Abstract: An optical system of the present disclosure includes a projection optical system, an optical path splitting unit, and a detection optical system. The projection optical system includes a plurality of lenses and projects, on a projection surface, an image generated by a light valve. A detection object is on side of the projection surface, and object light is incident from the side of the projection surface. The optical path splitting unit is on the side of the projection surface relative to one of the plurality of lenses most adjacent to the light valve. The detection optical system includes at least one lens between an imaging device and the optical path splitting unit. The object light is incident through the optical path splitting unit on the detection optical system.

Abstract: A system for analyzing one or more samples includes a sample analysis sub-system configured to perform one or more measurements on the one or more samples. The system further includes a controller configured to: receive design of experiment (DoE) data for performing the one or more measurements on the one or more samples; determine rankings for a set of target parameters; generate a recipe for performing the one or more measurements on the one or more samples based on the DoE data and the rankings of the set of target parameters; determine run parameters based on the recipe; perform the one or more measurements on the one or more samples, via the sample analysis sub-system, according to the recipe; and adjust the run parameters based on output data associated with performing the one or more measurements on the one or more samples.

Abstract: A projection system includes a first optical system and a second optical system including an optical element and disposed on the enlargement side of the first optical system. The optical element has a first transmissive surface, a first reflection surface disposed on the enlargement side of the first transmissive surface, a second reflection surface disposed on the enlargement side of the first reflection surface, and a second transmissive surface disposed on the enlargement side of the second reflection surface. The second reflection surface has a concave shape. A first optical axis of the first optical system and a second optical axis of the second reflection surface intersect each other.

Abstract: An imaging system includes: a micro computed tomography (micro-CT) subsystem, a specimen processing subsystem, a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a processor. The micro-CT subsystem includes an X-ray source and an X-ray detector, and is configured to acquire a three-dimensional image of a specimen. The specimen processing subsystem includes a focused ion beam subsystem and a mechanical cutting device. The focused ion beam subsystem is configured to process the specimen in a first processing manner, and the mechanical cutting device is configured to process the specimen in a second processing manner to obtain a target section of a target area. The SEM is located above the specimen and is configured to acquire a two-dimensional image of the target section. The processor is configured to perform three-dimensional reconstruction on the two-dimensional images to obtain a three-dimensional imaging of the specimen.

Abstract: A printing system and method of printing a digital image resulting in an elevated print on a support. The elevated print has a surface of varying height. The printing system is configured to print a number of pass images on top of each other in a number of passes. The definition of the digital image comprises color data for each pixel of the digital image and height data for indicating a height of each pixel of the digital image. A raster image processor is connected to the printing system and rasterizes the digital image into a raster image. A digital slicer is connected to the printing system and derives from the raster image a number of pass images to be printed on top of each other. The printing system is then printing the pass images on top of each other by applying a number of recording materials on the support. The printing system receives information related to the print order of the recording materials in the pass images for each pass pixel for establishing a special effect.

Abstract: An imaging optical unit for EUV microlithography is configured so that, when used in an optical system for EUV microlithography, relatively high EUV throughput and high imaging quality can achieved.

Abstract: An optical arrangement for direct laser interference structuring. A laser beam is directed to a reflecting mirror with inclined surface and strikes a first beam splitter, it is divided into two partial beams and one partial beam is deflected to a focusing element. The second partial laser beam is directed to a first pentamirror and after multiple reflection and/or refraction, the focusing element, or it is directed to a second beam splitter and is divided into a first partial beam and a third partial beam. The partial beams are directed to the focusing element by the first pentamirror and are directed by the focusing element to the surface to be structured interfering with each other. The reflecting mirror is moved in a translational manner, maintaining a 45° angle parallel to the optical axes of the emitted laser beam influencing the interference period ?.

Abstract: An optical apparatus and an augmented reality device are provided. The optical apparatus includes an inner surface. The inner surface includes a predetermined region serving as a curved mirror with a predetermined optical parameter for reflection imaging of a virtual image of a virtual world. The optical apparatus further includes an outer surface. The outer surface and the inner surface are used for refraction imaging of a real image of a real world. The virtual image and the real image are integrated for forming a scene of augmented reality.

