Abstract: A comb electrode 3 is provided on a first main face 2a and a uniform electrode 4 is provided on a second main face 2b of a substrate made of a ferroelectric single crystal of a single domain, and a voltage is applied on the comb electrode 3 and the uniform electrode 4 to produce domain inversion part. It is laminated, on the substrate, an underlying substrate comprising a main body 5, a first conductive film 6 provided on a first main face 5a and a second conductive film 7 provided on a second main face 5b of the main body 5. The uniform electrode 4 is electrically conducted with the first conductive film 6 and a voltage is applied on the comb electrode 3 and the second conductive film 7 to form a domain inversion part in the substrate 2.

Abstract: A colorant molecule is provided that includes at least one switch unit. The switch unit comprises ring-based tautomers, of which there may be more than one per chromophore, and may include donor and/or acceptor moieties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polymer film comprising a polymer having liquid crystallinity, having a number-average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene of 103 to 108 and having an electron mobility or hole mobility of 10?5 cm2/Vs or more, and having a film thickness in the range from 1 nm to 100 ?m. This polymer film can be used for various polymer film devices such as an organic transistor, organic solar battery, optical sensor, electrophotographic photoreceptor, spatial light modulator, photorefractive device and the like.

Abstract: The present invention provides plasmonic crystals comprising three-dimensional and quasi comprising three-dimensional distributions of metallic or semiconducting films, including multi-layered crystal structures comprising nanostructured films and film arrays. Plasmonic crystals of the present invention include precisely registered and deterministically selected nonplanar crystal geometries and spatial distributions providing highly coupled, localized plasmonic responses in thin film elements and/or nanostructures of the crystal. Coupling of plasmonic responses provided by three-dimensional and quasi-three dimensional plasmonic crystal geometries and structures of the present invention generates enhanced local plasmonic field distributions useful for detecting small changes in the composition of an external dielectric environment proximate to a sensing surface of the plasmonic crystal.

Abstract: An optical receiving device includes an optical receiving element and a light collecting portion having an output surface close to or in contact with the optical receiving surface of the optical receiving element. The dispersion plane at an arbitrary point on the line connecting an arbitrary point on an input surface of the light collecting portion to the optical receiving point where light inputted on the arbitrary point on the input surface is received on the optical receiving surface of the optical receiving element is flat, and the normal to the dispersion plane is parallel to the line.

Abstract: A system and a method for generating terahertz (THz) radiation are provided. The system includes a photonic crystal structure comprising at least one nonlinear material that enables optical rectification. The photonic crystal structure is configured to have the suitable transverse dispersion relations and enhanced density photonic states so as to allow THz radiation to be emitted efficiently when an optical or near infrared pulse travels through the nonlinear part of the photonic crystal.

Abstract: A new photopolymerizable material allows single-step, fast recording of volume holograms with properties that can be electrically controlled. Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) in accordance with the invention preferably comprise a homogeneous mixture of a nematic liquid crystal and a multifunctional pentaacrylate monomer in combination with photoinitiator, coinitiator and cross-linking agent. Optionally, a surfactant such as octancic acid may also be added. The PDLC material is exposed to coherent light to produce an interference pattern inside the material. Photopolymerization of the new PDLC material produces a hologram of clearly separated liquid crystal domains and cured polymer domains.

Abstract: The electrooptical converter comprises sequentially located on the optical axis: at least one optical lighter, a transparent support or M transparent supports, each in the form of at least one plane-parallel plate or at least one prism of total internal reflection, at least one line modulator, at least one visualizer, a perception device, and at least one control device. Each line modulator comprises a transparent electroconducting layer applied to the transparent support, the electroconducting layer being covered with a transparent gel-like layer, and a system of i parallel ribbon control electrodes and ground electrodes, arranged in one plane on a second support corresponding to each of line modulators and located with a gap above the transparent gel-like layer and electrically connected to the corresponding control device. Each transparent support together with the corresponding at least one line modulator forms a line element.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reflective control switchable thin film material that can become completely colorless when transparent, and the present invention relates to a reflective control switchable thin film material composed of a multilayer thin film in which a magnesium-titanium alloy thin film is used, and to reflective light control glass, and light control window glass, wherein a magnesium-titanium alloy thin film is used as a control switchable layer, a catalyst layer is formed on the surface of the thin film, a protective layer is optionally formed over the catalyst layer, the material has chromic characteristics whereby a colorless and transparent state is produced by hydrogenation at room temperature (about 20° C.), and the material has chromic characteristics whereby a mirror state is produced by dehydrogenation at room temperature (about 20° C.

