Abstract: A process for introducing exothermic reactant vapor stream to an adiabatic catalyst zone comprising the steps of: preheating a volatile liquid exothermic reactant stream below its autogenous temperature under process pressure; contacting the preheated liquid reactant stream in a saturator unit with a hot diluent gas to vaporize the reactant stream in gaseous mixture with the diluent stream; directing the gaseous mixture from the saturator unit to the catalyst zone for exothermic conversion of the reactant under substantially adiabatic reaction conditions in the presence of diluent gas; recovering reaction products and diluent gas from the catalyst zone; separating diluent gas from the products, compressing and recycling the diluent gas to the saturator unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for reforming impure methanol wherein residual gas produced during the reforming reaction is combusted simultaneously with residual gas coming from the purification of the hydrogen produced. The apparatus includes a tubular reactor in which the steam reforming is performed, a vaporizer for the reaction mixture, a heat exchanger to exchange heat between the outgoing gases and the feed liquid, a separator, a purification unit, and a combustion furnace for the residual purification gas. The apparatus further comprises a pipe for bringing in the condensed water-alcohol mixture to the combustion furnace, this pipe being equipped with two heat exchangers.

Abstract: There is disclosed an improved process and apparatus for the pyrolysis of a heavy hydrocarbon feed utilizing a transfer line reactor wherein pyrolysis reaction temperatures are achieved by contact of the heavy hydrocarbon feed with heated solid particles immediately followed by quenching of the pyrolysis gaseous effluent with cooled solid-particles in the transfer line reactor to maximize ethylene production and minimize the effect of secondary reactions.

Abstract: Method of retrofitting catalyst coolers onto FCC regenerators and a cooler configuration specially suited for FCC regenerators uses a large manway or accessway commonly provided on the FCC regenerator to overcome the problems usually associated with finding a suitable space and clearance for the incorporation of a catalyst cooler. The catalyst cooler is added to the regenerator by removing the end cover from an existing manway on an FCC regenerator, extending the nozzle to provide a horizontal nozzle extension, attaching a vertical tube section of a catalyst cooler from the lower side of the nozzle extension and providing a new end closure at an opposite end of the nozzle extension. This method and the cooler apparatus minimizes the amount of welding and design work that must be done on the vessel and its associated piping when adding a catalyst cooler.

Abstract: A continuous reactor system useful for treating petroleum oil in a multi-phase fixed bed catalytic reactor comprising a system for:feeding the oil and a reactant gas at production flow rates above a first bed of porous solid catalyst particles under conversion conditions for cocurrent downward flow therethrough, collecting and withdrawing the treated oil from the first bed and redistributing at least a portion of the treated oil to at least one succeeding catalyst bed while permitting the gaseous phase to flow directly to the succeeding lower catalyst bed, recycling a quantity of treated oil collected below a catalyst bed and reapplying the treated oil at a preceding redistribution zone above the bed from which treated oil is collected, whereby the total of oil production flow rate and recycled treated oil flow rate is maintained at a predetermined minimum sufficient to effect uniform catalyst wetting. This technique is useful for hydrodewaxing of oils over zeolite catalysts.

Abstract: This invention provides a system for simultaneously scrubbing acidic exhaust gases and removing alkali and alkaline earth metal salts from waste dust from a cement plant or the like thereby producing useful products from what would otherwise be wasted. In essence the two wastes are combined in water and the resulting solution and precipitate separated in a tank. The solution is useful both to cool incoming waste gas and as a fertilizer, while the precipitate is suitable as kiln feed stock.

Abstract: Apparatus for the production of polyolefins by the polymerization of alpha-olefins in the gas phase, in several stages, in at least two polymerization reactors interconnected by a transfer device making it possible to transfer the polyolefins resulting from the first reactor into the second reactor, in which the polymerization is continued under conditions identical to or different from those of the first reactor.

