Abstract: A clock and data recovery device receives a serial data stream and produces recovered clock and data signals. The clock and data recovery device operates over a range of frequencies and without use an external reference clock. A first loop supplies a first clock signal to a second loop. The second loop modifies the first clock signal to produce the recovered clock signal and uses the recover clock signal to produce the recovered data signal. The first loop changes the frequency of the first clock signal based on frequency comparison and data transition density metrics.

Abstract: A method of synchronizing a plurality of data streams. A land mobile radio (LMR) data stream can be generated by a LMR communication device. At least one LMR identifier can be communicated from the LMR communication device to a broadband communication device. A broadband data stream can be generated by the broadband communication device. The broadband data stream and the LMR identifier can be communicated from the broadband communication device via an access network. The LMR identifier can enable synchronization of the LMR data stream with the broadband data stream.

Abstract: A method (400) for creating a group shared distributed reservation in a wireless network. The method comprises collecting information about the distributed reservation availabilities of devices in the wireless network (S410); selecting a group of shared devices to be included in the group shared distributed reservation based on the collected information (S420); sending a reservation request to each device in the group of shared devices (S430); and updating the group of shared devices to include only devices that accept the reservation request (S460), thereby creating a group shared distributed reservation of medium access time slots.

Abstract: A semiconductor device capable of communicating with a host apparatus includes a symbol generation unit, a coding unit, and a transmission unit. The symbol generation unit includes a random number generation circuit and generates a symbol according to a random number generated by the random number generation circuit. The coding unit performs 8b/10b coding for the symbol. The transmission unit transmits the symbol coded by the 8b/10b coding unit to the host apparatus.

Abstract: Systems and methodologies are described that facilitate synchronizing base stations in a wireless communication environment. A base station can receive a synchronization signal sent via a low reuse channel, which can be shared by a group of base stations. Further, the base station can align a clock associated therewith to the received synchronization signal. Moreover, the base station can coarsely align the clock to a first synchronization signal received upon a first subset of resources of the low reuse channel, and finely align the clock to a second synchronization signal received upon a second subset of resources (e.g., of the low reuse channel, of a separate channel, . . . ), where the second subset of resources can be reserved for transmission from at least one base station with at least a predetermined level of synchronous accuracy.

Abstract: A method for self synchronization of a first base station is described. Synchronization information is received from a second base station. The first base station then synchronizes with the second base station using the received synchronization information. Synchronization information may be received from one or more base stations. The second base station may be part of the one or more base stations. A stratum may be determined for each of the one or more base stations. The synchronization information may include a stratum. The second base station may be selected as a synchronizing base station. The second base station may have the lowest stratum.

Abstract: A network of nodes communicating with a central node using a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) communications network is disclosed. Each node can synchronize an internal clock with an internal clock of the central node when entering the TDMA communications network using a packet received from the central node. Furthermore, each node can maintain synchronization using subsequent packets communicated in the TDMA communications network and a time slot assigned for the subsequent packet.

Abstract: A base station apparatus is provided, which includes a generator configured to generate a synchronization signal and a transmitter configured to transmit the generated synchronization signal. The generator is configured to generate a synchronization signal to be mapped on a subcarrier included in one of a plurality of frequency resource candidates that are separated by an interval, which is a common multiple of a determined frequency spacing and a subcarrier spacing between contiguous subcarriers, wherein the subcarrier spacing does not have a value that is a divisor of the determined frequency spacing.

Abstract: A system generates one or more media streams from time-stamped packets received over a network. The packets may include audio, video, or a combination of both, sampled at a rate determined by a master media clock at a transmitter of the time-stamped packets or at some other node on the network. Timestamps in the packets may be presentation times based on values of a remote real-time clock at the transmitter that is synchronized with a local real-time clock at a receiver. The system may generate the media streams from the media stream samples and present the sampled data according to the presentation times.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for transporting and receiving mobile broadcasting services in order to efficiently provide broadcasting services in a mobile communication system are provided. In the method of receiving mobile broadcasting services, a predetermined transport channel is determined by using service configuration information extracted from a service information channel, at least one transport packet is extracted from the determined transport channel, information about the transport packets is extracted from the transport packets, at least one encapsulation packet including the transport packets is generated by using the information about the transport packets, and application data including the encapsulation packets is generated by using information about the encapsulation packets which is extracted from the encapsulation packets.

