Abstract: An image forming apparatus including: an image bearing member; a developing member to supply a developer to the image bearing member; and a cleaning member to clean a peripheral surface of the image bearing member in contact with the peripheral surface, wherein a plurality of grooves extend in a circumferential direction on the peripheral surface, and have a width in a generatrix direction of the peripheral surface within a range of at least 0.5 ?m and not more than 40 ?m, and are formed to be side by side in the generatrix direction; the number of the grooves is at least 20 and not more than 1000 per a width of 1000 ?m in the generatrix direction of the peripheral surface; and an average depth (Rvk) of a valley of a projection under a core section of a roughness curve of the peripheral surface is 0.08 ?m or less.

Abstract: To provide a process for producing a cylindrical target which has almost no distortion in the longitudinal direction. The process for producing a cylindrical target according to the present invention comprises the steps of: processing a target material into a cylindrical shape; providing an adapter for attachment to a sputtering apparatus, in the target material processed into the cylindrical shape; and measuring a straightness in a longitudinal direction of an appearance of the target material having the adapter to confirm whether the straightness of the target material having the adapter is within a predetermined range.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, a charge-generating layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and a charge-transporting layer as an outermost layer disposed on the charge-generating layer and containing a binder resin and a charge-transporting material, wherein the average particle size of the crystal of the charge-transporting material is approximately from 0.1 ?m to 5.0 ?m.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support and a single-layer photosensitive layer. The conductive support has an outer peripheral surface with a maximum surface roughness height (Rmax) of about 4.0 ?m or less, and the outer peripheral surface has a recess with a depth-to-aperture size ratio (depth/aperture size) of about 0.03 or more and about 0.12 or less. The single-layer photosensitive layer is disposed on the conductive support and has a thickness of about 20 ?m or more and a modulus of elasticity of about 4.5 GPa or more.

Abstract: A metal mesh has a plurality of through-holes. A photosensitive organic material is attached to at least part of the metal mesh. The metal mesh is sterilized and/or cleaned. A determination of whether or not the sterilization and/or cleaning has been successful is made by analyzing the photosensitive organic material attached to the metal mesh.

Abstract: Apparatus configured to deform a tubular work piece having a longitudinal axis, the apparatus comprising a support for supporting a tubular work piece to be deformed; rotation means for rotating the tubular work piece about its longitudinal axis; a nozzle for directing a stream of pressurized fluid at the tubular work piece in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis of the tubular work piece; and means for moving one or both of the tubular work piece and the nozzle relative to one another such that the stream of pressurized fluid can be aimed at a plurality of locations along the tubular work piece; wherein the pressure of the fluid directed at the tubular work piece is great enough to cause deformation of the tubular work piece, but not so great that cutting of the tubular work piece can occur.

Abstract: A method of removing at least a portion of a layer of material from over a semiconductor substrate that can include dispensing an etching solution over the semiconductor substrate to form a pool of etching solution on the layer of material, wherein a footprint of the pool of etching solution is less than a footprint of the semiconductor substrate. The pool of etching solution and the semiconductor substrate can be moved with respect to each other. A pool boundary of the pool of etching solution can be defined on the semiconductor substrate with at least one air-knife such that the pool of etching solution etches the layer of material over the semiconductor substrate within the footprint of the pool of etching solution. The etching solution and at least a portion of the layer of material etched by the etching solution can be removed with the at least one air-knife.

Abstract: A substrate processing device 100 includes a cleaning liquid supply unit 114 supplying a cleaning liquid to a surface of a substrate W, a solvent supply unit 115 supplying a volatile solvent to the surface of the substrate W supplied with the cleaning liquid to replace the cleaning liquid on the surface of the substrate W with the volatile solvent, a heating unit 117 heating the substrate W supplied with the volatile solvent, and a drying unit 118 drying the surface of the substrate W by removing a droplet of the volatile solvent produced on the surface of the substrate W by a heating operation of the heating unit 117, and the heating unit 117 and the drying unit 118 are arranged in a course of transportation of the substrate W transported from the solvent supply unit 115.

