Abstract: A method of manufacturing an internal combustion engine is provided. The engine includes a cylinder forming member, a piston reciprocatably accommodated in a cylinder, an injector which supplies fuel into a combustion chamber, and a heat insulating layer covering at least a part of a combustion-chamber wall surface and having a lower heat conductivity than the combustion-chamber wall surface. The method includes applying a coating material that is a material of the heat insulating layer to the combustion-chamber wall surface, assembling the piston to the cylinder forming member while the coating material is uncured, and heating the coating material to be cured by combusting the fuel injected from the injector and reciprocating the piston. The heating the coating material includes injecting the fuel from the injector at least in an early stage of the heating so that the injected fuel adhering to the surface of the coating material is suppressed.

Abstract: A portable oxygen generating system is provided that comprises a reaction chamber, a feed system for providing and controlling hydrogen peroxide solution to the reaction chamber, and a cooling/condensing system for cooling the hot oxygen and water vapor leaving the reactor and condensing and removing water. The portable chemical oxygen generation system produces humidified, breathable oxygen, that is substantially free of hydrogen peroxide and other contaminants, at a controlled flow and temperature over an extended period of time.

Abstract: The various embodiments of the present invention disclose a modular portable oxygen generator including a reactor container having two vertical compartments, where one of the compartments houses a cartridge while another houses oxygen storage tank. The arrangement is provided with a mechanism to guide the oxygen generated in the cartridge after triggering to a defined outlet. The modular portable oxygen generator is light weight, easy to carry and easy to use with minimal maintenance as compared to heavy oxygen cylinders and generator.

Abstract: Sorbent materials are described that have enhanced performance in removing chlorine and chloramine, among other toxic compounds. The sorbent materials are formed by a process which includes steps of oxidation, adding a nitrogen-containing compound, and calcining the sorbent. The processes of forming the sorbent materials are also disclosed. The sorbent materials have excellent performance as measured by a chloramine and/or chlorine destruction number, and the sorbents retain a high nitrogen edge concentration. The sorbent materials may also be incorporated into devices such as filter assemblies.

Abstract: The present invention provides a stabilized hypohalous acid solution (or formulation thereof), which may be conveniently packaged for sale, or stored for later use on demand. The invention further provides methods of making the stabilized hypohalous acid solution, as well as methods of use for disinfecting mammalian tissue, including wounds and burns, disinfecting or cleansing surfaces, or treating and/or preserving food products and cut flowers, among other uses.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved formaldehyde-free coated fibrous substrate. The coating includes a crosslinked binder system which forms three dimensional networks when heat cured. After the coating is applied to the back of fibrous substrate and cured, the coating is capable of hygroscopic expansion which imparts excellent anti-sag properties. The coating is compatible with other coating systems with neutral or mild alkaline pH. The improvement being the binding system is neutralized with a volatile base so that it evaporates quickly so as not to hinder the cross-linking reaction.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to the release of singlet oxygen by thermally activated decomposition of aromatic endoperoxide molecules in material systems [e.g. polymer (nano)particles or polymer films]. Due to the short lifespan and diffusion length of singlet oxygen, the technical problem is that the majority of the decomposition may only take place if the singlet oxygen molecules can reach the target region. For example, either the penetration of the polymer particles into the cancer cells to be killed, or the settlement of bacteria on an implant coated with the polymer film, must be accomplished. It is necessary to allow adaptation of the time progression of the decomposition for the application. The adaptation is performed by chemically and/or physically modifying the functional structures present in the material system, each made of the molecule forming the endoperoxide and at least one adjacent molecule or the cage formed by all adjacent molecules.

Abstract: Disclosed is a non-precious metal based water electrolysis catalyst represented by CoX/C (X is at least one selected from the group consisting of P, O, B, S and N) for evolution of hydrogen and oxygen at a cathode and anode, respectively, at the same time, the catalyst including a cobalt-containing compound fixed to a carbon carrier.

