Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a deformable mirror including a deformable membrane with a reflecting face and an opposite face, a stiff plate and a structure of at least one actuator at least a part of which is fixed to the stiff plate and able to locally deform the membrane, wherein the deformable mirror also includes a not necessarily uniform adhesive layer against the opposite surface of the membrane, and a structure of at least one flexible coupling including a mechanical connection and upper and lower linking means coupling respectively the upper and lower ends of the mechanical connection to the adhesive layer and to the stiff plate. The disclosure also relates to a tool and a method making it possible to produce such a mirror.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an electrowetting element, in which a first liquid material and a second liquid material having a surface energy which is lower than that of the first liquid material, which are not mixed together, are provided in a cell formed between a first substrate and a second substrate placed as facing; at least one of the first liquid material and the second liquid material is gelated or altered to have high viscosity; and the shape of the interface between the first liquid material and the second liquid material is changed by applying voltage in the cell; which includes a step of stimulating at least one of the first liquid material and the second liquid material which is gelated or altered to have high viscosity, to alter at least one of the first liquid material and the second liquid material to have low viscosity.

Abstract: An optical device suitable for forming a pixel in a video display. The optical device includes a first layer having a first refractive index; a second layer over the first layer, the second layer having a second refractive index less than the first refractive index; and a third layer over the second layer, the third layer having a third refractive index larger than the second refractive index; and a fourth layer that is at least partially optically absorptive, wherein the optical stack and the fourth layer are a first distance from one another when the device is in a first state and are a second distance from one another when the device is in a second state, the first distance different from the second distance.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for an electromechanical systems reflective display device. In one aspect, an electromechanical systems display device includes a reflective layer and an absorber layer. The absorber layer is spaced apart from the reflective layer to define a cavity between the absorber layer and the reflective layer. The absorber layer is capable of transmitting light into the cavity, absorbing light, and reflecting light, and includes a metal layer. A plurality of matching layers are on a surface of the absorber layer facing away from the cavity, the plurality of matching layers including a first matching layer disposed on the absorber layer and a second matching layer disposed on the first matching layer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multi-layered foil body (1) for marking a security document, in particular a banknote. The foil body (1) has at least one color filter layer (2) and at least one change layer (4) with an electrically controllable transmittance and/or an electrically controllable color.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for providing white light color output from an electromechanical systems (EMS) device with reduced likelihood of stiction. In one aspect, interferometric modulators are configured to provide a white color output while having a non-zero modulator gap dimension. Such a feature can reduce problems associated with zero modulator gap dimensions such as stiction. Various methodologies can be used to yield such a non-zero modulator gap and a white color output. In some implementations, for example, an optical element that introduced wavelength dependent phase shift is used. In some implementations this wavelength dependent phase shifting optical element includes a stack of color filters, a hologram, a diffraction grating, or layers of material having specific thicknesses and wavelength dependent indices of refraction.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device includes a picture element having a first support plate and a second support plate. A surface of a second layer of the first support plate is non-planar and has a shape at least partly corresponding with a pattern of a first layer of the first support plate.

Abstract: A display with a photovoltaic (PV) cells integrated as the front side and/or back side of the display is disclosed. Ambient light may reach a PV cell situated behind a display through fully or partially transmissive features within the display. Display-generated light may also reach a PV cell behind a display. A transmissive PV material situated in front of a display may collect both ambient light as well as display-generated light.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate, a third substrate and a second substrate disposed therebetween. A first grid structure having first openings is disposed on the first substrate to expose pixel regions. A second grid structure having second openings and a third grid structure having third openings are disposed on the second substrate and the third substrate, respectively. A first polar solution layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. A second polar solution layer is disposed between the third substrate and the second substrate. A first non-polar solution layer is disposed within the first openings. A second non-polar solution layer is disposed within the second openings. The second non-polar solution layer disposed in different pixel regions has different colors. A third non-polar solution layer is disposed within the third openings. The third non-polar solution layer disposed in different pixel regions has different colors.