Abstract: A solution of a gallium phthalocyanine contains a compound of formula (1) and a gallium phthalocyanine of formula (2), H2N—CH2—R1—CH2—NH2??(1) wherein R1 represents a single bond, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 10 main-chain carbon atoms, a substituent of the substituted alkylene group is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and being substituted with an amino group, or a hydroxy group, one of the carbon atoms in the main chain of the alkylene group may be replaced with an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a bivalent group represented by the formula —NR2—, and R2 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and being substituted with an amino group, and wherein X1 represents a chlorine atom or hydroxy group.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, including a photosensitive layer that includes a phthalocyanine crystal in which a compound represented by the following formula (1) is contained: in the formula (1), X represents a vinyl group or a propyl group.

Abstract: A solution of a gallium phthalocyanine contains a compound of formula (1) and a gallium phthalocyanine of formula (2), H2N—CH2—R1—CH2—NH2??(1) wherein R1 represents a single bond, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 10 main-chain carbon atoms, a substituent of the substituted alkylene group is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and being substituted with an amino group, or a hydroxy group, one of the carbon atoms in the main chain of the alkylene group may be replaced with an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a bivalent group represented by the formula —NR2—, and R2 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and being substituted with an amino group, and wherein X1 represents a chlorine atom or hydroxy group.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a resin substrate including a carbon nanotube; and a photosensitive layer located overlying the substrate. In addition, a method for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed. The method includes forming a resin substrate by molding a resin forming material including a carbon nanotube; and forming a photosensitive layer overlying the resin substrate.

Abstract: A charge transport material having reduced photodeterioration is disclosed to be an ethylene compound having an ethylene double bond site, having a structure in which four different substituents are substituted at the ethylene double bond site, and having general formula (I) below where R1, R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbons or an alkoxyl group of 1 to 6 carbons; R4 is phenyl or tolyl; and Ar is one group selected from the group consisting of naphthyl, biphenyl, anthryl, xylyl, and phenanthryl. An electrophotographic photoreceptor and process for producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor also are disclosed. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate that includes the charge transport material.

Abstract: An electrophotographic recording medium can have a first layer of base material and a second layer formed on one or both surfaces of the first layer for fixing toner. The second layer can include a hollow pigment, an inorganic material and a binder resin. The amount of the hollow pigment can be in the range of about 10% to about 50% by weight based on the total weight of the second layer. The ratio of the white paper glossiness before and after printing on the recording medium may be greater than 1.5.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor and a manufacturing method therefore are disclosed. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive base; and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive base and containing a diadamantyl diester compound represented by General Formula (I) below: where, R1, R2 and R3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl group, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxyl group, C6-20 aryl group or heterocyclic group, X and Z represent single bonds or optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene groups, and Y represents an OCO group or COO group. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has sufficient wear resistance and satisfactory properties as a photoreceptor, while being little affected by harmful gasses and environmental temperature and humidity.

Abstract: Provided are an electrophotographic photoconductor that satisfies sufficient wear resistance as well as various characteristics as a photoconductor, and that is little affected by harmful gas or the temperature and humidity environment, and a method for producing such an electrophotographic photoconductor. The electrophotographic photoconductor has at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer contains a diadamantyl diester compound represented by Formula (I) (in Formula (I), R1, R2 and R3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkoxyl group, a C6-C20 aryl group or a heterocyclic group; l, m and n each represent an integer from 1 to 4; U and W represent a single bond or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkylene group; and V represents an OCO group or a COO group).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate and containing a resin binder that is a polycarbonate resin having structural units represented by General Formulae (1) and (2). The electrophotographic photoreceptor reduces the amount of wear and provides good images while maintaining a low frictional resistance on the surface of a photoreceptor drum from the beginning until after printing. A method for manufacturing such an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes applying a coating liquid containing at least such a resin binder onto a conductive substrate to thereby form a photosensitive layer. An electrophotographic device is disclosed that is equipped with such an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

Abstract: An imaging member includes a supporting substrate, an optional hole blocking layer, an optional adhesive layer, an imaging layer, and an overcoat layer, wherein the overcoat layer comprises a fluorosulfonamide. The overcoat layer can further include a charge transport compound and a melamine resin.