Abstract: A composite having a substrate and a plurality of core-shell nanoparticles. The substrate has microporosity, nanoporosity, or free volume and is a polymer matrix, a metal-organic framework, a micro-porous structure, or a nano-porous structure. The plurality of core-shell nanoparticles each has a core and at least one shell layer. The core is made from a decomposed product of a first precursor disposed in the microporosity, nanoporosity, or free volume of the substrate. The at least one shell layer is made from a decomposed product of a second precursor and is disposed on the core.

Abstract: A powdery mineral filler comprising a calcium compound and a magnesium compound, comprising a semi-hydrated dolomite of general formula aCaCO3.bCa(OH)2.cMg(OH)2.dMg0.eCaO, a, b, c, d and e being molar fractions with (a+b+e)/(c+d) between 0.8 and 1.2, and comprising particle agglomerates, a flame-retardant polymer composition containing same, production methods and use of such mineral fillers.

Abstract: A composite having a substrate and a plurality of core-shell nanoparticles. The substrate has microporosity, nanoporosity, or free volume and is a polymer matrix, a metal-organic framework, a micro-porous structure, or a nano-porous structure. The plurality of core-shell nanoparticles each has a core and at least one shell layer. The core is made from a decomposed product of a first precursor disposed in the microporosity, nanoporosity, or free volume of the substrate. The at least one shell layer is made from a decomposed product of a second precursor and is disposed on the core.

Abstract: Provided are methods and devices for storing and generating oxygen from a low temperature oxygen generating liquid. The oxygen storage method may use lithium chlorate plus water to store oxygen wherein all solids that may be present enter solution for delivery as a liquid to a reaction vessel. The oxygen production method may be a batch process with steps to heat the liquid, boil out the water, thermally decompose the lithium chlorate and then rinse out the remaining product. The apparatus for oxygen generation may use multiple reaction vessels operating sequentially to produce a continuous flow of oxygen with a rinse step in a separate area from the heat application area to remove end product solid. The device for oxygen storage includes a storage vessel and is configured to heat the oxygen generating liquid using waste heat present in the rinse liquid.

Abstract: Water molecules, preferably in the form of steam or water vapor, are introduced into a radiant energy transfer reactor. The radiant energy is absorbed by the molecules which dissociate into their constituent molecular elements of hydrogen and oxygen. To prevent recombining of the constituent molecular elements, the hydrogen and oxygen are separated from each other. Various devices may be employed to effect this separation. Once separated, the molecular components are prevented from recombining with each other or with other elements by using standard separation techniques normally employed for separating dissimilar gaseous species.

Abstract: Adsorption systems providing a capacity of at least 200 g/L for oxygen-containing mixtures, or an oxygen-nitrogen selectivity of at least 1.4:1 or at least 1:2 with an adsorbed capacity of at least 0.6 mmol/g at 4 bar and 22° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for generating oxygen, comprising at least one oxygen source selected from chlorates and perchlorates, to an oxygen generator comprising such a composition, and a method for generating oxygen by decomposing such a composition. The present invention further relates to the use of transition metal ortho-phosphate compounds ortho-vanadate compounds and mixed ortho-phosphate-vanadate compounds as multifunctional components in the oxygen generating compositions.