Abstract: A method of operating by pulse width modulation a micromirror device is disclosed. In one aspect, the method includes providing a micromirror device having a micromirror element electrostatically deflectable around a rotation axis between a first and second position. The micromirror element is controllable by applying voltage signals to a first and second electrode on one side of the rotation axis and a third and fourth electrode on the other side. The method includes associating an intermediate value of intensity to the micromirror element during a time frame, the intensity being between a first value corresponding to the first position and a second value corresponding to the second position. The method includes switching the micromirror element between the first and second position. The intermediate value corresponds to the ratio of periods in the time frame in which the micromirror element is in the first or second position.

Abstract: Plasmons on a waveguide may deliver energy to photocatalyze a reaction. The waveguide or other energy carrier may be configured to carry electromagnetic energy and generate plasmon energy at one or more locations proximate to the waveguide, where the plasmon energy may react chemically with a medium or interaction material.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and devices for actuating, charging and calibrating the charge on a movable electrode in electromechanical systems (EMS) devices. The electromechanical systems device can include a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode by a gap, a complementary electrode, at least one electrical contact, and a movable third electrode disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. In one implementation, a method of calibrating charge on the movable electrode of the EMS device includes electrically connecting a complementary electrode to the first electrode to form a compound electrode and applying a calibration voltage across the compound electrode and the second electrode to produce a uniform electric field in the gap. Under the electric field the third electrode moves towards the first electrode until it connects with the at least one electrical contact.

Abstract: A color electrophoretic display includes a substrate, a segment electrode circuit layer, a transparent electrode layer, an electrophoretic display medium layer, and a colored polymer film. The segment electrode circuit layer is disposed on the substrate and is configured to display a letter and/or a pattern. The transparent electrode layer is disposed opposing the segment electrode circuit layer, and the electrophoretic display medium layer is disposed between the segment electrode circuit layer and the transparent electrode layer. The electrophoretic display medium layer is controlled by an electric field that is produced and varied by the segment electrode circuit layer and the transparent electrode layer to change brightness. The color polymer film is disposed on the transparent electrode layer to produce color. The colored polymer film includes a polymer layer and pigment particles distributed in the polymer layer.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device includes a control system for changing a configuration of first, second and third fluids by applying a voltage level of a first voltage to a first electrode and by applying a voltage level of a second voltage to a second electrode. The voltage level of the first voltage is selected from a first plurality of voltage levels and the voltage level of the second voltage is selected from a second plurality of voltage levels, the second plurality of voltage levels comprising fewer voltage levels than the first plurality of voltage levels.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electrowetting display device includes forming a protection layer on a pixel electrode, forming a water-repellent layer on the protection layer, and removing the water-repellent layer from regions surrounding a display area of the pixel electrode. The water-repellent layer is formed by coating the protection layer with a hydrophilic material using a method such as slit coating. The water-repellent layer is removed using a method such as an edge bead removal method. The resulting water-repellent layer has a uniform thickness.

Abstract: Electrowetting apparatus including a compound comprising a plurality of colorant moieties and a linker. The plurality of colorant moieties includes a first colorant moiety having a first net dipole and a second colorant moiety having a second net dipole, wherein the plurality of colorant moieties are linked by and disposed around the linker so that the first net dipole and the second net dipole at least partially cancel each other.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device includes a greyscale picture element layer having at least one first picture element having a first fluid configurable to provide a greyscale display state, and a colour picture element layer having at least one second picture element having a second fluid configurable to provide a colour display state.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electrowetting element includes: providing a layer of a first liquid on a first area of a first support plate; providing a layer of a second liquid on the layer of first liquid; and providing a second support plate on the layer of the second liquid by moving the second support plate along a surface of the layer of the second liquid.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for reducing image artifacts that arise when a display is exposed to sunlight over time. Various implementations disclosed herein can be implemented to prevent charge injection from inducing a negative offset voltage shift for display elements in the display. In one aspect, a buffer layer is applied to block electrons from being photoelectrically ejected from a movable reflective layer of a display element and into a stationary optical stack of the display element.