Abstract: A method for producing a photoreceptor includes forming at least a photosensitive layer as a coating layer on a surface of a substantially cylindrical photoreceptor; and polishing a surface of the coating layer formed on the photoreceptor in the layer formation by rotating the photoreceptor and moving a polishing member in a direction crossing a circumferential direction of the photoreceptor in contact with the surface of the coating layer on the photoreceptor.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having excellent cleaning performance, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic apparatus. The peripheral surface of the member has flat portions having a width e (?m) satisfying 0.1?e?25 and a plurality of groove portions having a width w (?m) satisfying 0.1?w?25 and a depth d (?m) satisfying 0.1?d?3.0, the flat and groove portions at an angle ? (°) satisfying 80???100 with respect to the axial direction of the member. The sum esum (?m) of the widths e of the flat portions per each width of 100 ?m in the axial direction of the peripheral surface satisfying 5?esum?75, and e?/eAv satisfying e?/eAv?0.46, where eAv (?m) is the average value of the widths e of the flat portions, and e? is the standard deviation thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer, the method including the steps of: forming a coat for the surface layer on the support by applying a surface-layer coating solution and forming the surface layer by drying the coat, wherein the surface-layer coating solution includes a resin ?, a resin ?, a solvent ? and a compound ?.

Abstract: A method of treating a photoconductor for enhancing crack resistance when it comes into contact with a liquid toner comprises bending a photoconductor sheet having a length and a width to a tube having an outer diameter and a length corresponding to the width of the photoconductor sheet with the photoconductive layer facing outward. The tube of the photoconductor sheet is then inserted into a cylinder having an inner diameter greater than the outer diameter of the tube and a length of at least the length of the tube of the photoconductor sheet. The treatment of the tube of the photoconductor sheet in the cylinder takes place by maintaining it in the cylinder at a temperature of from about room temperature to an elevated temperature. The tube of the photoconductor sheet is removed from the cylinder while it is at about room temperature.

Abstract: The present teachings describe a process for mixing comprising obtaining a dispersion of solid particles and an organic solvent wherein the dispersion comprises a particulate solid content of from about 0.5 weight percent to about 10 weight percent. The dispersion is mixed at a resonant frequency of the mixing system.

Abstract: This application discloses a photoreceptor comprising a surface layer that is comprised of an organic composition cured by neutral molecular hydrogen bombardment. Methods for forming a photoreceptor having a cured surface are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member using a dispersion solution that shows high liquid stability in long-period storage and hardly causes aggregation of charge-transporting pigment particles during drying a coating. The method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a charge-transporting layer comprises a step of forming a coating film by applying a dispersion solution comprising polyolefin polymer particles and charge-transporting pigment particles as dispersoids and comprising a dispersion medium, and then forming the charge-transporting layer by heating the coating film and melting the polyolefin polymer particles, wherein the particles consisting of the polyolefin polymer particles and the charge-transporting pigment particles in the dispersion solution have a number average particle diameter of 50 nm or more and 300 nm or less and a degree of dispersion (standard deviation/number average particle diameter) of 1.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrophotographic imaging member comprising a substrate, and a charge generating layer containing a phthalocyanine pigment, a binder, and a solvent. The charge generating layer has a pigment particle separation distance of 28 nm or less after evaporation of the solvent. A coating system, a method of making an electrophotographic imaging member, and a method of printing also are disclosed.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided in which black spots on an output image are hardly caused by local charge injection from a support to a photosensitive layer. For this purpose, a conductive layer is formed using a coating liquid for a conductive layer prepared using a solvent, a binder material and a metal oxide particle that satisfies the following relation (i): 45?A×?×D?65 (i) wherein A denotes the surface area of the metal oxide particle per unit mass [m2/g], D denotes the number average particle diameter of the metal oxide particle [?m], and ? denotes the density of the metal oxide particle [g/cm3]. The metal oxide particle is a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus.