Abstract: Catalysts prepared from abundant, cost effective metals, such as cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, iron, and copper, and containing one or more neutrally charged ligands (e.g., monodentate, bidentate, and/or polydentate ligands) and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. Exemplary ligands include, but are not limited to, phosphine ligands, nitrogen-based ligands, sulfur-based ligands, and/or arsenic-based ligands. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a cobalt-based catalyst or a nickel-based catalyst. The catalysts described herein are stable and active at neutral pH and in a wide range of buffers that are both weak and strong proton acceptors. While its activity is slightly lower than state of the art cobalt-based water oxidation catalysts under some conditions, it is capable of sustaining electrolysis at high applied potentials without a significant degradation in catalytic current. This enhanced robustness gives it an advantage in industrial and large-scale water electrolysis schemes.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for thermochemical production of hydrogen and oxygen from water by a low temperature, multi-step, closed, cyclic copper-chlorine (Cu—Cl) process involving the reactions of copper and chlorine compounds. A method for production of hydrogen via Cu—Cl thermochemical cycle consists of four thermal reactions and one electrochemical reaction and one unit operation. The cycle involves six steps: (1) hydrogen production step; (2) copper production step; (3) drying step; (4) hydrogen chloride production step; (5) decomposition step; (6) oxygen production step. The net reaction of the sequential process is the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen. The methods for production of copper oxide which comprises contacting copper chloride particles with superheated steam and production of oxygen comprises reaction of copper oxide with dry chlorine as a part of hydrogen production by thermochemical Copper-Chlorine (Cu—Cl) cycle.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to methods of catalytically reducing carbon dioxide, each method comprising: contacting a composition comprising a spinel-type transition iron oxide with an alkali metal carbonate, bicarbonate, or mixture thereof at a first temperature to form CO, and an alkali metal ion-transition metal oxide; hydrolytically extracting at least a portion of alkali metal ions from the alkali metal ion-transition metal oxide by the reaction with CO2 and liquid H2O at a second temperature; and thermochemically reducing the transition metal composition of the second step at a third temperature, with the associated formation of O2.

Abstract: Methods of generating oxygen (O2) are described in which ferrate(VI) is combined with an acid.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of thermochemical forming H2, O2, or a combination thereof from water, said method comprising the steps of contacting a composition comprising a spinel-type transition metal oxide of formula M3O4 with an alkali metal carbonate bicarbonate, or mixture thereof in the presence of H2O to form H2, CO2, and an alkali metal ion-transition metal oxide; hydrolytically extracting at least a portion of alkali metal ions from the alkali metal ion-transition metal oxide by the reaction with CO2 and liquid H2O; and thermochemically reducing the resulting oxidized-transition metal oxide. The thermochemical reduction of CO2 based on analogous methods is also disclosed.

Abstract: A sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst, in particular, a sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst capable of lowering the temperature required when producing hydrogen by an S—I cycle process is disclosed. A sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst that includes a composite oxide of tungsten, vanadium and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of transition metal and rare earth elements is provided. Also, a sulfur dioxide production process that includes decomposing sulfur trioxide into sulfur dioxide and oxygen by using the sulfur trioxide decomposition catalyst above is provided. Furthermore, a hydrogen production process, wherein the reaction of decomposing sulfur trioxide into sulfur dioxide and oxygen by an S—I cycle process is performed by the above-described sulfur dioxide production process is provided.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an oxide coated semiconductor nanocrystal population and a method of synthesizing the oxide coated semiconductor nanocrystal population. The method includes coating a semiconductor nanocrystal population with a species capable of being oxidized to create a coated semiconductor nanocrystal population. The method further includes exposing the coated semiconductor nanocrystal population to oxygen to create the oxide coated semiconductor nanocrystal population. Further disclosed herein is a consolidated material and a method of consolidating a material from the oxide coated semiconductor nanocrystal population.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an LS methane hydrate containing a plurality of methane hydrate crystals and lignosulfonate. The disclosure also provides a method of making an LS methane hydrate by combining methane gas, liquid or solid water, and LS at controlled temperature and starting pressure for a time sufficient to form LS methane hydrate. The disclosure further provides a method of producing energy from an LS methane hydrate by providing an LS methane hydrate directly to a combustion chamber, whereby methane in the methane hydrate and LS are converted to energy in the combustion chamber and water in the methane hydrate is converted to steam. The disclosure additionally provides a method of releasing methane from an LS methane hydrate by heating an LS methane hydrate.

