Abstract: A cable, self-extinguishing and releasing low quantities of toxic and corrosive smokes and gases, for optical or electrical applications, comprises a coating (3) including an outer layer (5) consisting of a polymeric mixture including 50 to 80 parts (w/w) of an aromatic polyester of the isophthalic and terephthalic acids, with bisphenol A and 20 to 50 parts (w/w) of a polyether-polyester block elastomer copolymer having a Shore hardness D greater than 50 and a Vicat softening point higher than 170.degree. C., as well as a coaxial inner (4) layer comprising an polyester thermoplastic elastomer including a quantity of aromatic groups such that its Shore hardness D is equal to at least 45 and such that the delamination shear force necessary to separate said layers (4, 5) from one another is equal to at least 2,000 g. after ageing in oil ASTM Nr. 3 for 2 hours at 100.degree. C.

Abstract: Vulcanizable semiconductive shield compositions contain a linear, single-site catalyzed polymer formed by polymerizing ethylene with at least one comonomer selected from C.sub.3 to C.sub.20 alpha-olefins; a carbon black selected from furnace carbon blacks that contain ash and sulfur in amounts of 50 ppm or less and have crystal dimensions L.sub.a and L.sub.c of 30 .ANG. or less, acetylene carbon blacks, and furnace carbon blacks having an ASTM grade of N-351; and a crosslinking agent. The compositions may be used to manufacture semiconductive shields for electrical conductors, such as power cables. The semiconductive shields exhibit improved processability, low water vapor transmission and low shrinkback, without abrading or corroding extrusion equipment.

Abstract: A method is provided for manufacturing a composite conductor having a copper or copper alloy core, a conductive ceramic intermediate layer and a nickel outer layer, and being suitable for high temperature applications. The method involves first preparing the copper or copper alloy core, then extruding a mixture of conductive ceramic power and a binder around the core to form the ceramic layer, and then applying a nickel tape as an outer covering. As further steps, a seam of the nickel tape covering is welded, the product is passed through a cladding die, and finally the product is drawn to form the desired conductor with a preselected diameter. Optionally, a further ceramic layer can be applied around the nickel layer.

Abstract: The generation of a reaction product is suppressed between a metallic substrate and plasma in depositing a ceramic intermediate layer on the metallic substrate in a process for depositing an oxide film on the metallic substrate by thermal plasma flash evaporation method. Thus, there is no reaction phase in the ceramic intermediate layer and the metallic substrate, and an intermediated buffer layer of only oxide ceramic is deposited on a flat surface of the metallic substrate. The intermediate ceramic layer is deposited in inert atmosphere of a low oxygen concentration at a temperature of less than 600.degree. C. for the metallic substrate. Then, a superconducting thin film is deposited on the ceramic intermediate layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a heat resistant insulated wire which is not decomposed but maintains insulativity under a high temperature with excellent adhesion of a coating film, and a method of preparing the same. The heat resistant insulated wire includes a base material consisting of an electrical conductor, and an insulating layer provided on its surface. The insulating layer is obtained by heating a second polymer, in which main chains expressed in a chemical formula --[Si(R.sub.1).sub.2 --N(R.sub.2)].sub.n -- are cross-linked with each other by chloroborazine through side chains containing trialkylsilyl radicals at a temperature of at least about 300.degree. C. and not more than 500.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for the production of flexible impregnated protective, auxiliary and insulating materials on a fibre basis for electrical purposes by the application of an impregnating agent to the material to be impregnated, followed by curing, characterised in that a solvent-free impregnating mass containing one or more olefinically unsaturated, radically polymerisable polyesters, which contain one or more radically polymerisable monomers as reactive diluents, one or more plasticizing agents and optionally one or more peroxide-free radical initiators is applied to the material to be impregnated and curing is then carried out with high energy radiation and optionally by further heating.

Abstract: A method for enhancing the dielectric properties of a new or in-service electrical cable is disclosed, the method comprising supplying the interstitial void space of the cable's conductor with a water-reative antitreeing agent having a diffusion coefficient of at least 1.times.10.sup.-7 cm.sup.2 /second at 50.degree. C. in the insulation of the cable and having an initial viscosity of .ltoreq.100 cP at 25.degree. C. The instant method provides a more symmetrical distribution of dielectric enhancing fluid in the insulation than prior art fluids and results in a significant reduction in cable treatment time.