Abstract: An integrated process is provided for converting methanol, dimethylether or the like to heavy hydrocarbon products, especially distillate range hydrocarbons. In a first stage catalytic process oxygenate feedstock is converted to lower olefins. C.sub.3.sup.+ olefins are selectively sorbed in an interstage sorption fractionator and passed along with gasoline sorbent to a second stage oligomerization reactor. Distillate range hydrocarbons are useful as diesel fuel or the like.

Abstract: An improved catalytic process for converting an olefinic feedstock comprising ethylene and C.sub.3.sup.+ olefins to heavier liquid hydrocarbon product comprising the steps of:(a) prefractionating the olefinic feedstock to obtain a gaseous stream rich in ethylene and a liquid stream containing C.sub.3.sup.

Abstract: In the conversion of light olefins to heavier hydrocarbons, an improved recovery technique is provided for selectively removing unreacted light olefins from a catalytic reactor effluent. This system is useful in converting ethene-rich feedstocks to gasoline and/or distillate products, particularly in oligomerization processes employing shape selective siliceous catalysts such as ZSM-5 type zeolites. By recycling gasoline-range hydrocarbons as a sorbent liquid, unreacted C.sub.2.sup.+ components may be absorbed from reactor effluent vapor and returned for further contact with the catalyst.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for effecting accelerated chemical reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures including wet oxidation of materials in waste streams. An influent waste stream or first reactant is directed through a long tubular coil within a containment vessel with a second reactant being added to the influent. The flow rates for the gas and liquid components of the waste stream are set to cause plug or slug flow of the waste stream through the tubular coil. The curvature of the coil tends to induce a secondary flow in the liquid such that the liquid tends to travel in a spiral thereby providing more intimate mixing of the reactants; and the containment vessel may be partitioned to form a series of successive compartments to permit different temperature gradients to be applied to successive sections of the tubing coil across its length.

Abstract: A combustion assembly catalytically oxidizes organic hydrocarbon gases and recovers the heat held by the heated oxidized exhaust generated by such oxidation. The assembly includes a preheater and a catalytic recuperative heat generator which contains a suitable oxidation catalyst. An outside air inlet provides communication between the outside air and the heat generator. The assembly also includes a recirculation duct coupled with a fan which form a loop for storing heated oxidized exhaust for later use, and for moderating temperature losses and gains. A return duct also provides heated oxidized exhaust to the preheater. Variable flow control devices are provided at various positions within the apparatus.

Abstract: A process for preparing a feed gas, for a thermolytic detoxification reactor or other processing units, utilizing an autoclave is described. A container of liquid waste is placed in an inerted and atmospherically sealed enclosure and hot gaseous effluent from the reactor is introduced to the interior of the enclosure outside the container to heat the liquid waste. The hot gaseous effluent is recirculated from the enclosure to the interior of the container to mix with the gaseous contents thereof. Gas is conducted from the interior of the container to the reactor as feed gas. The autoclave can also be fed by a pumped liquid waste stream.

Abstract: A multistage reactor system and operating technique for converting ethene-rich olefinic feedstock to heavier hydrocarbons, particularly gasoline and distillate range products. By employing low temperature and high temperature separators, an economic recycle is provided for each stage.

Abstract: A heat balanced system for converting an olefinic feedstock comprising ethylene and C.sub.3.sup.+ olefins to heavier liquid hydrocarbon product in a catalytic exothermic process. Means are provided for prefractionating the olefinic feedstock to obtain a gaseous stream rich in ethylene and a liquid stream containing C.sub.3.sup.+ olefin, and a reactor for contacting an olefinic feedstock stream from the prefractionating step with ZSM-5 type oligomerization catalyst in a series of exothermic catalytic reactors to provide a heavier hydrocarbon effluent stream comprising distillate, gasoline and lighter hydrocarbons. In a preferred embodiment a catalytic system is provided for making gasoline or diesel fuel from an olefinic feedstock containing ethylene and C.sub.3.sup.+ lower olefins comprising a prefractionation system for separating and recovering ethylene and a liquid stream rich in C.sub.3.sup.