Abstract: An electro-optic modulator assembly includes a sensor layer made from an electro-optic modulator material that comprises liquid crystal droplets encapsulated within a polymer matrix. The sensor layer material comprises an interfacial agent, for example a defoaming agent, in an amount sufficient to lower an intrinsic operating voltage at which the sensor layer transmits light. The defoaming agent can comprise from about 1 to about 10 percent by weight of the electro-optic modulator material, and the defoaming agent may comprise a reactive component to react with the polymer matrix, for example at least one of a siloxane with a reactive end group, a reactive fluorinated polymer or a non-ionic block copolymer to react with the polymer matrix. The assembly can also include a hard coating layer to protect the sensor layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrochromic display device comprising a pair of transparent substrates facing each other, an anode electrode and a cathode electrode respectively formed on the transparent substrates, an electrolytic layer disposed between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, an electrochromophore layer of a nano structure formed on at least one of the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, and a redox promoter layer coated with a conductive compound, on the other electrode.

Abstract: An optical modulator module is disclosed, comprising a bendable flexible printed circuit board in which a circuit pattern is formed, and to which control signals are inputted from the outside; an optical modulator element modulating an incident light according to a driving voltage and sending out the modulated light; an at least partially transparent substrate through which the incident light and the modulated light pass, and in which a circuit pattern is formed; and a driving integrated circuit electrically connected with the flexible printed circuit board, and supplying the optical modulator element with the driving voltage according to the inputted control signals, the flexible printed circuit board being electrically connected with the substrate.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling propagation of incident electromagnetic radiation is described, comprising a composite material having electromagnetically reactive cells of small dimension relative to a wavelength of the incident electromagnetic radiation. At least one of a capacitive and inductive property of at least one of the electromagnetically reactive cells is temporally controllable to allow temporal control of an associated effective refractive index encountered by the incident electromagnetic radiation while propagating through the composite material.

Abstract: An apparatus, including a substrate, having an internal surface where at least a portion of the internal surface has a smoothly varying curvature in three orthogonal directions. The apparatus also includes a photonic crystal disposed over and conformal to at least a portion of the internal surface having the smoothly varying curvature.

Abstract: Provided is a reflection-type optical modulation module. According to the reflection-type optical modulation module, an anti-reflective thin film is formed on the optical input/output side surface of a waveguide to reduce optical coupling loss, and also a high-reflective thin film is formed on the opposite side surface to feed back a modulated optical signal. Thus, even when the length of an absorption layer is shortened, a sufficient optical path length is available, and it is possible to obtain a sufficient extinction ratio. Since the optical path length is sufficiently long despite a reduction in the length of the device, capacitance is reduced, and high-speed operation is enabled. In addition, only one lensed optical fiber for optical input and output is used, and thus it is possible to reduce production cost and the number of installation processes.

Abstract: A laminated body comprises: a particle dispersion layer comprising a first material and particles dispersed in the first material, the first material being changed from a gel state to a sol state upon increase in temperature; and a coated layer comprising a second material, the second material is changed from a gel state to a sol state upon increase in temperature, is changed from a gel state to a sol state upon decrease in temperature, and shows a hysteresis behavior in sol-gel change upon change in temperature, wherein the particle dispersion layer in a sol state and the coated layer in a gel state are laminated in contact with each other, and in a state where each of the particle dispersion layer and the coated layer contains a solvent, a maximum temperature T1 where the first material maintains a gel state is less than a maximum temperature T2 where the second material maintains a gel state upon increase in temperature (T1<T2).

Abstract: A light control device is formed by ferroelectric material and N electrodes positioned adjacent thereto to define an N-sided regular polygonal region or circular region therebetween where N is a multiple of four.