Abstract: A method for detecting a channel in a mixed-mode communications system is presented. The channel contains a primary synchronization pattern in a predetermined location within the channel. The primary synchronization pattern is compared against different predetermined channel synchronization patterns to detect a channel. Upon detection of the channel, a look-back channel detector confirms the existence of the channel by using the location of the primary synchronization pattern. Detection and confirmation of the channel may be employed simultaneously to each channel of a multiple-channel direct mode of operation signal. Audio holes may be eliminated in a 2:1 TDMA direct mode operation where both time slots contain signals from two different originating communication devices and the signals have different priority.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for range extension is wireless communication systems. One embodiment of the method includes determining whether a mobile unit is within a first range corresponding to a range of timing advances supported by a timing advance command. This embodiment also includes transmitting a plurality of timing advance commands to the mobile unit when the mobile unit is outside the first range so that the mobile unit can synchronize with the base station by combining information in the plurality of timing advance commands.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods relating to synchronization of communication equipment are disclosed. Synchronization information received from a bonded communication link can be used to synchronize local and/or remote communication equipment, such as femtocell sites coupled to nodes in a ring network. This may involve isolating a frequency reference signal from a DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) communication link which is a constituent link of a bonded communication link, for example. In a ring network, received synchronization information could be used in synchronizing a locally connected installation of communication equipment, and passed for transmission in the ring network for synchronizing other communication equipment. Such dropping and passing of an analog frequency reference signal could be applied in networks having other topologies as well. At least some embodiments of the invention are applicable to optical links.

Abstract: A system including a demodulation module, a metric generation module, and a preamble detection module. The demodulation module is configured to generate demodulated signals based on demodulating, in accordance with a differential demodulation scheme, signals received from a base station. The signals received from the base station include a plurality of symbols. The demodulated signals comprise a plurality of real parts each having a corresponding magnitude. The metric generation module is configured to generate a plurality of metrics for the plurality of symbols based on the corresponding magnitudes of the plurality of real parts of the demodulated signals. The preamble detection module is configured to detect, based on the plurality of metrics, whether the plurality of symbols in the signals received from the base station includes a preamble symbol.

Abstract: A transmission apparatus includes a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation signal generators, which generate a first OFDM modulation signal and a second OFDM modulation signal. The transmission apparatus also includes a transmitter that transmits the first OFDM modulation signal from a first antenna and the second OFDM modulation signal from a second antenna, in an identical frequency band.

Abstract: A base station apparatus is provided, which includes a generator configured to generate a synchronization signal and a transmitter configured to transmit the generated synchronization signal. The generator is configured to generate a synchronization signal to be mapped on a subcarrier included in one of a plurality of frequency resource candidates that are separated by an interval, which is a common multiple of a determined frequency spacing and a subcarrier spacing between contiguous subcarriers, wherein the subcarrier spacing does not have a value that is a divisor of the determined frequency spacing.

Abstract: A synchronization method for impulse system ultra-wideband takes frame as basic unit for data transmission, each frame is divided into a preamble symbol part and a data part, wherein the preamble symbol part sends a known impulse sequence for channel estimation and synchronization; the data part takes the information to be transmitted; the preamble symbol part is divided into two parts of a positive and negative impulse sequence, which includes odd impulses with alternant positive and negative polarities, and a same direction impulse sequence, which is composed of impulses with same polarity and is the same as the polarity of the last impulse in the positive and negative impulse sequence. The method provides such advantages as high synchronization precision, small storage space, and capability of immediately finding out the synchronization position etc., and provides an important value for the development of the impulse system ultra-wideband wireless communication technique.