Abstract: Chemical sterilants such as ethylene oxide are recovered from sterilization processes and converted into safer chemical compounds by non-catalytic hydrolysis.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for the oxidation of an aqueous suspension of organic matter at elevated temperature and pressure is disclosed. The organic matter is oxidized in a reactor having a reaction zone consisting of static mixer vane arrangement. The oxidized matter and oxygen-containing gas are circulated through the static mixer to promote the oxidation of the organic matter in reducing COD to the desired level.

Abstract: A methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) catalytic conversion system in which the conversion is conducted in a fixed bed catalytic reactor. A C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 hydrocarbon diluent is generated from pressurized liquid effluent and recycled to the fixed bed reactor in order to dissipate the heat of reaction.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus used to produce a suspension of cyanuric chloride in water, or to react cyanuric chloride with ammonia or with amines. It is possible to produce cyanuric chloride suspensions in water which have a mean particle size of below 20 .mu.m, and a concentration of higher than 20% by weight of cyanuric chloride.

Abstract: A gas stream containing CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 S is contacted with an alkanolamine in a contacting zone. The rich solution is then selectively stripped in a stripping zone to produce a gas stream containing a higher CO.sub.2 :H.sub.2 S mole ratio than the initial stream. This stream can be recycled to the alkanolamine contacting zone. The partially stripped solution can be introduced into another stripping zone to provide a third gas stream which is rich in H.sub.2 S and lean in CO.sub.2 suitable as feed for a Claus Unit and a lean alkanolamine solution which can be recycled to the contacting zone.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for effecting accelerated chemical reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures including wet oxidation of materials in waste streams. An influent waste stream or first reactant is directed through a long tubular coil within a containment vessel with a second reactant being added to the influent. The waste stream includes gas and liquid components. The flow rates for the reactants of the waste stream are set to cause plug or slug flow of the waste stream through the tubular coil. The curvature of the coil tends to induce a secondary flow in the liquid component such that the liquid component tends to travel in a spiral thereby providing more intimate mixing of the reactants. The containment vessel may be partitioned to form a series of successive compartments to permit different temperature gradients to be applied to successive sections of the tubing coil across its length.

Abstract: An oxidation assembly catalytically oxidizes organic hydrocarbon gases and recovers the heat held by the heated oxidized exhaust generated by such oxidation. The assembly includes a preheater and a catalytic recuperative heat generator which contains a suitable oxidation catalyst. An outside air inlet provides communication between the outside air and the heat generator. The assembly also includes a fan having a first and second outlet for moving the heated oxidized exhaust, and an outside air preheat exchanger. The first outlet of the fan and a recirculation duct communicate to form a loop for storing the heated oxidized exhaust for later use, and the second outlet of the fan and the inlet of the catalytic preheater communicate to form a loop for returning the oxidized exhaust to the preheater. Although the assembly may be designed with a fixed pre-adjusted gas flow control device, in the preferred embodiment, variable flow control devices are provided at various positions within the apparatus.

Abstract: A reactor plant is described comprising separate compressor and expander, and several reaction chambers. Solid reactant within each said reaction chamber is alternately compressed with reactant gas from the compressor and subsequently the consequently reacted gases are expanded through the expander. Rapid gas with solid reaction occurs since the reactant and reacted gases are alternately flowing into and out of the pore spaces of the solid reactant where a large area for reaction exists. Reacted gases are recycled back through repeated cycles of compression and expansion until adequately reacted after which they are replaced with fresh reactant gases.