Abstract: A flat plate made of a cycloolefin polymer comprising at least 30% by weight, based on the cycloolefin polymer, of repeating units (A) having an alicyclic structure. The repeating units (A) comprises at least 30% by weight, based on the repeating units (A), of repeating units (A-i) having no norbornane structure. The cycloolefin polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 5,000 to 50,000. The flat plate is especially useful as a light guide plate.

Abstract: A display panel includes an array of interferometric modulators arranged over a transparent substrate and a transparent electrical device arranged between the array of interferometric modulators and the transparent substrate. The transparent electrical device may be electrically connected to the array of interferometric modulators or to other parts of the display panel. Examples of suitable transparent electrical devices include capacitors, resistors, inductors and filters. The use of such transparent electrical devices may provide various advantages, such as increased design flexibility, by allowing the electrical devices to be included in various parts of the array, including the viewing regions.

Abstract: A device for crossing optical beams. At least a first input optical waveguide is directed along a first axis, a second optical waveguide is directed along a second axis inclined with respect to the first axis, and a photonic crystal having a regular periodicity in an optical crossing region at the intersection of said first and second axis has, opposite the first and second input waveguides, a first and a second output waveguide to provide for exit beams.

Abstract: An electrowetting optical device includes a cell surrounded by a light-incident surface, a light-exit surface, and a plurality of side surfaces, an electrode portion formed along the light-incident surface, the electrode portion including a plurality of electrodes, an insulation layer covering at least a portion of the electrode portion, an oil layer within the cell, the oil layer contacting the electrode portion, an aqueous solution layer filled in the cell, the aqueous solution layer contacting the oil layer, and a light source emitting light onto the light-incident surface. A method of controlling a voltage of the electrowetting optical device is also provided.

Abstract: A light-condensing method of irradiating light whose electric field vectors show two or more than two different directions onto a member having apertures arranged at least at two positions and forming a light-condensing section having a strong electric field between the apertures arranged at two positions.

Abstract: It is made possible to provide a three-dimensional structure having a band-gap function as a three-dimensional photonic crystal. A three-dimensional structure includes: a plurality of basic elements provided at regular intervals on a substrate, each of the basic elements including a stack structure. The stack structure includes first members made of a dielectric material and second members made of the same dielectric material as the first members. The first and second members are alternately stacked, the second members each having a smaller diameter than each of the first members.

Abstract: Switching uniformity of an optical modulation device for controlling the propagation of electromagnetic radiation is improved by use of an electrode comprising an electrically resistive layer that is transparent to the radiation. The resistive layer is preferably an innerlayer of a wide-bandgap oxide sandwiched between layers of indium tin oxide or another transparent conductor, and may be of uniform thickness, or may be graded so as to provide further improvement in the switching uniformity. The electrode may be used with electrochromic and reversible electrochemical mirror (REM) smart window devices, as well as display devices based on various technologies.

Abstract: A single-compartment reversible mirror device having a solution of aprotic molten salt, at least one soluble metal-containing species comprising metal capable of being electrodeposited, and at least one anodic compound capable of being oxidized was prepared. The aprotic molten salt is liquid at room temperature and includes lithium and/or quaternary ammonium cations, and anions selected from trifluoromethylsulfonate (CF3SO3?), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF3SO2)2N?), bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF3CF2SO2)2N?) and tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ((CF3SO2)3C?). A method for preparing substantially pure molten salts is also described.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for modulating an optical beam by modulating a photonic band gap of a photonic crystal lattice. In one embodiment, an apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention includes a photonic crystal lattice in first semiconductor material. The first semiconductor material has a plurality of holes defined in the first semiconductor material. The plurality of holes are periodically arranged in the first semiconductor material with a hole pitch and a hole radius that define the photonic crystal lattice. The apparatus also includes second semiconductor material regions disposed proximate to and insulated from respective inside surfaces of the plurality of holes defined in the first semiconductor material and charge modulated regions, which are to be modulated in the second semiconductor material regions. An optical beam is to be directed through the photonic crystal lattice and is to be modulated in response to a modulated effective photonic band gap of the photonic crystal lattice.

