Abstract: A process making nitroparaffins comprises a nitration reaction in the gass phase, under pressure, in a closed loop with recycling of the products that have not reacted, with continuous deconcentration purge and continuous input of hydrocarbon and nitrating agent. The process is applicable to nitration of saturated hydrocarbon less than C.sub.5, above or in mixture.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for enriching the iron carbonyl content of a recycle gas stream produced in an iron carbonyl decomposition or reaction process to enable reuse of the recycle gas stream in the iron carbonyl decomposition or reaction process by cooling the recycle gas stream, adding carbon monoxide to the recycle gas stream, compressing the recycle gas stream to a pressure of about 20 to about 38 atmospheres under conditions suitable to prevent substantial decomposition of residual iron carbonyl, and contacting the compressed gas stream at a temperature of about 65.degree. to about 160.degree. C. with a reduced iron containing material in the presence of hydrogen sulfide under conditions suitable to produce substantially condensed iron carbonyl.

Abstract: Substituted thiocarbamates are produced by continuously feeding together a secondary amine and sulphur in stoichiometric proportions and in a suitable solvent into a reaction column subjected to pressure by carbon monoxide. A continuous circulation of the reaction solution is maintained in the column, and the effluent is subjected to alkylation, the substituted carbamate being derived therefrom continuously.

Abstract: A H.sub.2 -containing feed gas is introduced into a reaction area including a liquid medium containing a catalyst, to thereby preform a catalytic reaction to produce a gaseous reaction product and to generate heat of reaction which is transferred to the liquid medium, such that the catalytic reaction occurs at an operational temperature and at an operational pressure. The liquid medium is a reactor liquid which is stable during the catalytic reaction and which boils at the operational temperature and operational pressure. The boiling reactor liquid thereby maintains the catalyst at a constant temperature. Boiling of the reactor liquid produces an evaporation of the reactor liquid, and the resultant vapor is condensed in a condensation area located above the reaction area. The thus formed condensate is retuthe catalyst at a constant temperature.

Abstract: A modular chlorine dioxide generating unit (10) is disclosed wherein recycled reaction mixture passes along a flow path (18) internally of the generator vessel (12) out of direct fluid flow communication with the reaction medium (13) from the lower end (16) of the vessel (12) to a discharge point in the vapor phase (15) above the liquid level (13) in the generator vessel (12).

Abstract: A continuous process for alkylating an alkylatable hydrocarbon with an alkylating agent in the presence of an acid-type catalyst in which the alkylatable hydrocarbon is contacted with the alkylating agent in the presence of the catalyst at a temperature and for a time sufficient to alkylate the alkylatable hydrocarbon, the reaction product is separated into an alkylate product phase and a catalyst phase, containing catalyst-soluble oil, the catalyst phase is cooled to maintain a preselected temperature in the exothermic alkylation zone, the cooled catalyst phase is recycled to the alkylation reaction and a predetermined concentration of catalyst-soluble oil is maintained in the catalyst phase by at least periodically heating an alkylating agent to a temperature above the reaction temperature, contacting the heated alkylating agent with one of the separated recycle catalyst, separated rerun catalyst, fresh catalyst or mixture thereof and combining the resultant reaction product with separated recycle catalyst

Abstract: The entrainment of reaction medium in the vapor phase is decreased in a chlorine dioxide generator producing a gaseous mixture of chlorine dioxide, chlorine and steam from a boiling reaction medium and wherein generator liquor is recycled with make up chemicals by providing a tangential entry of recycled liquor to the generator in the vapor space above the liquid level in the generator and a helically-arranged baffle projecting inwardly from the generator wall at least in the height of the generator corresponding to the tangential entry opening into the vapor space. The baffle is arranged to be above the trajectory of the recycled liquor as it enters the generator. Decreased liquor entrainment enables the generator diameter to be decreased, with consequentially decreased capital costs.

Abstract: A multi-stage reactor for the oxidation of alkyl aromatics, e.g. a mixture of p-xylene and methyl p-toluate in a liquid phase reaction mixture with oxygen-containing gases, e.g. air, under elevated pressure and at an elevated temperature in the presence of an oxidation catalyst is in the form of an elongated closed tank with a multiplicity of neighboring reaction chambers arranged successively from one end to the other end of the tank for containing the liquid reaction mixture at predetermined levels in each chamber. The reactor is provided with an oxidizing gas feed system for introducing an oxidizing gas into each chamber, feed means for introducing at least one alkyl aromatic reactant and an oxidation catalyst into at least one of the reaction chambers, a vapor-collecting conduit means in communication with each of said chambers for removing reaction gas from each of said chambers, and a discharge means for removing the oxidized product from the reactor tank.