Abstract: Apparatus for continuously making products in dry-phase in an exothermic reaction includes a chamber having a mixer disposed at the bottom thereof with a reaction chamber above the mixer. First and second inlets are provided for introducing reactant materials into the reaction chamber at a position above the mixer. The mixer projects the solid particles into the reaction chamber in order to interact and produce the final product while an expansion chamber is provided above the reaction chamber for evacuating the resulting gas.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process and an apparatus for the production of ammonium nitrate which produce an ammonium nitrate solution of a sufficient concentration, preferably from 90 to 98% by weight using nitric acid solutions of a relatively low concentration. The ammonium nitrate solution is concentrated in a multistage evaporation installation in which at least one evaporator is heated by the steam generated by a depressurization of the ammonium nitrate solution.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out a liquid-liquid extraction process by co-current contact between an extraction liquid and a liquid from which impurities are to be extracted includes a mixing compartment in the form of a vertical column having an open lower end and equipped in its interior and substantially throughout its length with a rotary element having surfaces extending perpendicularly or obliquely to the axis of the element. The open lower end of the column extends into a settling compartment in the form of a leak-proof container provided with means for determining the level of the extraction liquid in the container. The extraction liquid is recycled from the container by being converted to a gas and then reintroduced into the column. Compressed air is controlled electronically to supply make-up extraction liquid and any necessary reagents into the settling container to ensure that the level of the extraction liquid is maintained constant.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing an acid compound wherein an aqueous medium is pumped through a first reactor into which ammonia is injected. The first reactor comprises a venturi with a mixing deflector in the throat of the venturi. The ammonia is introduced to the first reactor via an inclined fitting proximate to the deflector. The aqueous ammonia medium is caused to flow through a second reactor downstream from the first reactor wherein sulfuric acid is injected and mixed with the aqueous ammonia medium resulting in an exothermic reaction between the ammonia and sulfuric acid under high temperatures and pressures. The sulfuric acid inlet of the second reactor comprises an inclined fitting which extends into the second reactor to form a baffle to facilitate mixing of the sulfuric acid and the aqueous ammonia mixture. The ammonia/sulfuric acid mixture then flows into a vat wherein the temperature and pressure of the compound are reduced.

Abstract: Effluent gas streams for steam reforming, partial oxidation or coal gasification operations are advantageously treated in shift conversion, scrubbing and pressure swing adsorption units for recovery of a purified, hydrogen-containing product gas stream. By recycling a portion of the waste gas removed from the pressure swing adsorption system to the shift conversion unit and/or to the effluent gas generation operation, enhanced product recovery is achieved without the necessity for employing low temperature shift or for achieving essentially complete removal of the carbon dioxide content of the gas being treated prior to its passage to said pressure swing adsorption system.

Abstract: Improvement in the enrichment of a gas in hydrogen sulphide, comprising selective absorption by a liquid in a primary absorption zone, regeneration of the liquid by heating and/or stripping by an inert gas with liberation of the gases absorbed and recovery of a fraction of the liberated gases, the remainder being subjected to a second absorption in a secondary absorption zone by a new or regenerated absorbent liquid identical with that used in the primary absorption zone; in one and the same zone of operation, common to the regeneration and the secondary absorption zones, there occur simultaneously: arrival of the liquid from the first absorption, movement of the gases liberated during regeneration, flow of the liquid derived from the secondary absorption and discharge of a fraction of the liberated gases enriched in H.sub.2 S.

Abstract: An integrated process for the simultaneous alkylation of at least one isoparaffinic hydrocarbon with at least one C.sub.4 olefinic hydrocarbon and at least one isoparaffinic hydrocarbon with at least one olefinic hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of C.sub.3, C.sub.5 and higher olefinic hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, comprising: contacting a first alkylatable hydrocarbon comprising an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon with a first alkylating agent comprising at least one olefinic hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of C.sub.3, C.sub.

Abstract: There is disclosed an apparatus for effecting a chemical reaction. There is provided an aspirator-mixer or zone to which the reaction mass is pumped to activate the same and into which another reactant is furnished and from which admixed reaction mass and reactant are discharged into a reaction zone in which the concentration or proportion of a vaporous or gaseous reactant is maintained at a level as desired by sucking therefrom into the suction side of the aspirator-mixer or zone any excess of such reactant. In one embodiment, a mercaptan is oxidized to corresponding disulfides with oxygen and the oxygen level in the reaction zone is maintained as desired by sucking off into the suction side of the aspirator-mixer any oxygen in the reaction zone in excess of that desired therein.