Abstract: A method for patterning self-assembled colloidal photonic crystals and a method for fabricating three-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides having an inverted-opal structure using the patterning method. The patterning method includes depositing first and second conductive films separate from each other, on an area corresponding to a pattern of the self-assembled colloidal photonic crystals that are to be formed on a substrate and on another area except for the area corresponding to the pattern, respectively, and growing the photonic crystals on the substrate on which the first and second conductive films are deposited by dip-coating in a fluid containing colloidal particles while applying a DC voltage to the respective first and second conductive films. Various types of colloidal photonic crystals can be fabricated depending on the electrode pattern defined on the substrate.

Abstract: A method of identifying, detecting and/or chemically using NOX compounds is provided, wherein calixarene complexes are exposed to a nitrogen-oxide gas containing samples and form calixarene-nitrosonium complexes that are readily identified and detectable. Importantly, the process of forming one or more calixarene-nitrosonium (NO+) complexes is reversible. The calixarene-nitrosonium complexes dissociate upon decoloration enabling the parent calixarenes to be recovered.

Abstract: An electrochromic device is prepared by forming multiple layers of selected materials on a substrate in a vacuum processing chamber. A first of these layers is an electrode layer deposited directly on the substrate and used for making contact to a subsequently deposited precursor film, preferably tungsten oxide, from which an electrochromic layer is formed by lithium loading in the presence of ionized nitrogen. This not only forms the electrochromic layer by diffusion of the lithium into the tungsten oxide, but also forms a thin lithium nitride ion transfer layer on the then exposed surface. Subsequently, a lithium fluoro-nitride electrolyte layer is formed on the ion transfer layer by evaporation from a lithium fluoride source in the presence of ionized nitrogen. An ion storage layer, which may be a vanadium oxide and a transparent second electrode layer are subsequently vacuum deposited.

Abstract: An optical resonant modulator includes an optical ring resonator and an optical loop that is coupled to the optical ring resonator by two couplers. The optical ring resonator can have a hybrid design in which the ring resonator is formed on an electro-optically passive material and the optical loop is formed on an electro-optically active material. An amplification section can be inserted between the electro-optically passive and the electro-optically active sections. In analog applications, an optical resonator includes a Mach Zehnder interferometer section having an input and an output, with a feedback path coupling the output to the input. Applications of the optical modulator of the invention, and a method for modulating an optical signal also are disclosed.

Abstract: Method and structure for mounting a torsional hinged device, such as a mirror, having a first TCE (thermal coefficient of expansion) on a substrate having a second TCE different than said first TCE. The structure comprising a plurality of compliant support posts between the substrate and the torsional hinged device that deform when the contraction and/or expansion of the torsional hinged device is different than the corresponding contraction and expansion of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for forming a domain-inverted structure includes the following: using a ferroelectric substrate (1) having a principal surface substantially perpendicular to the Z axis of crystals; providing a first electrode (3) on the principal surface of the ferroelectric substrate, the first electrode having a pattern of a plurality of electrode fingers (5) that are arranged periodically; providing a counter electrode (6) on the other side of the ferroelectric substrate so as to be opposite from the first electrode; and applying an electric field to the ferroelectric substrate with the first electrode and the counter electrode, thereby forming domain-inverted regions corresponding to the pattern of the first electrode in the ferroelectric substrate. Each of the electrode fingers of the first electrode is located so that a direction from a base to a tip (5a) of the electrode finger is aligned with the Y-axis direction of the crystals of the ferroelectric substrate.

Abstract: Polymer-inorganic particle blends are incorporated into structures generally involving interfaces with additional materials that can be used advantageously for forming desirable devices. In some embodiments, the structures are optical structures, and the interfaces are optical interfaces. The different materials at the interface can have differences in index-of-refraction to yield desired optical properties at the interface. In some embodiments, structures are formed with periodic variations in index-of-refraction. In particular, photonic crystals can be formed. Suitable methods can be used to form the desired structures.

Abstract: An iono-refractive structure that includes one or more ion insertion layers having a real portion and an imaginary portion of the dielectric constant is provided. While both the real portion and the imaginary portion of the dielectric constant change, the change in the imaginary portion is less than the change in the real portion at the wavelength of interest or at the operational wavelength. The iono-refractive structure may be suitable for the fabrication of or integration with tunable optical filters, wavelength-selective optical elements, active modulated interferometers, optical phase shifters, optical phased array beam steering, optical phased array beam tracking, tunable optical filters, sensors, variable lenses, tunable diffraction gratings, and other optical components.