Abstract: Provided is a method of separating carbon and oxygen isotopes by using a laser. In one preferred embodiment, the method includes performing a photolysis process on formaldehyde including a carbon or oxygen isotope by irradiation with ultraviolet light having a wavelength ranging from 340 nm to 360 nm to generate carbon monoxide having a carbon or oxygen isotope enriched therein and hydrogen, performing a catalytic reaction on the carbon monoxide having a carbon or oxygen isotope enriched therein and the hydrogen to synthesize carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) having a carbon or oxygen isotope enriched therein, and cooling the H2O to recover CO2 having a carbon isotope enriched therein or H2O having an oxygen isotope enriched therein.

Abstract: A engineered composition and method of delivery of said composition providing effective therapy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease.

Abstract: Homogeneous water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) for the oxidation of water to produce hydrogen ions and oxygen, and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. In a preferred embodiment, the WOC is a polyoxometalate WOC which is hydrolytically stable, oxidatively stable, and thermally stable. The WOC oxidized waters in the presence of an oxidant. The oxidant can be generated photochemically, using light, such as sunlight, or electrochemically using a positively biased electrode. The hydrogen ions are subsequently reduced to form hydrogen gas, for example, using a hydrogen evolution catalyst (HEC). The hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel in combustion reactions and/or in hydrogen fuel cells. The catalysts described herein exhibit higher turn over numbers, faster turn over frequencies, and/or higher oxygen yields than prior art catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a class of organometallic catalysts for both hydrogenation and water oxidation. The synthesis and the use of these catalysts for hydrogenation, hydrogen production and water oxidation reactions is also disclosed.

Abstract: The electronic structure of nanowires, nanotubes and thin films deposited on a substrate is varied by doping with electrons or holes. The electronic structure can then be tuned by varying the support material or by applying a gate voltage. The electronic structure can be controlled to absorb a gas, store a gas, or release a gas, such as hydrogen, oxygen, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and the like.

Abstract: High purity water produced by reverse osmosis. A feedwater is pretreated to remove hardness and non-hydroxide alkalinity, and the pH is raised to 8.5 or more to ionize solute species such as boron that are sparingly ionized when in neutral or near neutral pH aqueous solution. Ultrapure water resulting is suitable for industrial use.

Abstract: A method for the coproduction of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen using an ion transport membrane is provided. This method includes separating a compressed, hot air stream in an ion transport membrane, thereby producing a product oxygen stream and a hot nitrogen rich stream; utilizing at least a portion of the hot nitrogen rich stream as a heat source for reforming a hydrocarbons stream, thereby producing a syngas stream and a warm product nitrogen stream; and separating the syngas stream into a product hydrogen stream and a carbon dioxide rich stream.

Abstract: An iron oxyhydroxide includes a plurality of iron oxyhydroxide octahedra components, a plurality of chloride components and at least one of germanium hydroxide components or germanium oxide components. The iron oxyhydroxide octahedra components form a tunnel-type structure. The chloride components are disposed in a tunnel of the tunnel-type structure and bonded to at least one of the iron hydroxide octahedra components. The germanium hydroxide components or the germanium oxide components substitute for at least one of the chloride components.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a reduced graphene oxide doped with a dopant, and a thin layer, a transparent electrode, a display device and a solar cell including the reduced graphene oxide. The reduced graphene oxide doped with a dopant includes an organic dopant and/or an inorganic dopant.

Abstract: In some implementations, a system for disassociating water includes a decomposition chamber, a heating element, a plurality of hollow fiber membranes, and a water inlet. The heating element is positioned in the decomposition chamber and configured to generate heat sufficient to dissociate at least a portion of water to hydrogen and oxygen. The plurality of hollow fiber membranes include at least a section of each hollow fiber membrane that passes through the decomposition chamber and has an inner conduit and an outer wall. The inner conduit for each hollow fiber membrane is configured to pass a sweep gas, and the outer wall for each hollow fiber membrane is configured to selectively pass either oxygen or hydrogen. The water inlet connected to the decomposition chamber and configured to pass water vapor into the decomposition chamber.