Abstract: A micromechanical component having a displaceable part connected to a residual substrate by at least one spring, and including first and second subunits, between which an insulating intermediate layer and at least one semiconductor boundary layer is formed; an inner region of the first subunit, which inner region is aligned with the second subunit, being patterned out of a substrate using at least one cavity etched in a first etching direction; an outer region of the first subunit of the displaceable part, which outer region faces away from the second subunit, being patterned out of the substrate using at least one hollowed-out section etched in a second etching direction; the second subunit being patterned out of a semiconductor layer deposited onto the insulating intermediate layer and/or on the at least one semiconductor boundary layer using at least one continuous separating trench. Also described is a related manufacturing method.

Abstract: A switchable window apparatus capable of being placed in a transparent condition in which light passes through the window unobstructed, and in an obstructed condition in which light passing through the window is obstructed by an optical element in the window. The switchable window apparatus is placed in the transparent state by contacting a lens element with a material of matching refractive index, and placed in the obstructed state by contacting the lens element with a material with a non-matching refractive index.

Abstract: A mechanism and method for precisely arranging two or more optical elements, such as those incorporated into photoelastic modulators (PEMs), at a specific angular orientation. The method includes supporting one optical element in an annular mounting member that has an optic axis, and supporting other optical elements in other annular mounting members that have optic axes, and concentrically stacking together the two or more mounting members about a central axis in a manner such that one mounting member may be rotated relative to the others about the central axis and such that the optic axes of the mounting members define an optics angle, and rotating one mounting member relative to the others to define the specific angular orientation of the optical elements.

Abstract: The current disclosure shows how to make a fast switching array of mirrors for projection displays. Because the mirror does not have a via in the middle connecting to the underlying spring support, there is an improved contrast ratio that results from not having light scatter off the legs or vias like existing technologies. Because there are no supporting contacts, the mirror can be made smaller making smaller pixels that can be used to make higher density displays. In addition, because there is not restoring force from any supporting spring support, the mirror stays in place facing one or other direction due to adhesion. This means there is no need to use a voltage to hold the mirror in position. This means that less power is required to run the display.

Abstract: The ferroelectric substrate 11 of ferroelectric crystals, while being supported by the support plate 14 which is thicker than the ferroelectric substrate 11, is integrated with the support plate 14 by letting the junction 13 mediate between one major surface S1A of the ferroelectric substrate 11 and one major surface S1B of the support plate 14, and therefore, it is possible through the flat surface polishing to perform thinning of the ferroelectric substrate 11, namely, the ferroelectric crystals, and as a result, it is possible to obtain the thin periodically poled structure. By the voltage application method, the domain inverted region is formed in the ferroelectric substrate 11 which is made thin.

Abstract: An electrowetting device includes a substrate having a first face, a charged adhesion layer immobilized on the first face of the substrate and a dielectric layer bound to the charged adhesion layer. An unbound ionic liquid phase contacts the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A colored composition including a non-polar solvent and a methine dye represented by the following Formula (1) and having a solubility in n-hexane of 1% by mass or higher at 25° C. and 0.1 MPa: wherein, in Formula (1), R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, —COOR11, or —CONR11R12; Ar represents an aromatic ring; each of R9 and R10 independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; each of R11 and R12 independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or an aryl group, and R11 and R12 may be linked to each other to form a 5-membered, 6-membered, or 7-membered ring; n represents an integer from 0 to 2; and none of R1, R9, R10 and Ar has a dissociable group different from NH.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device includes a base substrate, an electrowetting layer having first and second fluids immiscible with each other, a wall to define a pixel area, a hydrophobic layer in the pixel area, and an electronic device to control the electrowetting layer. A method of manufacturing the electrowetting display device is also provided.