Abstract: A control system is disclosed for modifying the flow of hydrogen in a hydrocarbonaceous apparatus wherein a charge stock and a vaporous hydrocarbon-hydrogen recycle are charged to a reaction zone to convert the hydrocarbons and produce a reaction zone effluent conduit which is cooled to provide, via a gas-liquid separation zone, a liquid hydrocarbon product stream and the vaporous hydrocarbon-hydrogen recycle stream, the latter being returned to charge stock admixture by a compressor. The control system senses the partial pressure of hydrogen, compares that value to a previously determined value and develops a signal correlative thereto, which is transmitted to a regulater that controls the quantity of vaporous hydrocarbon-hydrogen stream recycled to admixture with the charge stock. In a hydrogen consuming process, the hydrogen partial pressure is sensed downstream of the reactor while in the hydrogen producing process, the hydrogen partial pressure is sensed in the inlet to the reaction zone.

Abstract: Polyethylene is produced in at least one reactor under a pressure of 800 to 2500 bars and a temperature of 150.degree. to 350.degree. C., and the reaction mixture exiting the reactor through an expansion valve and supplied to a separator under a pressure of 50 to 400 bars is cooled by passing a flow Q of the mixture through a turbine. The turbine comprises at least one stage with a fixed nozzle and a bladed wheel having a rotation speed of between 12,000 and 40,000 r.p.m. Ethylene discharged from the separator is recycled to the inlet of a compressor, and the discharge from the compressor is supplied to the reactor.

Abstract: Organic materials are separated and retrieved by mixing them with a liquid medium which is solid at room temperature and which is at atmosphere pressure. The material and medium are pumped by an electromagnetic pump while creating turbulence and then the velocity of the medium is decreased while heat is applied. Gases generated during the application of heat are collected. The medium is then cooled and returned to the pool at atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: Processes and apparatus for storing solar energy in synthetic fuels are disclosed. The disclosed processes include the steps of introducing steam and carbonaceous material such as coal, lignite, peat, solid organic wastes, or heavy oils into a molten gasification medium such as one or more molten salts and supplying sufficient solar heat to the gasification medium to maintain it in the molten state at a temperature at which the carbonaceous material and steam react to produce a synthesis gas product including a synthetic fuel gas or gases. Disclosed processes include the step of adding solar absorptivity enhancing dopant material to the gasification medium. Disclosed processes include the step of supplying solar heat to the gasification medium by directing concentrated solar radiation onto the gasification medium, rather than directing the solar radiation onto a separate body of material for indirectly heating the gasification medium.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for cracking heavy hydrocarbons--for example, petroleum oil or coal tar. The reactor comprises an outer spherical pressure vessel and an inner vessel within the outer vessel. The inner vessel has an open bottom end. The cracking reaction takes place in the inner vessel and the products leave through the open bottom end. The reaction is inhibited in the outer vessel since the contents are maintained at a temperature insufficient to sustain the cracking reaction. The product is withdrawn, either continuously or intermittently, via an outlet. The coke produced may be fluidized in the outer vessel or may be allowed to settle. The inner vessel may be rotated slowly about its vertical axis and high pressure fluid jets directed at its surface to dislodge coke deposited on the inside and outside wall.The reactor may be used in a system for the simultaneous distillation and thermal cracking of crude oil. Feedstock is fed to a flash-settler having three sections.