Abstract: Dissolved oxygen may be generated by adding a peroxide to a fluid stream and then catalytically decomposing the peroxide to generate oxygen. As the peroxide is catalytically decomposed, the oxygen may solubilize in a surrounding fluid so as to provide dissolved oxygen. In some examples, the amount of peroxide added to the fluid stream is controlled such that substantially all of the hydrogen peroxide added to the fluid stream catalytically decomposes and yet the dissolved oxygen concentration of the fluid stream does not exceed a dissolved oxygen saturation limit for the fluid stream.

Abstract: Provided are methods for storing gases on porous adsorbents, methods for optimizing the storage of gases on porous adsorbents, methods of making porous adsorbents, and methods of gas storage of optimized compositions, as in systems containing porous adsorbents and gas adsorbed on the surface of the porous adsorbent. The disclosed methods and systems feature a constant or increasing isosteric enthalpy of adsorption as a function of uptake of the gas onto the exposed surface of a porous adsorbent. Adsorbents with a porous geometry and surface dimensions suited to a particular adsorbate are exposed to the gas at elevated pressures in the specific regime where n/V (density) is larger than predicted by the ideal gas law by more than several percent.

Abstract: Dissolved oxygen may be generated by adding a peroxide to a fluid stream and then catalytically decomposing the peroxide to generate oxygen. As the peroxide is catalytically decomposed, the oxygen may solubilize in a surrounding fluid so as to provide dissolved oxygen. In some examples, the amount of peroxide added to the fluid stream is controlled such that substantially all of the hydrogen peroxide added to the fluid stream catalytically decomposes and yet the dissolved oxygen concentration of the fluid stream does not exceed a dissolved oxygen saturation limit for the fluid stream.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing quick lime from lime stone in a continuous regenerative shaft kiln, characterized in that, starting with standard conditions of excessive combustion air for the operation of this kiln, it especially includes a step where the excessive combustion air is progressively reduced until a content greater than 1000 ppm (in volume) of carbon monoxide is reached in the connection flue between the tanks. An increase in the content of gaseous sulphur dioxide is then observed in the gas flue, with respect to a kiln operated in standard conditions.

Abstract: Singlet oxygen metastables can be formed. A catalytic coating is formed on an interior surface of a flow reactor, and an oxygen containing species is flowed into the flow reactor to produce singlet oxygen metastables by a chemical reaction in the presence of the catalytic coating.

Abstract: The present invention relates to thermal insulation materials made of hollow oxide particles. Use of hollow oxide particles having an overall thermal conductivity of less than 0.026 W/(mK) is for example suitable for the building sector or other areas where thermal insulation is required.

Abstract: Described is a process for the production of mixed oxide particles. The process comprises providing a mixture comprising a solvent, one or more precursor compounds of ceria, one or more precursor compounds of zirconia, and one or more precursor compounds of one or more rare earth oxides other than ceria and/or one or more precursor compounds of yttria; forming an aerosol of the mixture; and pyrolyzing the aerosol of to obtain mixed oxide particles. The content of the rare earth oxides other than ceria and/or of yttria in the mixed oxide particles is comprised in the range of from 0.1 to 4.9 wt.-% based on the total weight of the rare earth oxides, yttria, and zirconia contained in the mixed oxide particles. Also describes are mixed oxide particles obtained from flame spray pyrolysis and to their use as an oxygen storage component, a catalyst, and/or as a catalyst support.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for preparing catalytically active activated carbon, to catalytically active activate carbon obtainable by the method, and to the use of the catalytically active activated carbon. The method of the invention method comprises the steps of: i) mixing charcoal with one or more organic nitrogen-containing compounds, said nitrogen-containing compounds comprising, next to a first nitrogen atom, at least two or more further heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, wherein said further heteroatoms have a lone pair; ii) drying the mixture obtained in step i); iii) activating the dried mixture using steam, thereby producing catalytically active activated carbon.