Abstract: Provided is a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member having improved sensitivity and capable of outputting an image having less image defects due to a ghost phenomenon not only under a normal-temperature, normal-humidity environment but also under a low-temperature, low-humidity environment as a particularly severe condition. The method of producing a gallium phthalocyanine crystal includes subjecting a gallium phthalocyanine and a specific amine compound, which are added to a solvent, to a milling treatment to perform crystal transformation of the gallium phthalocyanine. In addition, the gallium phthalocyanine crystal is used in the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an organic light emitting display apparatus includes forming first electrodes on a substrate, forming a pixel defining layer (PDL) on the substrate and first electrodes, the PDL including openings exposing predetermined areas of the first electrodes, forming a charge transport layer on the PDL and inside the openings of the PDL, performing a hydrophobic process on the charge transport layer, performing a hydrophilic process on the charge transport layer, such that portions of the charge transport layer corresponding to the openings are made hydrophilic, forming organic light emitting layers on the charge transport layer, and forming a second electrode electrically connected to the organic light emitting layers.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide materials and methods for an electrostatic charging member including a conductive substrate; a base layer disposed over the conductive substrate, the base layer comprising an elastomeric material and a semiconductive material; and a protective outer layer disposed over the base layer, the protective outer layer comprising a polymeric resin and a plurality of conductive particles, wherein the outer protective layer has a surface resistivity ranging from about 105 O/sq to about 1013 O/sq.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a photosensitive layer formed on an outer circumferential surface of a cylindrical body. The cylindrical body includes a plurality of chamfers formed between an end surface and the outer circumferential surface. A chamfer arranged nearest an inner circumferential surface of the cylindrical body has a crossing angle of not less than 3° and not more than 25° relative to the end surface. The cylindrical body may include a recess formed between the end surface and the outer surface. The end surface may be formed to have pearskin. The present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing the electrophotographic photosensitive member. In the manufacturing method, a plurality of cylindrical bodies is supported by a supporting body in a manner that the end surfaces are positioned at contacting portions of adjacent cylindrical bodies.

Abstract: An aspect of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photoreceptor. The method includes forming at least one layer selected from the group consisting of an undercoat layer, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer, by jetting by an inkjet method a first coating liquid and a second coating liquid from liquid drop discharging heads which are different from each other, and mixing the first coating liquid and the second coating liquid on a conductive substrate. The first coating liquid and the second coating liquid react with each other when they are mixed.

Abstract: A photoreceptor undercoat containing a sulfonamide facilitates removal of coatings from the substrate.

Abstract: A method of making a light emitting diode (LED) having an optical element is provided, comprising: providing a curable liquid polysiloxane/TiO2 composite, which exhibits a refractive index of >1.61 to 1.7 and which is a liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure; providing a semiconductor light emitting diode die having a face, wherein the semiconductor light emitting diode die emits light through the face; contacting the semiconductor light emitting diode die with the curable liquid polysiloxane/TiO2 composite; and, curing the curable liquid polysiloxane/TiO2 composite to form an optical element; wherein at least a portion of the optical element is adjacent to the face.

Abstract: Disclosed is a polymer having excellent solvent resistance which can be produced by using a polycarbonate diol having a repeating unit represented by the formula (1) and/or (2), having a hydroxyl group at both termini, and having a number average molecular weight of from 300 to 50,000: wherein R1 represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 2 to 50 carbon atoms; and n represents an integer of 2 to 50, wherein R2 represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 10 to 50 carbon atoms.

Abstract: An overcoat containing a copolymer of a first propylene monomer and a second hydrophilic monomer provides superior wear resistance and low torque to a photoreceptor.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments are directed to an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a release layer. More particularly, the disclosure relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a release layer which comprises an organosilane compound coated over the substrate surface. Other embodiments include methods for coating layer removal using a specifically configured electrophotographic photoreceptor having a release layer and methods for recovering a charge transport molecule.

Abstract: There is provided a temperature control unit for an electrophotographic photoconductor substrate, containing a stretchable membrane member which is detachably disposed in a hollow space of the cylindrical substrate, wherein the membrane member is configured to sequentially stretch until reaching the deepest part of the hollow space of the cylindrical substrate as a result of an introduction of a refrigerant therein to closely contact with an entire inner wall of the cylindrical substrate, and to sequentially shrink to the original shape thereof as a result of a release of the refrigerant therefrom, so that the membrane member is detachably disposed in the hollow space, and wherein the membrane member is configured to make a heat transfer between a surface of the cylindrical substrate and the refrigerant via the membrane member closely contacted with the inner surface of the cylindrical substrate, to control a surface temperature of the cylindrical substrate.