Abstract: A wireless communications device may include a portable housing and a temperature-compensated clock circuit carried by the portable housing. The device may further include a wireless receiver carried by the portable housing for receiving timing signals, when available, from a wireless network, and a satellite positioning clock circuit carried by the portable housing. A clock correction circuit may be carried by the portable housing for correcting the temperature-compensated clock circuit based upon timing signals from the wireless network when available, and storing historical correction values for corresponding temperatures. The clock correction circuit may also correct the temperature-compensated clock circuit based upon the stored historical correction values when timing signals are unavailable from the wireless network, and correct the satellite positioning clock based upon the temperature-compensated clock circuit.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and method of transmitting and receiving a wake-up signal. The method of receiving a wake-up signal includes the following: operating a radio frequency (RF) receiving unit that receives a wireless signal through an antenna during an SFD detecting time, wherein the SFD detecting time is shorter than a predetermined SFD detecting time period, according to the predetermined SFD detecting time period and detecting a start of frame delimiter (SFD) to indicate that the received wireless signal is a wake-up signal to wake-up a node in a sleep mode; and detecting the wake-up signal by continuously operating the RF receiving unit when the SFD is detected. Power consumption that is used to receive the wake-up signal can be reduced.

Abstract: A network component comprising pre-transmit logic coupled to a transmitter that transmits packets, wherein the pre-transmit logic is configured to determine whether a scrambling sequence for a packet complies with at least a threshold line pattern criteria, and if not, delay transmission of the packet to at least partially offset the scrambling sequence used for the packet, wherein the pre-transmit logic comprises a sequence evaluator that determines whether a scrambled packet complies with at least the threshold line pattern criteria.

Abstract: A communication device that is to be connected to a providing server for providing time information via a network is provided. The communication device includes a congestion-degree obtainer to obtain a congestion degree indicating a condition of traffic in the network, a time information obtainer to obtain the time information provided by the providing server, and an obtainment restrictor to compare the obtained congestion degree with a predetermined reference degree of congestion, and restricts the time information obtainer from obtaining the time information if the comparison indicates that the traffic in the network is busier than the reference degree of congestion.

Abstract: A multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) system for multiplexing and demultiplexing information from a plurality of traffic channels is configured according to a Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) standard into a composite signal transferred to and from a telecommunciations interface. A PDH traffic interface receives PDH channel signals from a plurality of PDH channels and a bit-pipe interface receives bit-pipe traffic transported as a packet data stream. A composite signal generation module and interface then creates, outputs and receives a single composite serial data stream including, in a single composite format, information from the received PDH channel signals as well as the packet data stream. The rate of the bit-pipe traffic may be adaptively modulated as a function of the composite rate.

Abstract: A detector receives detects a first known signal in a packet signal. An LTF correlation unit performs correlation processing on the packet signal received by a receiving unit. Upon detecting the arrival timing, an update correlation unit terminates a first window and performs correlation processing on the packet signal received by the receiving unit, in a second window. When correction timing is detected and when correction timing is more likely to be accurate than the arrival timing, an estimation unit changes the correction timing to the arrival timing; when the arrival timing is more likely to be accurate than the correction timing, the estimation unit maintains the arrival timing.

Abstract: Provided is a terminal apparatus that can suppress the increase in interference between pilot signals in the same slot, while also suppressing the degradation of the flexibility to design cell cluster structures. When hopping information indicates an inter-slot hopping, a mapping unit (212) arranges a first pilot sequences in which a group to which the sequences used in respective slots belong varies on a slot-by-slot basis. When the hopping information indicates an inter-subframe hopping, the mapping unit (212) arranges a second pilot sequences in which a group to which the sequences used in respective slots belong varies on a subframe-by-subframe basis. The sequence group to which the sequences used in any one of the subframes in the second pilot sequences belong is identical with the sequence group to which the sequence used in any one of the slots included in that one subframe in the first pilot sequences belongs.

Abstract: A slave communication device may transmit a packet to the master communication device, with the packet including a transmission time field and a correction field. The transmission time field may contain a value indicative of an approximate time of transmission of the packet by the slave communication device, and the correction field may contain a value indicative of a difference between the approximate time of transmission and an actual time of transmission of the packet by the slave communication device.

Abstract: Aspects of a method and system for sleep mode signaling for a multi-standard system with Bluetooth are provided. In this regard, a first communication system that communicates utilizing TDM may generate a synchronization signal that is communicatively coupled to a second communication system that communicates utilizing TDM. The first communication system may determine one or more timeslots during which it may be inactive. The first communication system may control, based on the determination, an amount of time that the synchronization signal is in one or more states. The second communication system may receive the synchronization signal from the first communication system. The second communication system may determine timeslots during which the first communication system may be inactive based on an amount of time that the synchronization signal is in one or more states. The second communication system may transmit and/or receive at times that are scheduled based on the determination.