Abstract: A process for producing methanol from solid carbonaceous material comprisingproviding a gasifier means and a methanol formation means connected to said gasifier means, said gasifier means comprising a gasification chamber defined by a gasification chamber wall having an upper and a lower portion, an upper chamber wall inlet means for feeding said solid carbonaceous material into said gasification chamber, a lower chamber wall gas injection means for introducing gas into said gasification chamber, andan upper chamber wall gas outlet means, said gas outlet being connected to a gas product conduit,said methanol formation means comprising a methanol formation reactor means, reactor output conduit means, condensor means, and condensor output conduit means, said reactor conduit means being connected to said lower chamber wall gas injection means, said condenser output conduit means being connected to said condenser means and to said methanol formation reactor means,said gas product conduit being connected to said c

Abstract: Apparatus for quenching and cooling the reactor effluent in a thermal regenerative cracking (TRC) system. The quench apparatus includes a section for introducing relatively cool particulate solids into a hot effluent stream to effect initial quenching and a section to further cool the composite of quenched effluent and solids.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus adaptable to continuous production of hydrogen sulfide by chemical reaction of sulfur with a gaseous sulfur-reducing reactant selected from methane or other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon-containing compounds such as carbon disulfide, gases with high CO contents, e.g. from gasification of coal, or mixtures of such gases are provided utilizing a separately-fired sulfur heater to vaporize liquid sulfur feedstock. Adding steam with the sulfur reduces the temperature level requirements of the sulfur vapors and provides H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 for the hydrolysis reactions. Control of the temperature of the sulfur vapors and steam delivered into the system through the sulfur vaporizer is used to modulate sulfiding reaction temperatures. A major portion of the steam is introduced with the sulfur vapors; a minor portion of the steam can be added with the feedstock reductant gas to assist in heat recovery from the reaction product gases and to facilitate standby conditions.

Abstract: Progammable computer controlled reaction injection mixing of selectively variable reactive fluid polymerizable components is disclosed, embodying an improved reactive injection mixing head construction which facilitates rapid changes in mix formulations between successive pour or molding operations in a continuing succession of such operations, while maintaining consistently uniform results in the finished products.

Abstract: A apparatus for the catalytic alkylation of an isoparaffin with one or more olefins. Reactant hydrocarbons are passed in contact with a liquid catalyst such as hydrofluoric acid in a reaction zone. The hydrocarbon phase is allowed to separate from the catalyst phase in a settling zone, and a portion of the hydrocarbon phase is cooled and reintroduced to the reaction zone in a separate stream from that of the feed hydrocarbons. The alkylation apparatus by which the process is carried out includes a vertical reaction vessel, which in a preferred embodiment is 2 to 6 feet in height, a settling vessel, means for fluid flow from the reaction vessel to the settling vessel, a conduit for fluid flow between the upper part of the settling vessel and the reaction zone, and means for cooling fluid in this conduit.

Abstract: Gaseous hydrogen and oxygen are combined in an upwardly extending casing containing a catalytic assembly in an intermediate portion of the casing with means for distributing hydrogen gas in the catalytic assembly, distributing cooling water and oxygen feeds downwardly from a top portion of the casing on to the catalytic assembly and draining water from a bottom portion of the casing is recirculated. Combined oxygen and hydrogen entrained in the draining water are extracted by tapping water from the recirculating draining water. The catalyst assembly comprises high surface area, porous supports with platinum in the pores and a polytetrafluoroethylene coating over the supports, the platinum particles comprising about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight % of the total weight of the supports, platinum and polytetrafluoroethylene, and the polytetrafluoroethylene comprises about 2 to about 4 weight % of the total weight of support, platinum and polytetrafluoroethylene.

Abstract: Acid soluble oils recovered from the acid phase from an HF alkylation unit are processed with hydrocarbon phase from the same or a different unit.