Abstract: Disclosed is a distance vision-realizing eyeglasses for an image display device, including: a case which surrounds an eye area of a wearer and has a pair of holes formed in front thereof; a double convex lens assembly which includes a pair of lens housings respectively mounted in the pair of holes of the case and a pair of double convex lenses respectively provided in the pair of lens housings on a front straight line of both eyes of the wearer, the pair of the double convex lenses including an outer convex lens positioned on an outer side and fixed to the lens housing and an inner convex lens positioned inside the lens housing and mounted movably forward and backward; and a driving part which is installed between the pair of lens housings and moves a pair of inner convex lenses of the double convex lens assembly.

Abstract: A projection system is formed of a first optical system and a second optical system sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side and forms a first intermediate image and a second intermediate image in positions between a demagnifying-side image formation plane and a magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system. The second optical system is a lens. The lens has a first transmissive surface, a reflective surface, and a second transmissive surface. The reflective surface has a concave shape, and the second transmissive surface has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side. An imaginary line specified in the lens inclines with respect to an imaginary vertical line perpendicular to the imaginary axis in a plane YZ, and the intermediate image is located between the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface.

Abstract: A projection system is formed of a first optical system and a second optical system sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side and forms an intermediate image in a position between a demagnifying-side image formation plane and a magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system. The second optical system is a lens. The lens has a first transmissive surface, a reflective surface, and a second transmissive surface sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. The reflective surface has a concave shape, and the second transmissive surface has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side. An imaginary line specified in the lens inclines with respect to an imaginary vertical line perpendicular to the imaginary axis in a plane YZ, and the intermediate image is located in the lens between the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention describe semiconductor devices with high aspect ratio fins and methods for forming such devices. According to an embodiment, the semiconductor device comprises one or more nested fins and one or more isolated fins. According to an embodiment, a patterned hard mask comprising one or more isolated features and one or more nested features is formed with a hard mask etching process. A first substrate etching process forms isolated and nested fins in the substrate by transferring the pattern of the nested and isolated features of the hard mask into the substrate to a first depth. A second etching process is used to etch through the substrate to a second depth. According to embodiments of the invention, the first etching process utilizes an etching chemistry comprising HBr, O2 and CF4, and the second etching process utilizes an etching chemistry comprising Cl2, Ar, and CH4.

Abstract: A plasma light source with lamp house correction is disclosed. The system may include a pump source configured to generate pump illumination. The pump illumination may be directed, by an elliptical reflector element, to a volume of gas contained within a plasma lamp in order to generate a plasma. The plasma may be configured to generate broadband illumination. The system may also include a correction plate and/or an aspherical elliptical reflector element configured to alter the pump illumination to correct for aberrations introduced by the plasma lamp. The system may also include an additional aspherical correction plate configured to alter the broadband illumination to correct for aberrations introduced by optical elements of the system.

Abstract: The imaging optical system consists of, in order from a magnification side: a catoptric system; and a dioptric system that includes a plurality of lenses. The dioptric system forms a first intermediate image between the dioptric system and the catoptric system on an optical path and at a position conjugate to a reduction side imaging surface, and the catoptric system re-forms the first intermediate image on a magnification side imaging surface. The catoptric system consists of a first reflective surface, a second reflective surface, and a third reflective surface in order along the optical path from the magnification side. The first reflective surface and the third reflective surface are formed on one member and have the same surface shapes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mirror device for deflecting illuminating light in SPIM microscopy. The invention is characterized by a holding component that comprises a connecting element for mounting the holding component on a microscope objective, at least one deflection mirror being detachably mounted on the holding component.

Abstract: A vertical pump has a motor support for arranging between a lower pump assembly and an upper motor assembly in relation to a vertical pump axis. The motor support features a base plate for coupling to the lower pump assembly; a mounting plate for coupling to the upper motor assembly; and at least three pairs of truss elements connected between the base plate and the mounting plate and oriented obliquely in relation to the vertical pump axis, each pair having respective truss elements with converging ends coupled to one of the base plate or mounting plate at a substantially common point and with diverging ends coupled to the other of the base plate or mounting plate at different points.

Abstract: A head-up display apparatus is provided which enables a wide viewing angle in spite of being a type that reflects image light on a windshield. Accordingly, a head-up display apparatus (110) includes an image formation unit (10) that displays image information, and a projection optical system that includes an eyepiece optical system 5 reflecting light emitted from the image formation unit (10) for display of a virtual image. The eyepiece optical system (5) includes a first optical element (51) having a negative refractive power, a second optical element (52) having a positive refractive power, and a concave reflecting mirror (54), and is configured to arrange the first optical element (51), the second optical element (52) and the reflecting mirror (53) in this order from the image formation unit.