Abstract: A radio communication apparatus that performs radio communication with another communication apparatus includes an antenna unit, a contact detecting unit that detects contact with the another communication apparatus, a first modulating and demodulating unit for performing communication in a state in which the radio communication apparatus is remote from the another communication apparatus, a second modulating and demodulating unit for performing communication in a state in which the radio communication apparatus is in contact with the another communication apparatus, and a control unit that performs control to perform radio communication with the another communication apparatus via the antenna unit by selecting the first modulating and demodulating unit while the contact detecting does not detect contact with the another communication apparatus and selecting the second modulating and demodulating unit when the contact detecting unit detects contact with the another communication apparatus.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for facilitating distributed transmissions among a plurality of access terminals for a transmission sequence. An access point may assign a predecessor transmitter device for each of a plurality of access terminals, and may transmit to each access terminal an instruction to follow a respective preceding transmission by the predecessor transmitter. An access terminal may receive the transmission including the instruction, and may monitor for and detect the preceding transmission. The access terminal may then transmit a transmission after the completion of an interframe space that may follow the detected preceding transmission.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a battery-operated communication device “quick-samples” a frequency hopping sequence at a periodic rate corresponding to a substantially low duty cycle, and is discovered by (e.g., attached to) a main-powered communication device. During a scheduled sample, the main-powered communication device transmits a control packet to be received by the battery-operated communication device, the control packet containing timing information and transmitted to account for worst-case clock drift error between the two devices. The battery-operated communication device responds to the control packet with a link-layer acknowledgment containing timing information from the battery-operated communication device. Accordingly, the two devices may re-synchronize their timing based on the timing information in the control packet and acknowledgment, respectively.

Abstract: Sub-microsecond time transfer in a GPS/GNSS receiver using a weak GPS/GNSS signal is provided. The digitized complex baseband signal and the generated PN code are cross-correlated for each code period so as to output a complex correlation value at each code epoch of the generated PN code, where a sequence of the output correlation values form a data stream representing the navigation message. Bit synchronization generates bit sync pulses at bit boundaries. The location of a target segment having a known sequence at a known bit location in the navigation message is detected by searching through a plurality of subframes and accumulating search results for the plurality of subframes. Transmission time of the target segment is determined from the detected location of the target segment, with a certain time ambiguity. Accurate local time is determined by solving the time ambiguity using approximate time obtained from an external source.

Abstract: In described embodiments, a transceiver includes a clock and data recovery module (CDR) with an eye monitor and a cycle slip monitor. The cycle slip detector monitors a CDR lock condition, which might be through detection of slips in sampling and/or transition timing detection. The cycle slip detector provides a check point to sense system divergence, allowing for a mechanism to recover CDR lock. In addition, when the CDR is out-of-lock, the various parameters that are adaptively set (e.g., equalizer parameters) might be invalid during system divergence. Consequently, these parameters might be declared invalid by the system and not used.

Abstract: A system and method for implementing optimized multiplexing and power saving in a broadcast/multicast network. According to various embodiments, frame and slot structures are designed in such a way so as to adapt based upon the bit rate variation of the input stream, while at the same time not compromising the receiver's power consumption.

Abstract: A voice queue includes a primary queue and a secondary queue. The secondary queue is operable to store voice packets and generate timestamps for the voice packets. The primary queue is operable to receive the voice packets from the secondary queue, store the timestamps for the voice packets, and store sequence numbers for the voice packets.

Abstract: Systems and methods for mobile communications are disclosed herein. An example method for a mobile station includes sending to a network a mobile station capability information element, the mobile station capability information element including a first reduction of timeslots field for a downlink dual carrier non-enhanced flexible timeslot assignment operation mode and a second reduction of timeslots field for a downlink dual carrier enhanced flexible timeslot assignment operation mode.