Abstract: A microactuator for displacing a platform vertically with respect to a substrate includes a first rigid frame, a first flexible bimorph beam connecting the first frame to the substrate, a second rigid frame, a second flexible bimorph beam connecting the second frame to the first frame, and a third flexible bimorph beam connecting a platform to the second frame. Activation of the first, second, and third flexible bimorph beams allows vertical displacement of the platform with respect to the substrate, with negligible lateral shift. A microactuator assembly includes a substrate, a plurality of first rigid frames, a plurality of first flexible bimorph beams, a plurality of second rigid frames, a plurality of second flexible bimorph beams, a platform, and a plurality of third flexible bimorph beams. Activation of the first, second, and third bimorph beams allows vertical displacement of the platform with respect to the substrate, with negligible lateral shift.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical (MEMS) device has a movable member supported in elevated position spaced by a sloped support structure above a substrate. The movable member may be a polished metallic plate such as a mirror of a digital micromirror device (DMD) supported by a flexible hinge above an integrated circuit wafer die region. The plate may supported centrally at a raised juncture of two upwardly oppositely directed and symmetrically converging hinge legs for pivoting about a parallel axis. The plate may also be supported at a top end of a hinge leg in cantilever fashion, for pivoting about a perpendicular axis. Optional spring tips are provided for limiting movement and recovering energy. In a described fabrication method, hinge material is deposited over a sacrificial layer that has been directly or indirectly patterned using a grayscale photoresist exposure to define sloped surfaces which provide a template for configuring the hinge and optional other components.

Abstract: Techniques and devices use cascaded optical polarization devices having modulated optical retardation to control optical polarization of light and can be configured for polarization scrambling. Uniform rate scrambling and quasi-uniform rate scrambling modes are provided in described devices and rate-additive designs based on multiple cascaded devices are also disclosed to achieve high-speed scrambling.

Abstract: A system and method for an optical component that masks non-active portions of a display and provides an electrical path for one or more display circuits. In one embodiment an optical device includes a substrate, a plurality of optical elements on the substrate, each optical element having an optical characteristic which changes in response to a voltage applied to the optical element, and a light-absorbing, electrically-conductive optical mask disposed on the substrate and offset from the plurality of optical elements, the optical mask electrically coupled to one or more of the optical elements to provide electrical paths for applying voltages to the optical elements. In another embodiment, a method of providing an electrical signal to optical elements of a display comprises electrically coupling an electrically-conductive light-absorbing mask to one or more optical elements, and applying a voltage to the mask to activate the one or more optical elements.

Abstract: A method of providing a layer of a first fluid and a layer of a second fluid on a first area of a support plate of an electrowetting device includes providing an emulsion of dispersed first fluid and continuous second fluid, the emulsion including an amount of the second fluid for forming the layer of the second fluid.

Abstract: A light modulator pixel unit and a method for manufacturing the same are provided. The light modulator pixel unit includes top, movable and bottom electrodes. Under control of a control circuit, the movable electrode may shift to first, second and third positions corresponding to modulations of first, second and third monochromatic lights, respectively. When the movable electrode is at a certain position, the incident light corresponding to the position may be divided into two parts, one is reflected by the top electrode, and the other one may bypass the top electrode and be reflected by the movable electrode. The two parts may interfere destructively. The light modulator pixel unit of the present invention can control monochromatic lights of three special wavelengths by time division, and enable color control and gray control. The unit is applicable in the field of projection display and panel system.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for preventing particles from entering electromechanical systems (EMS) display devices. In one aspect, an apparatus includes a plate, a substrate supporting at least one EMS device, a seal joining the plate and the substrate to define a cavity therebetween and at least one port for receiving a fluid, and a filter disposed between the port and the EMS device. The filter includes elements formed on at least one of a surface of the substrate and a surface of the plate, defining a gap sized to allow the received fluid to pass and to inhibit non-fluidic particles carried in the fluid from the EMS device.