Abstract: Optical systems including an image surface, a stop surface, a partial reflector disposed between the image surface and the stop surface, a reflective polarizer disposed between the stop surface and the partial reflector, and a quarter wave retarder disposed between the reflective polarizer and the partial reflector are described. The reflective polarizer is convex along two orthogonal axes. The reflective polarizer may be a thermoformed multilayer reflective polarizer.

Abstract: A magnification optical system forms an enlarged image of an object. It includes a refractive optical system including a plurality of lens groups; and a mirror train including a curved mirror, arranged in this order from an object side, a first focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups of the refractive optical system by different amounts along a normal line of a conjugate surface on the object side, and a second focus structure configured to move the respective lens groups along the normal line of the conjugate surface on the object side by different amounts from those of the first focus structure.

Abstract: A near-eye display that employs rapid spherical image scanning using liquid crystal retarder with concentric imaging and optical elements comprising a display with spherically curved concave image surface topped with a first polarizer; a spherically curved liquid crystal retarder composite reflector having a see-thru mirror topped at the concave side with electronically controlled liquid crystal retarder strips; a see-thru spherically curved mirror-polarizer composite with a mirror at the convex side and a second polarizer at the concave side; a frame to support, protect the device, and mount the device to the head.

Abstract: A lithographic apparatus including a support structure constructed to support a mask having a patterned area which is capable of imparting an EUV radiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section to form a patterned radiation beam, wherein the support structure is movable in a scanning direction, a substrate table constructed to hold a substrate, wherein the substrate table is movable in the scanning direction, and a projection system configured to project the patterned radiation beam onto an exposure region of the substrate, wherein the projection system has a demagnification in the scanning direction which is greater than a demagnification in a second direction which is perpendicular to the scanning direction and wherein the demagnification in the second direction is greater than 4×.

Abstract: The imaging optical system consists of a first optical system and a second optical system in order from a magnified side. The first optical system consists of a la lens group, first optical path bender, and a 1b lens group in order from the magnified side, and the second optical system consists of a 2a lens group, second optical path bender, and a 2b lens group in order from the magnified side. The second optical system forms an image on an image display surface as an intermediate image, and the first optical system forms the intermediate image on a magnified-side conjugate plane, to satisfy the following predetermined Conditional Expression (1), 3<d/I??(1).

Abstract: A headlight module includes: a light source for emitting light; a condensing optical element for concentrating the light; and an optical element including an incident surface for receiving the concentrated light, a reflecting surface for reflecting the received light, and an emitting surface for emitting the reflected light. The condensing optical element changes a divergence angle of the light to form a light distribution pattern. The reflected light and light that enters the optical element and is not reflected by the reflecting surface are superposed on a plane including a point located at a focal position of the emitting surface in a direction of an optical axis of the emitting surface and being perpendicular to the optical axis, thereby forming a high luminous intensity region in the light distribution pattern on the plane. The emitting surface has positive refractive power and projects the light distribution pattern formed on the plane.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an ultra-short throw projection optical system, where an illumination system, a refractive lens component, and an aspherical reflector are sequentially disposed in a projection direction. The present invention provides a high resolution, implements a throw ratio below 0.18, and has no diffused focus at a high temperature, and the present invention implements that a resolution is not reduced and a distortion does not become larger at different throw distances.

Abstract: The invention relates to a long path cell (10), in particular a Herriott cell, with (a) a primary mirror (12) and (b) a secondary mirror (14). According to the invention, it is provided that the primary mirror (12) has a first primary mirror segment (42.1) and at least one second primary mirror segment (42.2), which radially surrounds the first primary mirror segment (42.1), whereby the primary mirror segments (42) differ in their curvatures (R42.1, 42.2) or focal lengths, the secondary mirror (14) has a first secondary mirror segment (44.1) and at least one second secondary mirror segment (44.2) which radially sur-rounds the first secondary mirror segment (44.1), whereby the secondary mirror segments (44) differ in their curvatures (R42.1, R42.2) or focal lengths, the first primary mirror segment (42.1) and the first secondary mirror segment (44.1) are arranged in relation to each other such that a light beam is reflected back and forth between the two, and that the second primary mirror segment (42.