Abstract: A stator structure for an electric motor comprising stator windings formed with conductors coated with an insulation, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK). At least one portion of such windings has an adhesion-resistant agent, such as a thin coat of mineral oil, applied thereto prior to the application thereto of an immobilization agent, such as a varnish. The adhesion-resistant agent prevents subsequent bending of the windings from damaging the underlying insulation thereon during the manufacture and operation of the electric motor. The prevention of such insulation damage reduces the likelihood of resulting premature motor failure.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for providing an electrically matched pair (20) of insulated metallic conductors (21, 21). Insulation is applied to successive portions of a length of wire-like metallic conductor (22) after which a colorant material (37) is applied to the surface of a plastic insulation material of a first portion of the length of the metallic conductor which is being moved along a path of travel. Facilities are provided for shielding a supply of the colorant material from the moving insulated metallic conductor and for then exposing a second portion of the length of the insulated metallic conductor to a different colorant material. The insulation and the colorant materials and their disposition with respect to the insulation are such that the dielectric constant of one insulated metallic conductor of the pair is substantially equal to that of the other.

Abstract: Formed bodies of glass, especially glass panes, are disclosed provided with electrically conductive circuits and with a colored appearance of the circuits upon looking through the glass and a method of their production. A layer of essentially pigments based on inorganic compounds is located between the optionally enamelled formed body of glass and the circuit which layer is connected via adhesive bridges of a vitrifying material to the formed body and to the circuits. The method of production is carried out by the application of a coating material which contains pigments and is free of vitrifying materials onto a formed body and (ii) the application of a conductive paste thereover containing a vitrifying material and (iii) a heat treatment.

Abstract: A solution of a ceramics precursor prepared from at last one or two types of metal alkoxides or metal acylates is applied onto a ceramics film having irregularity on its surface, which is formed on a conductor surface, to fill up irregular portions of the surface. This ceramics precursor solution is at least partially changed to a ceramics state by heating. The surface is smoothed by such application of the ceramics precursor solution, and general disadvantages of weakness against rubbing and inferiority in workability can be improved. Further, it is possible to improve an outgassing property.

Abstract: A method for applying solder to a braided shield of a cable, particularly of a coaxial cable. A cable end portion is dipped into a solder bath a defined depth and for a defined time period prior to the removal of the jacket of the cable.

Abstract: A Nb-Ti or Nb-Zr low temperature superconducting (LTS) wire is coat with ten AgN0.sub.3 which is then decomposed to form a uniform silver metal (Ag) coating on the LTS wire. A uniform coating of molten Al or Al alloy is formed on the Ag coated LTS wire and then solidified. A bundle of the coated LTS wires is inserted into an Al or Al alloy tube and cold worked to form a multifilamentary LTS cable comprising the Ag coated LTS wires each surrounded by an Al or Al alloy matrix.

Abstract: The composite insulation coating consists of a mixture of glass and ceramic oxide(s), coated onto a wire by conventional wire enameling techniques followed by heat treatment at 600.degree.-850.degree. C. The enamel when initially applied, the "green" coat slurry, consists of four components: (1) the glass, (2) an inorganic filler (ceramic oxide powder, (3) an organic binder and (4) an organic solvent. The glasses can be selected from several commercial glasses (Corning 7570 and 7050) as well as Westinghouse glasses A-508, M 3072 and M 3073. None of these glasses contain lead or boron, allowing for nuclear applications. Suitable ceramic fillers are alumina, and the CeramPhysics, Inc. ceramics SC1C and SC1A. Organic binder materials and solvents are used. It is preferable that a copper wire to be coated with Ni, Inconel or Cr prior to coating with the subject insulation. For superconductors, the brittle nature of Nb.sub.3 Sn wire and the high reaction temperature (.about.700.degree. C.