Abstract: A method for producing hydrogen via a thermochemical route from water, based on the cerium-chlorine cycle is provided. The method comprises, according to a first reaction scheme, the following reactions: H2O+Cl2=2HCl+½O2;??(A) 8HCl+2CeO2=2CeCl3+Cl2+4H2O;??(B) 2CeCl3+4H2O=2CeO2+6HCl+H2;??(C) or, according to a second reaction scheme, the following reactions: H2O+Cl2=2HCl+½O2;??(A) 8HCl+2CeO2=2CeCl3+Cl2+4H2O;??(B) 2CeCl3+2H2O=2CeOCl+4HCl;??(B?) 2CeOCl+2H2O=2CeO2+2HCl+H2;??(C?) wherein the reaction (B) for chlorination of cerium oxide is conducted in a liquid phase, the cerium chloride passing into solution, and wherein the reaction (B) is catalyzed by fluoride ions.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a composition comprising a nanostructured transition metal oxide capable of oxidizing two H2O molecules to obtain four protons. In some embodiments of the invention, the composition further comprises a porous matrix wherein the nanocluster of the transition metal oxide is embedded on and/or in the porous matrix.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to energy and the production of cost-effective power sources as hydrocarbons and hydrogen, as well as an oxidizer, such as oxygen. In an embodiment, the method of hydrocarbons, hydrogen and oxygen production includes a number of stages, including water saturation with carbon dioxide to form a saturated carbonated water; passing of the carbonated water through the reactor, which contains a catalyst, with the formation of hydrocarbons, hydrogen and oxygen, that subsequently flow into a separator; separation of reaction products from the initial carbonated water in the separator by liquid and gaseous phase separation, while hydrocarbons are separated from the liquid and gaseous phases, and hydrogen and oxygen are additionally separated from the gaseous phase.

Abstract: A method for producing a purified, stable, compressible gas from an aqueous fluid.

Abstract: A self-regulating gas generator that, in response to gas demand, supplies and automatically adjusts the amount of gas (e.g., hydrogen or oxygen) catalytically generated in a chemical supply chamber from an appropriate chemical supply, such as a chemical solution, gas dissolved in liquid, or mixture. In some embodiments, the gas generator may employ a piston, rotating rod, or other element(s) to expose the chemical supply to the catalyst in controlled amounts. In another embodiment, the self-regulating gas generator uses bang-bang control, with the element(s) exposing a catalyst, contained within the chemical supply chamber, to the chemical supply in ON and OFF states according to a self-adjusting duty cycle, thereby generating and outputting the gas in an orientation-independent manner. The gas generator may be used to provide gas for various gas consuming devices, such as a fuel cell, torch, or oxygen respiratory devices.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for multimetallic assemblies, methods of making a multimetallic assembly, methods of oxidizing water, methods of O-atom transfer catalysis, and the like.

Abstract: A gas separation process for treating off-gas streams from reaction processes, and reaction processes including such gas separation. The invention involves flowing the off-gas across the feed side of a membrane, flowing a sweep gas stream, usually air, across the permeate side, and passing the permeate/sweep gas mixture to the reaction. The process recovers unreacted feedstock that would otherwise be lost in the waste gases in an energy-efficient manner.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of thermochemical forming H2, O2, or a combination thereof from water, said method comprising the steps of contacting a composition comprising a spinel-type transition metal oxide of formula M3O4 with an alkali metal carbonate bicarbonate, or mixture thereof in the presence of H2O to form H2, CO2, and an alkali metal ion-transition metal oxide; hydrolytically extracting at least a portion of alkali metal ions from the alkali metal ion-transition metal oxide by the reaction with CO2 and liquid H2O; and thermochemically reducing the resulting oxidized-transition metal oxide. The thermochemical reduction of CO2 based on analogous methods is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for gas-phase reduction/oxidation is disclosed. The apparatus includes a reactor including at least one reactor tube or containment vessel with active redox material within the reactor tube or containment vessel, a first reactant gas or vacuum for reducing the active redox material, and a second reactant gas for oxidizing the active redox material. The method may be run under substantially isothermal conditions and/or energy supplied to the apparatus may include solar energy, which may be concentrated.