Abstract: A NED-RapSIS with concentric imaging and optical elements comprising a display with spherically curved concave image surface topped with polarizer; a spherically curved concave composite reflector having polar arrayed alternating mirror-quarterwavelength retarder strips, and clear optical slits; a spherically curved transparent counter-balance; a motor-driven driving crank near the edges that drives the reflector and counter-balance to circular-spherical movement; a slave crank near the opposite edge of composite reflector with its shaft and crank arms aligned to the concentric center another slave crank near the opposite edge of the counter-balance with its shaft and crank arms aligned with the shaft and crank arms respectively of the latter crank and aligned with the concentric center; a see-thru spherically curved mirror-polarizer composite with mirror at the convex side and polarizer at the concave side, and a support frame.

Abstract: There is provided a projection optical system (1) that projects from a first image plane on a reducing side to a second image plane on an enlargement side, including a first refractive optical system (11) that includes eight lenses (L1) to (L8) and forms a first intermediate image (31) on the enlargement side using light that is incident from the reducing side, a second refractive optical system (12) that includes six lenses (L9) to (L14) and forms the first intermediate image (31) on the reducing side into a second intermediate image (32) on the enlargement side, and a first reflective optical system (20) that includes a first reflective surface (21a) with positive refractive power that is positioned closer to the enlargement side than the second intermediate image (32).

Abstract: A remote imaging apparatus, and corresponding method, includes a hyperbolic primary mirror that receives light from a remote object to be imaged. The primary mirror has a continuous surface that reflects, at least twice, the light from the remote object. The apparatus also includes a hyperbolic secondary mirror having a continuous surface that reflects, at least twice, the light from the remote object. The secondary mirror delivers the light to a field corrector via a port of the hyperbolic primary mirror, and the field corrector is configured to correct for an optical aberration of one or both of the hyperbolic primary and secondary mirrors. Embodiments can provide low distortion, small aspect ratios, and small form factors and moments of inertia for fleets satellite-based and other imaging systems.

Abstract: A telescopic optical system that can be compact and lightweight is provided, and an optical apparatus including the telescopic optical system is also provided.

Abstract: A lens body configured to radiate light entering from a light source forward along a forward/rearward reference axis extending in a forward/rearward direction of a vehicle, the lens body including a first reflecting surface having an elliptic spherical shape, a second reflecting surface configured to internally reflect at least some of the light internally reflected by the first reflecting surface, and a light emitting surface, and the light emitting surface having a first leftward/rightward emission region configured to refract an entered light, which has passed through a first focal point, in a direction approaching a forward/rearward reference axis and a second leftward/rightward emission region configured to refract an entered light, which has passed through the first focal point, in a direction separating away from the forward/rearward reference axis at cross sections in a forward/rearward direction and a leftward/rightward direction.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an integrated circuit includes scanning a wafer with respect to a catadioptric projection objective and imaging a pattern on a mask onto a wafer while scanning the wafer. The imaging includes illuminating the mask with radiation; imaging, using the radiation, the pattern into a first intermediate image, the first intermediate image to a second intermediate image, and the second intermediate image into an image field arranged in an image surface where the wafer is arranged; and, manipulating one or more of optical elements while scanning the wafer to reduce errors in the image at the image field. A concave mirror arranged in a region of a pupil surface reflects the radiation. The projection objective also includes mirrors to deflect the radiation from the object field towards the concave mirror and to deflect the radiation from the concave mirror towards the image field.

Abstract: A wide-angle projection optical system includes, between an object side and an image side, a first optical system including a first lens group having an aperture stop and a second lens group disposed behind the aperture stop, and a second optical system including a Mangin mirror and a glass plate disposed between the second lens group and the Mangin mirror. The first and second lens groups have positive power. The first lens group provides optical characteristics to match with a light coming from the object side. The first and second lens groups are configured to form an aberrated real image. The Mangin mirror is disposed closer to the image side than others. The Mangin mirror includes a refracting surface and a reflecting surface for refracting the light two times and reflecting the light one time, thereby producing an enlarged real image on a screen. Therefore, the image quality is enhanced.

Abstract: The wide-angle lens forms an intermediate image at a position conjugate to a reduction side imaging plane and forms the intermediate image again on a magnification side imaging plane. The wide-angle lens includes: a first optical system on the magnification side; and a second optical system on the reduction side. The intermediate image is formed between the magnification side and the reduction side. The first optical system has an optical axis deflection prism which satisfies predetermined conditional expressions.