Abstract: A self-adhesive conductive elastic gel which is obtained by polymerization of skin-tolerable polymers or copolymers producing acrylic acid group containing monomers or monomer mixtures in an electrolyte-containing solution of a skin-tolerable starch material. This gel is primarily introduced into body electrodes as the skin-contacting conductive material and is better than known gels in that it provides a better adhesive effect upon reproducible use.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for applying a moisture block compound to a stranded electrical conductor using a double twist buncher apparatus are disclosed. An oil, such as drawing oil, is applied to the outer layer of wires to prevent "rolling" of the moisture block compound to the exterior of the stranded conductor. An improved applicator is also disclosed for applying the moisture block compound to the core of the stranded conductor in a coating having a precisely controlled thickness.

Abstract: An improved method for the restoration of in-service underground residential distribution electrical cable which is positioned within a surrounding conduit is disclosed, the method comprising filling the space between the cable and the conduit with a homogeneous mixture of a silane antitreeing agent and a dielectric oil, the dielectric oil being completely miscible with said antitreeing agent and having a solubility in the polymeric insulation of the cable of less than 5 weight percent.

Abstract: A process for depositing a ceramic coating on a filament, which comprises heating the filament by passage of an electric current via at least two electrodes, and passing the heated filament through a deposition chamber containing games which on contact with the hot filament deposit the required coating; characterized in that after deposition of the coating, the coated filament passes through an electrode containing a liquid metal mixture which is a mercury/indium or mercury/cadmium amalgam or a gallium/indium mixture.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for the continuous marking of electric strands with which annular markings, which are limited in axial direction, are applied to the surface of the strands by means of color jets. The color jets emerge under pressure from at least one nozzle which is driven by an electrical oscillation system, the frequency of which is controlled proportionally to a rate of withdrawal of the strands. For an easy changing of the axial distance between the markings, square pulses are fed to the oscillation system from a converter which converts electrical d.c. voltage into a square waveform signal at a specific frequency. The square waveform drives the oscillation system at the specific frequency. As a desired value, the converter is fed a d.c. voltage which is proportional to the rate of withdrawal of the strand.

Abstract: A polyol-water mixture is applied over the polymeric insulation of the or each conductor core of an electrical cable prior to extruding the polymeric sheath of the cable thereover such that the polymeric sheath is prevented from adhering to the polymeric insulation.

Abstract: A method of preparing a high Tc superconducting fiber is disclosed, which comprises drawing into fiber form a core filament of a crystalline oxide, continuously depositing on the heated core filament a high Tc superconducting thin film and then depositing a protective layer on the outer surface of the high Tc superconducting thin film.

Abstract: A method for heat processing a superconductor wire which has a protective silver cladding includes the steps of attaching the coated wire to a spool and then rotating the spool to wind the wire around the spool in juxtaposed coils. As the wire is being wound around the spool, the portions of the wire which are not yet coiled are drawn through a container which holds a paint that contains a silver diffusion inhibiting material. The diffusion inhibiting material is consequently deposited onto the silver cladding of the superconductor wire, and the coiled wire is subsequently placed in a furnace. The wire is heat processed in the furnace as appropriate for the particular type of superconductor material. The diffusion inhibitor material prevents diffusion of silver during the heat processing between portions of the wire which contact each other.

Abstract: An abrasion- and termite-resistant cable comprises at least one elongate functional element coated with at least two concentric layers of polymeric material, the exterior layer being a polyamide and the layer adjacent thereto being an essentially olefin polymer which comprises from 0.001 to 30% by weight of polar monomer selected from unsaturated acids and acid anhydrides. Other monomers and properly-modifying polymers may also be present in the olefin polymer. These layers are applied in a single operation wherein at least one of the polymeric materials is in a fluid state when the materials are contacted.The invention permits the construction of a cable with an unusally thin polyamide layer. It also permits the extrusion of the layers on an aluminium-sheathed functional element without the need for an adhesion-promoting layer on the aluminium.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an insulated wire coil is performed by covering the outer peripheral surface of a conductor with a mineral insulating layer, then coating the mineral insulating layer with a precursor solution of an oxide insulating material prior to winding the wire into a coil. After completion of the coil the precursor solution is dried.

Abstract: A high temperature superconducting coating of material oxide is produced by melting the metal oxide mixture, dipping a substrate, e.g. a platinum wire, in the metal oxide melt, withdrawing the substrate with a layer of metal oxide coated thereon, slowly cooling the metal oxide coating to avoid thermal shock and hot cracking, and post-annealing the metal oxide coating.