Abstract: A method for determining an overlap and add length estimate comprises determining a plurality of correlation values of a plurality of ordered frequency domain samples obtained from a data frame; comparing the correlation values of a first subset of the samples to a first predetermined threshold to determine a first edge sample; comparing the correlation values of a second subset of the samples to a second predetermined threshold to determine a second edge sample; using the first and second edge samples to determine an overlap and add length estimate; and providing the overlap and add length estimate to an overlap and add circuit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to optical communications and discloses a master clock time synchronization method, slave clock time synchronization method, system and optical network device in a Passive Optical Network (PON) for the purpose of resolving time synchronization in Ethernet over Gigabit PON Encapsulation Method (GEM) mode. The PON master clock time synchronization method includes: predefining a rule for matching packet time stamp generating points; sending a first clock packet carried in a first downstream frame; acquiring time at a packet time stamp generating point that matches the frame data of the first downstream frame at the PON Media Access Control (MAC) layer and regarding the acquired time as the time the first clock packet is sent; and sending a second clock packet in a second downstream frame, where the second clock packet carries the time the first clock packet is sent.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a frequency offset compensation apparatus includes a first estimation unit, a second estimation unit, a setting unit, a synthesis unit and a compensation unit. The first estimation unit estimates a first rotation. The second estimation unit estimates a second rotation. The setting unit sets a weighting factor for the second rotation to a first value if a received power is less than a threshold value, and sets the weighting factor for the rotation to a second value being smaller than the first value if the received power is not less than the threshold value. The synthesis unit calculates a compensation value. The compensation unit compensates for a frequency offset.

Abstract: A first PHY may be coupled to a second PHY via a network link. The first PHY may transition from a role of timing master for the network link to a role of timing slave for the network link. During a first time interval subsequent to the transition, the PHYs may communicate half-duplex over the link while the first PHY synchronizes to a transmit clock of the second PHY. During a second time interval, the PHYs may communicate full-duplex while the second Ethernet PHY synchronizes to a transmit clock of the first PHY. Also during the second time interval, the first PHY may determine that the first PHY and the second PHY are synchronized. Subsequent to the determination, the PHYs may begin full-duplex communication of data on the network link.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a first plurality of symbols comprising complex portions. The method further includes applying conjugate symmetry to the first plurality of symbols, producing a second plurality of symbols comprising no complex portions. The method further includes transforming the second plurality of symbols using an inverse fast Fourier transform, producing a third plurality of symbols. The method further includes interpolating the third plurality of symbols, generating a short training field comprising at least one real portion of the third plurality of symbols, generating a long training field comprising at least one real portion of the third plurality of symbols, and transmitting the short training field and long training field in a WPAN.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of generating a downlink frame. The method of generating the downlink frame includes generating a first sequence and a second sequence for identifying cell groups; generating a first scrambling sequence and a second scrambling sequence that are one-to-two mapped to the sequence number of the primary synchronization signal; scrambling the first sequence with the first scrambling sequence and scrambling the second sequence with the second scrambling sequence; and generating a secondary synchronization signal including the scrambled first sequence and second sequence and mapping the secondary synchronization signal to a frequency domain.

Abstract: A network entity and computer program for detecting occurrence of transmission resynchronizations in a network carrying packets subject to variable delays, and adaptively varying the play out time of data packets. The method may include that the packets are received at a network entity and forwarded by delaying them by a jitter protection time, and determining for a predetermined time period a set of arrival time jitter values. A peak to peak value may be determined indicating the largest difference among the values included in the determined set of arrival time jitter values and detecting an out of range condition. The peak to peak value may be compared with the jitter protection time when the out of range condition is detected and detecting that a resynchronization occurred on the basis of the comparing.

Abstract: The disclosure aims to implement an automatic frequency offset compensation of the frequency between emitter and receiver equipments, in radio frequency modules, with a frequency offset that can be larger than that the receiver can allow, without time loss and extra consumption. To solve this problem, the disclosure provides an automatic frequency offset compensation device comprising a reception front end, at least a filter, an I/Q demodulator for obtaining the I (In Phase) and Q (Quadrature) parameter, an automatic frequency control AFC unit for comparison of a received frequency with the real frequency of the equipment, and a microcontroller and a frequency synthesizer. In this device, the frequency offset is calculated by the AFC unit from the information given by the I/Q demodulator.