Abstract: A method and related apparatus are provided for producing on a semi-continuous basis polycrystalline silicon and melt replenishment for a crystal growth crucible. The silicon is deposited in low density form on the inner walls of a multi-walled reaction chamber by delivering gaseous HSiCL.sub.3, SiH.sub.4, or the like, and reducing gas if needed, through the chamber which is heated to the reaction temperature of the feed gas. After a certain amount of silicon has been produced, the chamber temperature is raised sufficiently to melt down the silicon which is then used to replenish a crystal growth crucible. The operations are then cyclically repeated.The apparatus includes a reaction chamber having a multi-walled configuration to maximize the interior surface area on which the silicon is deposited. A drain trap such as a U-shaped tube, or the like, is connected to the bottom of the reaction chamber and provided with heating elements.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for the production of phosphoric acid by subjecting yellow phosphorus to combustion inside a combustion tower, the apparatus comprising a cone-shaped shell with a flat bottom of acidproof material forming the combustion tower, the cone ratio of the shell being 1:10 to 1:12. An upwardly-directed off-gas outlet is secured to the lower portion of the shell and a plurality of downwardly directed spray nozzles is arranged so as to open through the middle portion of the shell into the interior of the combustion tower. An acid-receiving cup with an overflow weir is positioned near the upper end of the shell, the acid-receiving cup surrounding the combustion tower concentrically, being gas-tightly connected to, and supporting, a self-supporting cone-shaped tower cover having a passageway passed centrally through it. The overflow weir is formed of a tubular-annular structure disposed completely horizontally inside the acid-receiving cup.

Abstract: Chlorine dioxide solution for use in waste water treatment is produced in an automated small scale plant wherein sodium chlorate solution is reacted with sulphur dioxide at subatmospheric pressure by countercurrent flow in a reaction tower. Water ejectors are used to withdraw gaseous chlorine dioxide from the upper end of the tower and form therefrom chlorine dioxide solution and also to withdraw liquid effluent from the bottom of the tower for discharge. The plant is fully automated to form chlorine dioxide solution in response to inventory requirements. The chlorine dioxide-producing reaction is only permitted to operate if each of a plurality of sensed parameters is within predetermined ranges.

Abstract: Propylene and butylenes are separately acid alkylated with at least one isoparaffin. Expansion and liquid-vapor separation is utilized to separate the propylene from the butylenes. The use of expansion and separation improves the energy efficiency of the alkylation process. The energy efficiency of the alkylation process is further improved by utilizing the bottoms product from the acid stripper associated with the isostripper to cool the acid being supplied to the riser reactor. The size requirements of the isostripper are also reduced by using liquid-vapor separation to remove at least a portion of the unreacted isoparaffin from the alkylated butylenes.

Abstract: A reactor apparatus for hydrocracking a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbonaceous feedstock to produce lighter hydrocarbon fuels by contacting the hydrocarbonaceous feedstock with hydrogen in the presence of a molten metal halide catalyst.

Abstract: The fouling of autorefrigeration polymerization systems because of entrained particles in the vaporized solvent-diluent is substantially reduced by returning the recycle solvent-diluent into the reaction zone through nozzles which provide a solvent-diluent spray of an average droplet size of less than 1000 microns, preferably between about 225 and 300 micron average particle size, which spray removes major amounts of entrained particles down to 5 microns in size. The solvent diluent may be an inert material or unreacted alpha-olefin, such as propylene.

Abstract: A pulping digester contains a liquid digesting medium and wood chips dispersed in the medium. The level of the wood chips in the digester is normally below the top of the digester. As chips and digesting medium are fed to the digester and as pulp and digesting medium are withdrawn from the digester, the chip level will vary dependent upon the net addition of chips and withdrawal of pulp. The variable location of the chip level, or chip height, is determined by positioning a temperature sensing means in the upper portion of the digester above the normally desired chip level. The temperature sensed by the sensing means is displayed to and monitored by the digester operator. As the chip level rises toward the temperature sensor, the sensed temperature will fall until the chip level rises above the location of the temperature sensor, after which the sensed temerature will rapidly increase as the chip level continues to rise above the location of the sensing means.

Abstract: A continuous process for the alkylation of an alkylatable hydrocarbon with an alkylating agent in the presence of an acid-type catalyst, including; contacting an alkylatable hydrocarbon with an alkylating agent in the presence of an acid-type catalyst at a temperature and pressure and for a time sufficient to alkylate the alkylatable hydrocarbon; separating the reaction effluent stream into an alkylate product phase and a catalyst phase containing catalyst-soluble oil; cooling the catalyst phase to a temperature essentially equal to the alkylation reaction temperature; recycling the cooled catalyst phase to the alkylation reaction; contacting a diolefinic hydrocabon with an acid-type catalyst at a temperature and pressure sufficient to form additional catalyst-soluble oil and combining the additional catalyst-soluble oil with the circulating catalyst phase.