Abstract: A polyol-water mixture is applied over the polymeric insulation of the or each conductor core of an electrical cable prior to extruding the polymeric sheath of the cable thereover such that the polymeric sheath is prevented from adhering to the polymeric insulation.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for applying a colorant material to the surface of a plastic insulation material which has been applied to an elongated material such as a metallic conductor (22) or an optical fiber which is being moved at any of a wide range of speeds along a path of travel. The coolant material is applied by nozzles which are staggered along the path of travel and which direct the colorant into engagement with the plastic insulation material at different radial directions. A first plurality of nozzles (46--46) each cause the colorant to be in a spray pattern (45) which is in the area of a plane. Advantageously, those nozzles cooperate to stabilize the conductor and prevent undulations thereof as the conductor is moved along its path of travel. A second plurality of nozzles (50--50) cause the colorant to be in a solid conical pattern (53).

Abstract: An improved reference electrode is disclosed for use in potentiometric measurements of the amount of ions in an aqueous solution. The reference electrode illustratively comprises a metal member on a substrate, and a layer of a salt reversible to the ion X overlying the metal member. The reference electrode is overlaid by a quantity of an electrolyte, which may be a polymer gel having a salt including the ion X dispersed therein. This structure is overlaid by a membrane permeable to water but not to the ion X that extends beyond the portion of the electrolyte overlying the electrode, but leaves a portion of the electrolyte exposed. This assembly may be shipped dry. In use, when the electrode is disposed in an aqueous solution containing an ionic species to be measured, water permeates the membrane and "wets up" the electrolyte relatively quickly.

Abstract: A method of producing a multilayer system comprising the steps of:1. adhering a continuous cohesive pattern of electrically conductive oxidisable material (e.g. copper) to an electrically insulating surface of a substrate,2. coating the pattern and the parts of the substrate surface not adhering to the pattern with a firable dielectric which is fusable at 500.degree.-600.degree. C.,3. firing the dielectric to 500.degree.-600.degree. C. to cause fusion of the dielectric, whereby an oxide-fused dielectric bond is formed. Also multilayers having the features of the products of this method.

Abstract: Electrically insulated wire with an inner layer of non-crosslinked and non-crosslinkable polymeric material and a skin layer of irradiation crosslinked material compatible with the inner layer. The inner layer provides desirable flexibility and electrical insulating properties suitable for telecommunications cable and appliance wiring. The skin layer gives abrasion resistance suitable for the above purpose and heat resistance and fire retardance properties suitable for building wiring. The polymeric material of both layers is preferably of a polyvinylchloride composition.

Abstract: When metal conductors are stored, especially in humid environments, their solderability decreases. The rate at which solderability decreases can be reduced by treating the conductor with a suitable surface active agent, particularly one which has an HLB (hydrophile-lipophile balance) number of less than 10, preferably less than 5. The surface active agent can be applied to the conductor with a suitable liquid carrier, e.g. as a solution in a mineral oil or a halogenated hydrocarbon. If desired, a polymeric insulating jacket can be melt-extruded or wrapped over the treated conductor.

Abstract: Method of making insulated conductor wire in which a homogeneous mixture of a dielectric carrier and magnetically permeable particles is sprayed onto the wire to deposit a layer of the mixture on the wire. The layer is then hardened to provide an insulating layer with the particles substantially uniformly dispersed therein.

Abstract: A dark heater is produced by a method which comprises coating the first coating layer made of an insulating material with a suspension containing heat-resistant particles having a high thermal emissivity, such as W particles, while 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % of a volatile matter such as water remains in the first coating layer to form a dark coating layer. Since the suspension having a low viscosity can be used, the thickness of the dark coating layer can be made highly uniform and the emission characteristics of the heater can be stabilized.

Abstract: A glass enamel composition that may be fired upon a glass substrate to paint an opaques ceramic color. The glass enamel composition is of special utility in the formation of back windows of automobiles in which an electrically conductive heating grid is also to be formed. The glass enamel composition is comprised of lead or lead-free glass flux material, pigment, a printing vehicle, and a aluminum and/or lithium oxide. The aluminum and/or lithium oxide prevents sliding of the ceramic color to fibrous mold surfaces during hot forming the glass substrate. The aluminum and/or lithium oxide functions a migration preventor to prevent the migration of ions of the electrically conductive material to the glass which would, in the absence of the migration preventor, stain the glass.