Abstract: A lens body includes: an incident surface where light entering within a predetermined angular range with respect to an optical axis of the light source is refracted in a condensing direction; a first reflection surface that internally reflects the light; and a second reflection surface that internally reflects part of the reflected light from the first reflection surface. The lens body includes an emission surface of a convex lens surface. The second reflection surface extends backward from near a focal point of the emission surface. Light obtained by blocking part of the light internally reflected by the first reflection surface with a front edge of the second reflection surface, and the light internally reflected by the second reflection surface are emitted from the emission surface to from a predetermined light distribution pattern including a cutoff line defined by the second reflection surface at the upper edge.

Abstract: A projection objective includes at least four curved mirrors, which include a first curved mirror that is a most optically forward mirror and a second curved mirror that is a second most optically forward mirror, as defined along a light path. In addition, an intermediate lens element is disposed physically between the first and second mirrors, the intermediate lens element being a single pass type lens. The objective forms an image with a numerical aperture of at least substantially 1.0 in immersion.

Abstract: A projection objective includes at least four curved mirrors, which include a first curved mirror that is a most optically forward mirror and a second curved mirror that is a second most optically forward mirror, as defined along a light path. In addition, an intermediate lens element is disposed physically between the first and second mirrors, the intermediate lens element being a single pass type lens. The objective forms an image with a numerical aperture of at least substantially 1.0 in immersion.

Abstract: A brightness calibration method used in an optical detection system includes a single source illuminator and a probe card. The single source illuminator is configured to illuminate the probe card. The probe card has a plurality of detection sites. The brightness calibration method includes: sequentially detecting brightness values at the detection sites through one of a plurality of diffusers by a sensing chip; sequentially detecting transparencies of the diffusers at one of the detection sites by the sensing chip; and selecting and respectively disposing the diffusers corresponding to larger ones of the transparencies over the detection sites corresponding to smaller ones of the brightness values, and selecting and respectively disposing the diffusers corresponding to smaller ones of the transparencies over the detection sites corresponding to larger ones of the brightness values.

Abstract: To provide a projection optical system that can cover a wide range of magnification changes with a focus lens group in which the number of constituted lenses is decreased, and a projector including the projection optical system. A 1-2nd lens group as the focus lens group includes an F1 lens group configured of one positive lens, an F2 lens group configured of one positive lens and one negative lens, and an F3 lens group configured of one negative lens. At least the F2 lens group is caused to move when focusing is performed in response to a magnification change.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device includes a display, an optical unit, and a reflector. The display includes a first display region emitting a first bundle of rays and a second display region emitting a second bundle of rays. The optical unit includes first and second emission regions transmitting the first and the second bundle of rays. The reflector includes a first reflection region reflecting the first bundle of rays, and a second reflection region reflecting the second bundle of rays. The optical unit forms a first focal point of the first bundle of rays between the optical unit and the reflector, and forms a second focal point of the second bundle of rays between the optical unit and the reflector. A distance between the first emission region and the first reflection region is shorter than a distance between the second emission region and the second reflection region.

Abstract: A projection objective includes at least four curved mirrors, which include a first curved mirror that is a most optically forward mirror and a second curved mirror that is a second most optically forward mirror, as defined along a light path. In addition, an intermediate lens element is disposed physically between the first and second mirrors, the intermediate lens element being a single pass type lens. The objective forms an image with a numerical aperture of at least substantially 1.0 in immersion.

Abstract: A reading apparatus for assisting a person to read or view reading material, including from a lying down position, with the reading apparatus including in a lying down position. The reading apparatus comprises: an optical system including a tray for supporting the reading material, a reflecting mirror and an imaging mirror, said tray, said reflecting mirror and said imaging mirror being mechanically intercoupled in a manner that enables them to be positioned at predetermined, respective angles relative to each other, to enable the reading material located on said tray to be viewed by viewing an image formed by said imaging mirror. A support is configured to enable the optical system to be positioned in front of the person. The tray, the reflecting mirror and the imaging mirror can be folded onto each other.

Abstract: Provided is a projection-type video display device implementing further reduction of a projection distance and further miniaturization of a projection optical system. The projection-type video display device includes a lens group which includes a plurality of lenses, a free-form-surface lens, and a free-form-surface mirror which projects light from the free-form-surface lens on a screen, wherein the lens group includes a third lens which has a bi-convex shape, a fourth lens which has a bi-concave shape, a fifth lens which has a bi-convex shape, the third to fifth lenses constitute a triplet lens, and wherein the free-form-surface lens has a meniscus lens shape of which a convex surface is oriented toward the magnification side.