Abstract: A reciprocating optical modulator includes a continuous light path fulfilling an amplification function, an optical modulation part formed on the light path, a first optical band-pass filter and a second optical band-pass filter formed to nip the optical modulation part therebetween and a device to introduce exciting light for exciting the light path. The optical modulation part, first and second optical band-pass filters and device are disposed on the light path as formed in a single optical crystal or in a multiplicity of optical crystals. The first optical band-pass filter admits incident light and reflects light having the incident light modulated. The second optical bandpass filter reflects the incident light and emits the light having the incident light modulated. The modulator can also include a third optical band-pass filter disposed between the optical modulation part and the second optical band-pass filter for removing the incident light.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, a first layer of electrically conductive material may be disposed in a recess in a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) base. An electrically charged gel network may be disposed in the recess on the first layer of electrically conductive material. A second layer of electrically conductive material may be disposed in the recess on the cross-linked co-polymer gel network. A functionalizer may be disposed on the first and the second layers of electrically conductive material.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a semiconductor module incorporated with an optical isolator making use of a Faraday rotator formed of a magnetic garnet film in which a magnetically saturated condition is maintained even without any external magnetic field, in which, at the time the magnetic garnet film is exposed to a temperature of 100° C. or more in a step during manufacture, an external magnetic field is applied in the same direction as the direction of magnetization of this magnetic garnet film. This manufacturing method has an advantage that the high-coercivity film magnetic garnet film is not removed from its magnetically saturated condition even when heating steps are present in the course of manufacture.

Abstract: An optical path switching device comprises a light transmitting portion, a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, a first adhesive layer, a second adhesive layer, a first supporting portion and a second supporting portion. The light transmitting portion has a plurality of refracting regions wherein the refractive indexes of a light can be uniformly controlled by the electro-optic effect in the direction perpendicular to the traveling direction of the light, and the thickness of the light transmitting portion changes along the traveling direction of the light. The first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are so formed as to sandwich the light transmitting portion and as to cover at least a part of the refracting regions. The first supporting portion is tightly arranged on a side of the first electrode layer, which side is out of contact with the light transmitting layer, via the first adhesive layer.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to optical devices. More specifically, the disclosed devices include a film defining a periodic array of surface elements so as to give rise to surface plasmon polaritons. The film also includes at least a single aperture having a diameter less than the wavelength of light. In one embodiment, the surface elements can be an array of anisotropic apertures and the films can act as a polarizer. The disclosed devices can also include a material having a variable refractive index substantially adjacent to the metal film. For example, the refractive index of the adjacent material can vary according to some characteristic of the light incident to the device, for instance, the intensity or the angle of incidence of the light. In this embodiment, resonant coupling of incident light with the SPP, and hence transmittivity of the device, can depend upon the nature of incident light.

Abstract: A new photopolymerizable material allows single-step, fast recording of volume holograms with properties that can be electrically controlled. A method for preparing a switchable grating can comprise the steps of placing a mixture between a first and second slide, wherein the mixture has a photopolymerizable monomer, a second phase material, a photoinitiator dye, and a chain extender or cross-linker. The mixture is exposed to a laser and optical intensity pattern is applied to induce photopolymerization. A method for recording slanted reflection gratings can comprise the steps of placing a sample between a first and second glass prism, the sample comprising a polymerizable monomer, a liquid crystal, a chain-extending monomer, a coinitiator, and a photoinitiator. An incident light is split into two beams, wherein the beams enter the sample from opposite sides. The first and second prism are rotated to adjust the slant of the grating.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a micromirror comprising a mobile part with a reflecting area, a fixed part, two torsion arms originating from the mobile part materializing an axis about which the mobile part can oscillate, this axis being approximately parallel to a principal plane of the mobile part and passing through the mobile part while being offset from the center of mass of the mobile part, each torsion arm having one end connected to the fixed part through bimorph actuation means. The bimorph actuation means comprise a solid stack with deposited or add-on layers for each torsion arm, including a part made of an active material capable of changing volume and/or shape under the effect of an excitation, co-operating with a passive flexible structure.