Abstract: A coaxial cable is provided having a ribbon inner conductor surrounded by a dielectric and a circumferential conductor. The coaxial cable may be microminiature comprising a very thin ribbon strip conductor from between 5 to 15 .mu.m thick and from 150 to 200 .mu.m wide, having a surrounding foamed dielectric or parylene applied thereon by a vapor plasma process and an outer conductor of an adhering high conductivity metal vacuum deposited on the dielectric. Alternately, the foam dielectric embodiment may have a contiguous parylene coating applied adjacent the inner conductor or the outer conductor or both. Also, the cable may be fabricated by forming a thin ribbon of strip conductive material into an inner conductor, applying thereabout a dielectric by spraying on a solution of polystyrene and polyethylene and then vacuum depositing and adhering high conductivity metal about the dielectric.

Abstract: A method for protecting heat sensitive substrates from fire and excessive heat involves:I. applying to the substrate a layer of a char forming intumescent curable composition comprising:(a) an epoxide group containing material, at least 20 weight percent of said material having an oxirane functionality greater than 2;(b) a curing agent adapted to cure the epoxide group containing material wherein at least 20 weight percent of said curing agent is comprised of an aralkyl polyamine containing material;(c) an additive component comprising a mixture of materials adapted to provide a source of:(i) phosphorous,(ii) zinc,(iii) boron and(iv) an expansion gas upon thermal decomposition,said curable composition being capable of forming a carbonaceous char upon exposure to heat or flame;II. allowing the intumescent curable composition to at least partially cure.

Abstract: A telecommunications conductor is produced by coating it with a visco-elastic dielectric material and then providing an electrically conductive material around the conductor by bombarding the visco-elastic material with particles of the conductor material and changing the visco-elastic material into hardened form. A shielding layer is provided by causing the particles to adhere to the surface of the dielectric material and when the particles provide a conductive path, the layer is completed by applying conductive material by electrolytical deposition or by plasma coating. Alternatively in an insulated conductor provided with a continuous inductive loading, the particles are caused to enter into and become discretely embedded within the visco-elastic material.

Abstract: A method for restoring stranded conductor, polyolefin insulated electrical distribution cable which comprises supplying the interstices of the conductor of said cable with aromatic radical containing silane such as phenyltrimethoxysilane or phenylmethyldimethoxysilane, and mixtures, and partial hydrolyzates thereof.

Abstract: A novel curable rubber composition is described which is curable at low temperatures.

Abstract: The surface of an aluminum conductor is roughened, for example, by blasting. A hydrophilic film such as a boehmite film, an anodic oxide film and a chemical conversion film is formed on the roughened surface. A protective film made of a wetting agent or a hydrophilic resin is formed on the hydrophilic film. The conductor may comprise a compressed aluminum conductor.

Abstract: An improved electrical discharge machining electrode permitting improved cutting action to be achieved at the same level of electrical power being applied to the wire electrode. Such improvement is attributable to a particular configuration and the material being employed in the wire electrode which has an iron alloy core coated with an intermediate layer including a copper and zinc heat reaction product on which is deposited an adherent carbon surface coating. The improved method and apparatus for employment of this electrode is also described along with one method to form the multilayer coating on the electrode wire core.

Abstract: A length of braided wire, having an outside diameter, is selected as is a length of heat-shrinkable tubing which has an initial inside diameter greater than the outer diameter of the braided wire. The braided wire is inserted into the tubing such that, at one end of the tubing, the tubing extends beyond the braided wire. The one end of the tubing is grasped without grasping the braided wire, and the one end is supported against movement in a vertical direction. A weight is attached to the other end of the tubing so that the tubing with the braided wire inserted will extend downwardly from the first end to the other end thereof. Heat is applied to the tubing starting at the one end and moving slowly downwardly to the other end. The heat causes the tubing to shrink and, simultaneously, the weight pulls the tubing downwardly to cause the tubing to stretch so that a tight-fitting insulating cover, having decreased wall thickness, is produced.

