive layers, the electrochromic film including an electrochromic material layer, a solid polymer electrolyte, and a charge storage layer. The controller may include a power converter, a signal receiver, and a power output. The power converter may be configured to receive power from a power source. The signal receiver may be configured to receive a control signal. The power output may be coupled to the electrochromic film and configured to provide power to the electrochromic film to control optical state of the electrochromic film.

Abstract: The present disclosure further provides an exemplary energy storage device fabricated from rectangular-tube polyaniline (PANI) that is chemically synthesized by a simple and convenient method. The rectangular-tube PANI, as an active material, is synthesized on a functionalized carbon cloth (FCC) as a substrate, and the obtained composite is immobilized on a stainless steel mesh as a current collector. The present disclosure additionally presents a facile technique for the direct synthesis of PANI nanotubes, with rectangular pores, on chemically activated CC.

Abstract: An electro-chromic panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate. the first substrate includes a bottom portion, an upper portion disposed higher than the bottom portion, the upper portion being spaced apart from bottom portion and surrounding the bottom portion, and slope portions disposed between the bottom portion and the upper portion to connect a boundary of the bottom portion and an inner boundary of the upper portion. A first electrode is disposed on the bottom portion and a predetermined portion of a slope portion connected to one side of the bottom portion, a second electrode is disposed to overlap the bottom portion and a slope portion connected to other sides of the bottom portion, and an electro-chromic device is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate in a first groove defined by the bottom portion and the slope portion.

Abstract: Described are electrochromic films produced by low temperature condensation of polyoxometalates and applications thereof. A method of producing an electrochromic film includes depositing a polyoxometalate (POM) solution on a substrate to form a POM film. The POM solution includes anionic POM clusters and counter ions, and may be doped with near-infrared plasmonic nanocrystals. The film is chemically cured using an acid to condense the POM clusters within the POM film. Another method of producing an electrochromic film includes electrochemical deposition and condensation of POM clusters.

Abstract: A product includes a substrate that is at least partially transparent to visible light. The substrate includes a first surface, an opposing second surface, and a conductive layer disposed on the opposing second surface. The conductive layer has a first ablated area and a second ablated area entirely disposed within and overlapping a portion of the first ablated area. The second ablated area includes a selectively visible indicia.

Abstract: A mask plate, a method for manufacturing the mask plate and a usage of the mask plate in manufacturing a display substrate are provided. The mask plate includes a transparent substrate and at least two layers of electrochromic thin film patterns arranged on the transparent substrate. Each of the at least two layers of electrochromic thin film patterns is configured to be capable of being switched between a light-transmissible state and a non-light-transmissible state under an effect of an electric field. The mask plate is capable of forming at least two different mask patterns on the display substrate, which reduces the number of mask plates required for manufacturing the display substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display apparatus. The display apparatus comprises a display and a field-induced visibility-controlling layer provided on light-outgoing side of the display, wherein the field-induced visibility-controlling layer can be switched between a transparent state and a mirror state by adjusting voltage applied, such that when the field-induced visibility-controlling layer is in the transparent state, the display is visible through the field-induced visibility-controlling layer; and when the field-induced visibility-controlling layer is in the mirror state, a mirror shielding the display is formed therein.

Abstract: A system can perform the following procedure as part of a plan to treat sleep apnea, according to an embodiment. The system monitors a degree to which an airway of a subject is open, and monitors a condition that is related to the degree to which the airway is open. The system also correlates the condition to the degree to which the airway is open, and generates a data structure that represents the correlation between the condition and the degree to which the airway is open. This system can allow a sleep-apnea-treatment system to operate in a closed-loop mode, i.e., to monitor a level of sleep apnea in a subject by monitoring the correlated condition, and to treat the subject in a manner that the treatment system deems appropriate for the level of sleep apnea that the treatment system determines that the subject is experiencing.

Abstract: A method of fabricating polypyrrole-coated silver particles having a core-shell structure via in-situ oxidative polymerization using silver nanoparticles and pyrrole monomers in the presence of an oxidizing agent. A surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active substrate comprising the polypyrrole-coated silver particles is also disclosed. The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active substrate is demonstrated to facilitate the detection and measurement of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of analytes with increased Raman signal intensity.

Abstract: An electrochromic element includes first and second display electrodes arranged at intervals and opposed to each other, at least one of the first and second display electrodes being transparent; an electrolyte provided between the first and second display electrodes; a first electrochromic layer including at least one of an oxidized electrochromic compound and an oxidized electrochromic composition, and contacting the first display electrode and the electrolyte; a second electrochromic layer including at least one of a reduced electrochromic compound and a reduced electrochromic composition, and contacting the second display electrode and the electrolyte; third and fourth auxiliary electrodes contacting the electrolyte; a reduction layer provided on the third auxiliary electrode and including a reductant of a first material; and an oxidation layer provided on the fourth auxiliary electrode and including an oxidant of a second material. The first and second materials can be oxidized and reduced reversibly.

Abstract: Methods are provided for fabricating electrochromic devices that mitigate formation of short circuits under a top bus bar without predetermining where top bus bars will be applied on the device. Devices fabricated using such methods may be deactivated under the top bus bar, or may include active material under the top bus bar. Methods of fabricating devices with active material under a top bus bar include depositing a modified top bus bar, fabricating self-healing layers in the electrochromic device, and modifying a top transparent conductive layer of the device prior to applying bus bars.

Abstract: A lens for eyewear is configured to reduce the appearance of scratches on the lens and/or increase the durability of the lens. The lens can include a functional stack bonded to a lens body. The functional stack can include a functional layer, such as a thin film coating, sandwiched between the lens body and an optical-grade transparent film. The functional stack can increase abrasion resistance and environmental durability of the lens, and can reduce the appearance of scratches on the lens. The combined lens body and functional stack can increase the durability of the lens relative to a lens with a thin film coating (e.g., a gradient or mirror stack) on an external surface of the lens.

Abstract: A first recess (102) of a lower substrate (100) is coated with conductive ink to form a first auxiliary electrode layer (104), a lower electrode pattern (105) is formed thereon by vacuum deposition, a second recess (202) of an upper substrate (200) is coated with the conductive ink to form a second auxiliary electrode layer (204), an upper electrode pattern (205) is formed thereon by vacuum deposition, the upper and lower substrates are bonded to each other with an electric element (300) interposed between the lower substrate (100) and the upper substrate (100), and the upper and lower substrates are cut at positions on the overlap portion of the first auxiliary electrode layer (104) and the lower electrode pattern (105) and the overlap portion of the second auxiliary electrode layer (204) and the upper electrode pattern (205) so as to expose the cut surfaces of the substrates.