Abstract: A device for deflecting an incident radiation beam through a steering angle to produce a deflected radiation beam is described. The device comprises a photonic crystal receiving the incident radiation beam at a dynamically controlled incidence angle. The photonic crystal is configured to negatively refract the incident radiation beam such that relatively large controlled variations of the steering angle are provided by relatively small controlled variations of the incidence angle.

Abstract: A MEMS-based display device is described, wherein an array of interferometric modulators are configured to reflect light through a transparent substrate. The transparent substrate is sealed to a backplate and the backplate can contain electronic circuitry for controlling the array of interferometric modulators. The backplate can provide physical support for device components, such as electronic components which can be used to control the state of the display. The backplate can also be utilized as a primary structural support for the device.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the present invention, a digital micro-mirror device having improved contrast and a method for the same are provided. The digital micro-mirror device includes a plurality of current-carrying conductors on an upper surface of a substrate, each current-carrying conductor having an upper surface; a low-reflectivity metal disposed upon the upper surfaces of the current-carrying conductors; first and second micro-mirrors forming an aperture above the substrate; and wherein the low-reflectivity metal disposed upon on the upper surfaces of the current-carrying conductors reduces reflection of light received through the aperture by the current-carrying conductors.

Abstract: A micro-electro mechanical system includes a flexure, wherein the flexure is made of an amorphous material. Similarly, a method for forming a micro-electro mechanical system includes forming a substrate, and forming an amorphous flexure, the amorphous flexure being coupled to the substrate.

Abstract: An electro-absorption light intensity modulator device is provided that comprises a first and a second layer disposed relative to the first layer so as to provide a light-absorbing optical confinement region. The first layer comprises a first insulator layer, and the light-absorbing optical confinement region comprises at least one quantum-confined structure. The at least one quantum-confined structure possesses dimensions such, that upon an application of an electric field in the at least one quantum-confined structure, light absorption is at least partially due to a transition of at least one carrier between a valence state and a conduction state of the at least one quantum-confined structure. A method is also provided for fabricating an electro-absorption light intensity modulator device.

Abstract: An optical modulator comprises a first waveguide layer and a barrier layer, and a quantum well layer sandwiched between the first waveguide layer and the barrier layer, where the quantum well layer has a graded composition that varies the bandgap energy of the quantum well layer between a minimum bandgap energy and the bandgap energy of at least one of the first waveguide layer and the barrier layer.

Abstract: A composition formed from Group II fluorides in which the composition has little or no intrinsic birefringence at a selected wavelength. The composition is a mixed solid solution of CaF2 with a second crystal of SrF2 or BaF2. The resulting composition is in the form of Ca1?xSrxF2 or Ca1?xBaxF2, or a combination of SrF2 and BaF2, in the form of Ca1?x?ySrxBayF2. The specific form of the composition that effectively nulls out the intrinsic birefringence at a selected wavelength within the UV range is determined in one preferred method from the magnitudes of the intrinsic birefringences of the components, CaF2, SrF2, and BaF2.

Abstract: A device that comprises: a) a first optical waveguide; b) a second optical waveguide; c) an optical coupling region including the first and second optical waveguides, the optical coupling region characterized as having at least one coupling length and comprising a first bias section, a modulation section, and a second bias section arranged such that light propagates serially through the first bias section, the modulation section, and the second bias section; d) a first bias electrode for biasing the first bias section; e) a modulating electrode for applying a modulating voltage to the modulation section, the modulating electrode being positioned to control the refractive index of the first optical waveguide; and f) a second bias electrode for biasing the second bias section.

Abstract: A method and structure are disclosed with a simplified approach for fabricating a LiNbO3 wafer with Ti indiffusion wafeguide on the surface that is domain inverted. The method involves indiffusing Ti into LiNbO3 with a predefined temperature and time indiffusion range, a Li enriched and dry oxygen atmosphere, which allows making optical waveguides on the z? crystal face without any significant domain inversion occurring on the z+ face of the crystal. This allows for subsequent poling without the need of any additional removal of the thin domain inverted layer which would otherwise appear on the z+ face. Even in instance where a thin domain inversion layer is formed, it is insufficient thick to prevent poling, eliminating the need for the grinding process.