Abstract: In the method, the radio frequency (RF) antenna is made by providing a clean coil made of copper tubing or other metal conductor, which is coated with a tacky organic binder, and then with a powdered glass frit, as by sprinkling the frit uniformly over the binder. The coil is then heated internally in an inert gas atmosphere, preferably by passing an electrical heating current along the coil. Initially, the coil is internally heated to about 200.degree. C. to boil off the water from the binder, and then to about 750.degree. C.-850.degree. C. to melt the glass frit, while also burning off the organic binder. The melted frit forms a molten glass coating on the metal coil, which is then cooled to solidify the glass, so that the metal coil is covered with a thin continuous homogeneous impervious glass coating of substantially uniform thickness.

Abstract: In an excellent windability magnet wire wherein an insulating layer of a synthetic resin film is formed on a conductor directly or with another insulation in between and a lubricant layer is formed on the insulating layer, the lubricant layer is made of an intimate mixture of natural wax as a major constituent and thermosetting and fluorocarbon resins compounded therewith.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for coloring polymer-insulated wire, the wire is guided through a solvent reservoir to dissolve surface contaminants and etch the surface of the insulation, and passed between opposed wiping surfaces to wipe surface contaminants from the wire. The wire is then passed through a hot air duct to evaporate solvent remaining on its surface. The dried wire is guided through a solvent-based colorant reservoir to coat it with colorant and passed against a wiping surface to wipe excess colorant from its surface. The coated wire is passed through a hot air duct to evaporate some of the solvent in the colorant, and through a cold air duct to harden an outer surface of the colorant before it passes over a guide wheel. The hardened surface prevents adherence of the colorant to the guide wheel. The coated wire is passed by a spraying device which intermittently sprays solvent-based colorant on the wire to band encode it.

Abstract: A plasticized polyurethane gel system comprising the reaction product of an isocyanate compound and a polyol in the presence of an ester plasticizer compound having a total solubility parameter of between about 8.3 and 8.9 or between about 9.1 and 9.7. Said polyurethane systems are cured, cross-linked, non-spewing, grease compatible, and reenterable. This extended polyurethane is further characterized as having superior insulating properties so that it can be used of repairing, encapsulating or reclaiming electrical or telecommunication cables as well as for hard volume encapsulants or general elastomer use.

Abstract: A plasticized polyurethane gel system comprising the reaction product of an isocyanate compound and a polyol in the presence of a ricinoleate plasticizer compound having a total solubility parameter of between about 8.3 and 8.9 or between about 9.1 and 9.7. Said polyurethane systems are cured, cross-linked, nonspewing, grease compatible, and reenterable. This extended polyurethane is further characterized as having superior insulating properties so that it can be used of repairing, encapsulating or reclaiming electrical or telecommunication cables as well as for hard volume encapsulants or general elastomer use.

Abstract: A rapid-start fluorescent lamp includes a circuit breaker therein having a sealed glass bottle, a thermally sensitive bimetal switch within the glass bottle, a pair of electrical conductors sealed into and passing through the sealed bottle with one electrical conductor attached to the bimetal and the other electrical conductor contacting the bimetal with each of the pair of electrical conductors formed of Dumet wire plated with an electrically conductive metal whereby formation of insulative oxides on the electrical conductors is inhibited.

Abstract: A plasticized polyurethane gel system comprising the reaction product of an isocyanate compound and a polyol in the presence of an ester plasticizer compound having a total solubility parameter of .[.between about 8.3 and 8.9 or.]. between about 9.1 and .[.9.7.]. .Iadd.10.1. .Iaddend.Said polyurethane systems are cured, cross-linked, non-spewing, grease compatible, and reenterable. This extended polyurethane is further characterized as having superior insulating properties so that it can be used of repairing, encapsulating or reclaiming electrical or telecommunication cables as well as for hard volume encapsulants or general elastomer use.

Abstract: A plasticized polyurethane gel system comprising the reaction product of an isocyanate compound and a polyol in the presence of a ricinoleate plasticizer compound having a total solubility parameter of .[.between about 8.3 and 8.9 or.]. between about 9.1 and .[.9.7..]. .Iadd.10.1. .Iaddend.Said polyurethane systems are cured, cross-linked, nonspewing, grease compatible, and reenterable. This extended polyurethane is further characterized as having superior insulating properties so that it can be used of repairing, encapsulating or reclaiming electrical or telecommunication cables as well as for hard volume encapsulants or general elastomer use.