Abstract: An electrowetting cell includes first and second substrates, a spacer, first and second electrodes, a dielectric layer, and a medium. The spacer is disposed between the first and second substrates to substrate define a compartment. The first and second electrodes are disposed on the first and second substrates respectively. The dielectric layer is formed on the first electrode. The medium is filled in the compartment and deformed in accordance with an electric potential difference between the first and second electrodes. One of the first and second electrodes is applied by a driving signal. The driving signal is divided into a plurality of driving sections in a first time period. A first driving section is changed between first and second threshold voltage levels, and a horizontal voltage level is inserted into the first driving section.

Abstract: An imaging (e.g., lithographic) apparatus for generating an elongated concentrated scan image on an imaging surface of a scan structure (e.g., a drum cylinder) that moves in a process (cross-scan) direction. The apparatus includes a spatial light modulator having a two-dimensional array of light modulating elements for modulating a two-dimensional light field in response to predetermined scan image data, and an anamorphic optical system is used to anamorphically image and concentrate the modulated light onto an elongated imaging region defined on the imaging surface. To avoid smearing, movement of the imaging surface is synchronized by an image position controller with the modulated states of the light modulating elements such that image features of the scan image are scrolled (moved in the cross-scan direction) at the same rate as the cross-scan movement of the imaging surface, whereby the features remain coincident with the same portion of the imaging surface.

Abstract: Described are a method and apparatus for high-speed phase shifting of an optical beam. A transparent plate having regions of different optical thickness is illuminated by an optical beam along a path of incidence that extends through the regions. The transparent plate can be moved or the optical beam can be steered to generate the path of incidence. The optical beam exiting the transparent plate has an instantaneous phase value according to the region in which the optical beam is incident. Advantageously, the phase values are repeatable and stable regardless of the location of incidence of the optical beam within the respective regions, and phase changes at high modulation rates are possible. The method and apparatus can be used to modulate a phase difference of a pair of coherent optical beams such as in an interferometric fringe projection system.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus related to an electromechanical display device. In one aspect, an analog interferometric modulator (AIMOD) includes a reflective display pixel having a movable reflective layer and a stationary absorber layer, the reflective layer and absorber layer defining a cavity therebetween. A color notch filter may be employed to produce an improved white state. In some implementations, the color notch filter is positioned on a side of the substrate opposite the absorber layer. In some other implementations, the color notch filter is positioned between the substrate and the movable reflective layer.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device has a picture element having first and second support plates with a space in between, the space including first and second fluids immiscible with each other, the second fluid being electroconductive or polar. The first support plate includes a wall defining an extent of the picture element. An electric field is applied between an electrode and the second fluid, the electrode having an edge, a low portion and a high portion, the high portion being closer to the second support plate than the low portion, the high portion being arranged adjacent to the wall and having an area smaller than the area of the low portion. The high portion of the electrode has a cut-out causing an increased electric field in the space, and at least part of the edge of the electrode adjacent to the cut-out following the shape of the wall.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for electromechanical systems displays. In one aspect, the display can include a plurality of electromechanical display elements including a first set of electromechanical display elements and a second set of electromechanical display elements. Each electromechanical display element can include a common electrode and a segment electrode. Each of the segment electrodes of the first set of electromechanical display elements can have a first area located under the common electrodes of the first set. Each of the segment electrodes of the second set of electromechanical display elements can have a second area smaller than the first area located under the common electrodes of the second set. In some implementations, an actuation voltage of each electromechanical display element of the first set is approximately the same as an actuation voltage of each electromechanical display element of the second set.

Abstract: Provided is a spatial light modulation element comprising a substrate; a flat portion that is movable relative to the substrate; a flat board attached to the flat portion; and a dielectric film that is formed on a surface of the flat board opposite the surface on which the flat portion is attached, and reflects incident light. In the spatial light modulation element the dielectric film may include two or more types of dielectric layers that are repeatedly layered in an alternating manner, such that adjacent layers have different refractive indexes from each other. Furthermore, the dielectric film may be formed by alternately layering an Al2O3 film and a SiO2 film.