Abstract: The presently disclosed embodiments are directed to imaging members for use in electrostatographic, including digital, apparatuses. More particularly, the embodiments pertain to processes for preparing the substrate of such imaging members that use laser technology.

Abstract: An electrophotographic imaging member includes a substrate, a photo generating layer, and an optional overcoating layer, wherein the photo generating layer includes a cyclic triphenylamine derivative material.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photoconductor that has good coating solution stability and metal oxide dispersibility, is free of image defects including ground fogging and black spots, and affords good image characteristics in various environments, as well as a manufacturing method therefore and a device including the same. The electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate; an undercoat layer; and a photosensitive layer. The undercoat layer contains, as a main component, a resin obtained by polymerizing, as starting materials, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, at least one aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 8 or more carbon atoms, and at least one diamine having a cycloalkane structure, and further contains a metal oxide. The aromatic dicarboxylic acid in the resin is present in an amount that ranges from 0.1 to 10 mol %, and the resin has an acid value and a base value that are each no greater than 10 KOH mg/g.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments are directed to processes for removing photoreceptor coatings from a substrate, wherein the photoreceptor coatings disposed over a substrate of an electrophotographic photoreceptor. More specifically, the present embodiments discloses a photoreceptor coatings removal process comprises subjecting an electrophotographic photoreceptor to a stripping solution that separates the coatings from the substrate.

Abstract: A base tube for an electrophotographic photoconductive member, is provided with a cylindrical body on which a photoconductive layer is formed; and a first slanting portion formed on a peripheral surface of an end portion of the cylindrical body, and slanting inward toward an end face of the end portion with respect to an axis of the cylindrical body. An axial length of the first slanting portion of the cylindrical body is within a range of 0.3 to 5 mm.

Abstract: A charge-carrier transport layer for an electro-optical component includes an organic charge-carrier transport material. A plurality of first particles having a diameter ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm is incorporated in the organic charge-carrier transport material and contains a first transparent oxide. A plurality of second particles having a diameter between 100 nm and 1000 nm is also incorporated into the organic charge-carrier transport material and contains a second transparent oxide. The index of refraction of the plurality of second particles differs from the index of refraction of the organic charge-transport material.

Abstract: The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention includes a cylindrical support, a photosensitive layer and an outermost surface layer that are layered onto the cylindrical support in this sequence from the cylindrical support side. The outermost surface layer includes a charge transport material and a curable resin. The proportion of the content of the curable resin in the outermost surface layer increases in the layer thickness direction with distance from the photosensitive layer side. The process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention are provided with the electrophotographic photoreceptor.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed, comprising on an electrically conductive support an intermediate layer, a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order, wherein the charge transport layer contains a charge transport material represented by formula (1) and a compound represented by formula (2) and the content of the compound represented by formula (2) is not less than 100 ppm and not more than 5000 ppm.

Abstract: The presently disclosed embodiments relate generally to layers that are useful in imaging apparatus members and components, for use in electrophotographic, including digital, apparatuses. Embodiments pertain to an improved electrophotographic imaging member incorporating an outer layer having a nano- to micron-scale pattern imprinted into its surface to lower friction with the cleaning blade and improve print quality and performance. Embodiments also pertain to methods for making the improved imaging member.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoconductor capable of reducing latent electrostatic image stability defects caused by adhesion/adsorption of an electric discharge product formed by a charger in an image forming process, degradation of charge transportability and cleaning defects caused when removing a residual toner.

Abstract: Methods for making dispersions, which are of various rheologies, various pigment/binder ratios, various particle sizes, and possess less impurities or large particles are provided. These dispersions may be utilized to form layers of photoreceptors.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a photoconductive layer formed of Bi12MO20 particles (M is at least one of Si, Ge, and Ti) and constitutes a radiation imaging panel for recording radiation image information as an electrostatic latent image. The method includes the steps of molding a powder compact of Bi12MO20 particles, impregnating the powder compact with a macromolecular substance, and solidifying the macromolecular substance.