Abstract: Methods and systems for mobile phone location within a digital distributed antenna system (DAS) are provided. In one embodiment, a method comprises: receiving a request for location services from a subscriber unit located within a digital DAS, the digital DAS including a first partition of bandwidth for transporting digitized RF signals of one or more modulated signals and a second partition of bandwidth for an Ethernet pipe transporting IP formatted data; routing the request for location services to a subscriber locator center; instructing locator receivers within a geographical area of the digital DAS to listen for a signal from the subscriber unit; listening for the signal at a first locator receiver; when the signal is observed, recording a time the signal was received and generating subscriber unit ranging data; and transmitting subscriber unit ranging data back to the subscriber locator center in an IP formatted message via the Ethernet pipe.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed, such as those involving deskewing serial data transmissions. One such apparatus includes a plurality of receivers, each of which is configured to receive a serial data stream. Each of the receivers includes a shift register including a plurality of stages arranged in sequence to propagate a stream of characters. Each of the stages is configured to store a character, and shift the character to a next stage in response to a clock signal. The receiver also includes a multiplexer having a plurality of inputs, each of the inputs being electrically coupled to a respective one of the stages of the shift register, and to select one of the stages to generate an output such that the outputs of the multiplexers in the receivers are deskewed.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed, such as those involving deskewing serial data transmissions. One such apparatus includes a plurality of receivers, each of which is configured to receive a serial data stream. Each of the receivers includes a shift register including a plurality of stages arranged in sequence to propagate a stream of characters. Each of the stages is configured to store a character, and shift the character to a next stage in response to a clock signal. The receiver also includes a multiplexer having a plurality of inputs, each of the inputs being electrically coupled to a respective one of the stages of the shift register, and to select one of the stages to generate an output such that the outputs of the multiplexers in the receivers are deskewed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for pseudo asynchronous testing of receive paths in serializer/deserializer (SerDes) devices. A SerDes device is tested by applying a source of serial data to a receive path of the SerDes device during a test mode. The receive path substantially aligns to incoming data using a bit clock. A phase is adjusted during the test mode of the bit clock relative to the source of serial data to evaluate the SerDes device. The source of serial data may be, for example, a reference clock used by a phase locked loop to generate the bit clock. The phase of the bit clock can be directly controlled during the test mode, for example, by a test phase control signal, such as a plurality of interpolation codes that are applied to an interpolator that alters a phase of the bit clock.

Abstract: An error management system and process can be used to identify an erroneous data packet in a data stream. In response to identifying the erroneous data packet, a subsequent valid data packet is located in the data stream. In one embodiment, a plurality of candidate locations of header checksum windows are searched and checked for a valid checksum. Multiple integrity checks of multiple header checksums can be used to reduce the probability of a false positive integrity check. In another embodiment, one or more information data fields can used for determining packet integrity by determining if the fields contain valid information bits.

Abstract: Methods and devices are provided for disambiguating the timing of uplink transmissions. In one embodiment, the method may involve receiving from a wireless network a global time value having a wraparound time longer than that of a system frame number for the network, the global time value being based at least in part on an overhead message conveying at least one parameter of a first radio access technology (RAT) different from a second RAT used by the network. The method may involve determining a current global time based on the received global time value, and sending an uplink message that includes the current global time as a global timestamp.

Abstract: Providing for retransmission of SFN data, including SFN operated MBMS data, in a manner that preserves synchronization of scheduled SFN transmissions is disclosed herein. As an example, SFN data can be transmitted in a first allocation period, and an un-received or indecipherable SFN data packet associated with the SFN data can be scheduled in a second allocation period. More particularly, the un-received or indecipherable SFN data packet can be allocated to a block of the second allocation period that is scheduled for non-SFN transmission, for instance. Accordingly, SFN retransmission can take place on a cell by cell basis without substantially affecting SFN transmissions synchronized among the cells.

Abstract: A method of generating a code sequence and method of adding additional information using the same are disclosed, by which a code sequence usable for a channel for synchronization is generated and by which a synchronization channel is established using the generated sequence. The present invention, in which the additional information is added to a cell common sequence for time synchronization and frequency synchronization, includes the steps of generating the sequence repeated in time domain as many as a specific count, masking the sequence using a code corresponding to the additional information to be added, and transmitting a signal including the masked sequence to a receiving end.