Abstract: Provided is a head-mounted display optical system (LS) having: an optical deflection element (M1); a first lens group (G1); a second lens group (G2); and an optical reflection element (M2). The head-mounted display optical system is configured such that light from a light source, which is reflected on a reflection surface (M2r) of the optical reflection element (M2) and reaches a drawing surface (I) assumed to be located on a retina when a user wears the head-mounted display, moves on the drawing surface (I) according to the change of a travelling direction of the light caused by the optical deflection element (M1), and an image is drawn on the drawing surface (I). The first lens group (G1) includes a free-shaped surface lens having a free-shaped surface which is rotationally asymmetrical with respect to a reference axis, and the reflection surface (M2r) of the optical reflection element (M2) is formed to be rotationally asymmetrical with respect to a reference axis.

Abstract: A display apparatus comprises an image output module for outputting an image, a projection module for generating an image through a light source and projecting the generated image to the image output module, and a case having an opaque inside. The projection module and the image output module are connected to two opposite ends, respectively, of the case. The projection module includes a light source, a driving circuit for driving the projection module, a scan line forming module for forming a scan line according to a particular pattern previously defined, a short focal-length lens, and an inverting circuit for left-to-right inverting the generated image, wherein the scan line is formed by switching on or off a pixel according to the particular pattern for an image signal generated through the light source, and wherein the generated image is projected to the image output module through a rear projection scheme.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for performing a zoom operation are described using multiple optical chains in a camera device. At least one optical chain in the camera device includes a moveable light redirection device, said light redirection device being one of a substantially plane mirror or a prism. The moveable light redirection device is moved to a position in accordance with a zoom setting, and a portion of a scene area of interest in captured. Different discrete zoom setting values correspond to different positions of the moveable light redirection device resulting in different capture areas. In some embodiments, multiple optical chains with moveable light redirection devices are used to capture different portions of a scene of interest. A composite image is generated from a plurality of captured images corresponding to different optical chains. A higher zoom setting corresponds to more overlap between captured images of different optical chains.

Abstract: There is provided a projection optical system (1) that projects from a first image plane on a reducing side to a second image plane on an enlargement side, including a first refractive optical system (11) that includes eight lenses (L1) to (L8) and forms a first intermediate image (31) on the enlargement side using light that is incident from the reducing side, a second refractive optical system (12) that includes six lenses (L9) to (L14) and forms the first intermediate image (31) on the reducing side into a second intermediate image (32) on the enlargement side, and a first reflective optical system (20) that includes a first reflective surface (21a) with positive refractive power that is positioned closer to the enlargement side than the second intermediate image (32).

Abstract: A catadioptric system includes a first catadioptric group, a second catadioptric group, and a lens group disposed in axial alignment with each other. The first catadioptric group includes a solid lens having an input surface, a primary reflective surface, secondary reflective surface and an exit surface. The primary reflective surface is a curved surface concave towards the secondary reflective surface. A light flux entering through the input surface undergoes more than two reflections between the primary and secondary reflective surfaces, prior to exiting through the exit surface. At least one of the primary reflective surface and secondary reflective surface has a continuous and smooth topological profile.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for shading computer graphics (CG) representations of materials. One of the methods includes obtaining data describing a physical material; receiving a shading request to shade a particular point in a CG representation of the physical material from a rendering engine, wherein the request identifies a mapping position of the particular point, a view direction at the mapping position, and a light direction at the mapping position; calculating a direct lighting color at the mapping position using a plurality of palletized images; calculating an indirect lighting color at the mapping position using the data describing the physical material; generating a final color at the mapping position by combining the direct lighting color and the indirect lighting color; and providing the final color to the rendering engine for use in rendering the CG representation of the physical material.

Abstract: Panoramic optical systems are disclosed comprising an ellipsoidal mirror and a lens system that reduces astigmatism. The lens systems are capable of operating at fast speeds. Simple and highly manufacturable lens systems are provided for capturing and/or projecting high quality 360-degree panoramic scenes.

Abstract: The optical system includes: a first optical group which performs a zoom function using a first movable lens, a second optical group which performs a focus function using a second movable lens, and a third optical group which performs a wide angle function by reflecting light passing through the first optical group and the second optical group, wherein a first intermediate image is formed between the first optical group and the second optical group.