Abstract: Multilayer colour change material, comprising a transparent or translucent top layer, five colour layers, each colour layer comprising 2 flexible foils, whereby the first to the fourth colour layer are each connected with a fluid reservoir device which allows the reversible influx of a colour fluid or a black fluid from a fluid reservoir into a space between two flexible foils of a colour layer, and whereby the fifth colour layer is connected with a transparent fluid reservoir device which allows the reversible influx of a transparent fluid from the transparent fluid reservoir device into a space between the two flexible foils, and a back layer.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an electro-wetting element, including: a first substrate and a second substrate, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are disposed oppositely; a first electrode formed on the first substrate; a photoreactive layer formed on the first electrode, wherein the photoreactive layer includes a reversible photoreactive material; a second electrode formed on the first substrate or the second substrate; and a polar fluid and a non-polar fluid disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device, method of operating the MEMS device, and a method of forming the MEMS device are provided. The MEMS device includes a positioning mechanism and a locking mechanism. The positioning mechanism includes a first arm structure having a first surface and a second surface; a second arm structure having a first surface and a second surface; wherein the first surface of the first arm structure faces the first surface of the second arm structure. The positioning mechanism also includes a first actuator disposed adjacent to the second surface of the first arm structure facing away from the second arm structure; and a second actuator disposed adjacent to the second surface of the second arm structure facing away from the first arm structure.

Abstract: In a laser processing system 400, a plurality of element patterns for creating a modulation pattern are prepared, and the modulation pattern is created from the element patterns according to a condition for forming the modified region for an object to be processed in order to form the modified region corresponding thereto. Laser light is modulated according to thus created modulation pattern, and the modified region is formed in the object by irradiation with the modulated laser light. Thus, according to the condition for forming the modified region corresponding to the object, the modulation pattern is created from the element patterns prepared beforehand.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device includes a first base substrate, a plurality of first electrodes disposed on the first base substrate and positioned to respectively correspond to positions of a plurality of pixels, a partition wall disposed on the first base substrate to partition the pixels, a second electrode disposed on the partition wall and including a plurality of openings, a second base substrate facing the first base substrate, and an electrowetting layer disposed between the first base substrate and the second base substrate, the electrowetting layer respectively being moved by voltages respectively applied to the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: An electrowetting device includes: a liquid-confining member including a base and an electrode unit supported on the base, the liquid-confining member defining an inner chamber; a first liquid of a magnetic ink disposed in the inner chamber; and a second liquid of a polar material disposed in the inner chamber and immiscible with the first liquid. The first and second liquids contact each other to define a liquid-liquid interface therebetween.

Abstract: Embodiments of the subject invention relate to micromirror devices and methods of fabricating a micromirror/micromirror array. According to an embodiment, micromirrors can be fabricated from a semiconductor substrate where after forming actuators and bonding pads on a front side of the semiconductor substrate, the device is flipped over to have a portion of the back side of the substrate removed and formed to become the mirror plate surface. The subject micromirrors can allow further miniaturization of endoscopes and other optical applications without sacrificing the optical aperture through their surface mounting capabilities.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making an electrowetting display device comprising a plurality of picture elements and a first support plate and a second support plate. Each picture element comprises a space between the first support plate and the second support plate. The method comprises the steps of: providing the first support plate with an electrode structure; arranging an insulating layer on the electrode structure, the insulating layer having a thickness and a hydropobic surface facing the space; temporarily applying an electric field across the thickness of the insulating layer to reduce permanently the hydrophobicity of a predetermined area of the surface. The invention further relates to an electrowetting display device and a use of an area of reduced hydrophobicity in an electrowetting device.

Abstract: A flexure assembly can have a stage that is deployed to a desired position by attachment of the flexure assembly to a housing. For example, a frame can be configured to be held in position by one portion of the housing and a deployment pad can be configured to be held in position by another portion of the housing. A deployment flexure can be configured to facilitate positioning of the frame and the deployment pad out-of-plane with respect to one another. The deployment flexure and a motion control flexure can facilitate movement of the stage with respect to the housing. In this manner, the position of the stage and the preload of the stage are determined by the housing.