Abstract: A method of alkylating an alkylatable hydrocarbon with different alkylating agents, at different reaction temperatures and in a single reaction zone, in which an alkylatable hydrocarbon is contacted with an acid-type catalyst and at different points in an elongated reaction zone, the reaction zone effluent is separated into a hydrocarbon phase and a catalyst recycle phase and the reaction temperatures of the various alkylating agents are maintained at different temperatures by splitting the recycle catalyst phase into an equal number of streams and adjusting the reaction temperatures by adjusting the temperatures of the recycle catalyst phase streams, the relative proportions of the recycle catalyst phase streams or both. A method of starting-up the process and apparatus for conducting the process are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for safely and economically converting sodium sludge and other dangerous wastes containing metallic sodium, lithium and potassium into products of economic value. The process reacts solid or molten wastes with an aqueous solution to yield products of the metal hydroxides, hydrogen gas and waste heat while consuming only water. Both scrap sodium and sodium sludge are acceptable feedstocks for this unique float/spray process.

Abstract: Continuous production of iso- or terephthalic acid in a stirred reaction zone by catalytic air oxidation of m- or p-xylene in the presence of a benzoic acid-water liquid solvent system at constant gauge pressure within the range of 7 to 21 kg/cm.sup.2 wherein oxidation temperature within the range of 175.degree. to 235.degree. C. is maintained substantially constant by the novel control thereof by only varying the flow rate of water condensate reflux to the oxidation zone. The invention further pertains to novel means for achieving such temperature control.

Abstract: A sodium storage and injection system for delivering atomized liquid sodium to a chemical reactor employed in the production of solar grade silicon. The system is adapted to accommodate start-up, shut-down, normal and emergency operations and is characterized by a jacketed injection nozzle adapted to atomize liquefied sodium and a supply circuit connected to the nozzle for delivering thereto liquefied sodium comprising a plurality of replaceable sodium containment vessels, a pump interposed between the vessels and the nozzle, and a pressurizing circuit including a source of inert gas connected with the vessels for maintaining the sodium under pressure.

Abstract: A mobile catalyst treatment unit and process of operating same involves a closed gas processing loop supported on a normally mobile carrier such as a flat truck bed or trailer which is connectable with the inlet and outlet of a catalytic reactor. The normal process gas is cut off from the catalytic reactor so as to isolate the catalyst and to place the gas processing loop into communication with the reactor. Thereafter, the catalytic reactor can be purged of reducing gases and then treated with an oxidizing gas to burn off carbonaceous materials from the catalyst surface, in the process known as regeneration, or the catalyst can be treated with a reducing gas in the process known as reduction, or the catalyst can be heated for startup purposes, or cooled down for purposes of unloading or other mechanical work on the reactor or treated with other treatment gases such as hydrogen sulfide for sulfiding and the like.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing an aromatic dicarboxylic acid by oxidizing a benzene derivative with molecular oxygen in the liquid phase in a lower aliphatic carboxylic acid as a solvent in the presence of an oxidation catalyst, wherein a starting material liquid e.g., a benzene derivative or a solution thereof in the lower aliphatic carboxylic acid, is fed into the liquid-phase reaction system in a uniformly dispersed state by being passed through a porous material causing the pressure of the starting material liquid just after passing through said porous material to drop more than about 1 kg/m.sup.2 in relation to the pressure of the starting material liquid just before passing through said porous material. The resultant aromatic dicarboxylic acid has high purity and has good color.

Abstract: Apparatus for the processing of solid fuel hydrocarbons including a reactor for hydrogenation of the fuel reactant and a combustion reactor for oxidation of the residuum from the first reactor, the solid fuel reactant being dissolved in molten salt throughout its processing; and heat recovery means including a molten metal loop and a steam loop whereby the excess heat from the hydrogenation and oxidation reactors, present in the molten salt reaction matrix, is recovered in molten metal and transferred to the steam loop for energy production while avoiding cross contamination of the steam loop with salt from the reaction loop, and vice-versa.

Abstract: In the case of reactions in the liquid phase the reactants should be contacted with one another as intimately as possible. The economy of a process depends on the transfer of the reactants to the place were the reaction takes place and the removal of the reaction product. The mass transfer in liquid media can be improved by adding to the liquid medium 0.1 to 10% by volume of inert solid particles having a specific gravity which is by 1.1 to 20 times greater than that of the liquid medium and imparting to the liquid medium a movement such that the solid particles having a diameter of from 0.1 to 40 mm are kept in suspension.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided wherein organic reactant is sulfonated by injecting it into a stream of gas comprising sulfur trioxide, at a venturi, and the resulting reaction mixture is quenched with a stream of cooled, recycled reaction product immediately downstream of the venturi in a conduit in which particles of reaction mixture are agglomerated into a film of the recycle stream and in which additional sulfonation reaction occurs.