Abstract: An improved anchor agitator is provided for performing uniform and effective stirring of the fluidized bed zone of a polymerization vessel in a gaseous phase polymerization, especially of olefins such as ethylene and propylene. The anchor agitator includes at least two pairs of arms provided on a rotating shaft in mutually crossing positions. A pair of main blades is provided at opposite outward end portions of one pair of arms and at the opposite outward portions of each remaining pair of arms a pair of subsidiary blades is provided. The main blades and subsidiary blades extend substantially parallel along the axis of the rotating shaft and each pair of blades is located substantially equidistant from the axis of the rotating shaft. The pair of main blades is located farther from the axis of the rotating shaft than the subsidiary blades.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating on demand a gaseous product from a liquid phase reaction of one reactant in the solid phase at ambient room conditions and another reactant in the liquid phase at ambient room conditions. The reactants preferably are iodine crystals, and liquid tetrahydronaphthalene (THN), with the gaseous product being hydrogen iodide. The liquid phase reaction, in the preferred embodiment, is 2I.sub.2 +C.sub.10 H.sub.12 .fwdarw.4HI+C.sub.10 H.sub.8, known per se. Preferably, THN is pumped from a reservoir to be sprinkled over the iodine crystals in another reservoir. Some iodine dissolves into the liquid THN, with the resulting solution then percolating through a reaction zone containing a heated, porous packing material. Heat is transferred to the solution, thereby promoting, i.e., driving the above reaction. The gaseous hydrogen iodide is then removed from the reaction zone; typically for direct use, for example, in a chemical laser.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus adaptable to continuous production of hydrogen sulfide from chemical reaction of sulfur with various gaseous sulfur-reducing reactants selected from hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon-containing compounds such as carbon disulfide, hydrogen, of mixtures of such gases are provided utilizing a fired process sulfur heater to vaporize liquid sulfur feed stock.Control of the temperature of the sulfur vapors and the amount of liquid sulfur feed are used to modulate sulfiding reaction temperatures.Viscosity of the liquid sulfur feed stock is modified by contact with product gases in order to facilitate flow rate control as liquid sulfur is pumped into the sulfur vaporizer where its temperature increases above about 300.degree. F.Steam for hydrolysis purposes is introduced with the sulfur vapors, to augment temperature modulation of the sulfiding reactions, and/or with the reductant gas to assist in heat recovery from the reaction product gases.

Abstract: A recirculating coil polymerizer is provided which uses evaporative cooling to maintain polymer temperature.

Abstract: A continuous process for the alkylation of an alkylatable hydrocarbon with an alkylating agent in the presence of an acid-type catalyst, including; contacting an alkylatable hydrocarbon with an alkylating agent in the presence of an acid-type catalyst at a temperature and pressure and for a time sufficient to alkylate the alkylatable hydrocarbon; separating the reaction effluent stream into an alkylate product phase and a catalyst phase containing catalyst-soluble oil; cooling the catalyst phase to a temperature essentially equal to the alkylation reaction temperature; recycling the cooled catalyst phase to the alkylation reaction; contacting a diolefinic hydrocarbon with an acid-type catalyst at a temperature and pressure sufficient to form additional catalyst-soluble oil and combining the additional catalyst-soluble oil with the circulating catalyst phase.

Abstract: The direct fluid contact heat exchange with H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at about 330.degree. C. prior to high temperature decomposition at about 830.degree. C. in the oxygen release step of several thermochemical cycles for splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen provides higher heat transfer rates, savings in energy and permits use of cast vessels rather than expensive forged alloy indirect heat exchangers. Among several candidate perfluorocarbon liquids tested, only perfluoropropylene oxide polymers having a degree of polymerization from about 10 to 60 were chemically stable, had low miscibility and vapor pressure when tested with sulfuric acid at temperatures from 300.degree. C. to 400.degree. C.

Abstract: This invention relates to improved hydroformylation reactors of the "loop" type comprising two parallel vertical tubes, one of said tubes having a supply tube at its base and acting as the ascending branch and the other of said tubes acting as the descending branch, and means connecting said tubes to one another at their top and bottom ends, the improvement comprising a tubular loop connecting said tubes at their upper ends, and an evacuation orifice for synthesis gases and excess liquid phase from said tubular loop, said orifice having a smaller diameter than the internal diameter of said tubular loop.