Abstract: Disclosed is a color diffusion transfer photographic film unit improved in separability and light fastness. It comprises (1) a light sensitive sheet having an image receiving layer, a white reflective layer, a shading layer and at least one silver halide emulsion layer having at least one dye image forming substance, which layers are formed on a transparent support, (2) a transparent cover sheet comprising a neutralization layer and a neutralization timing layer, which layers are formed on a transparent support, and (3) a shading alkali treating composition developed between the light sensitive sheet and the transparent cover sheet. Further, the image receiving layer contains a hydrazine derivative represented by the following general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.

Abstract: A novel dye fixing element is provided comprising a dye fixing layer on which a diffusive dye produced or released by developing a light-sensitive element containing at least a light-sensitive silver halide, a hydrophilic binder and a dye providing compound which produces or releases a diffusive dye in correspondence to or counter correspondence to the exposure in the presence of a base and/or base precursor after or simultaneously with imagewise exposure is transferred and fixed, wherein the outermost layer on the dye fixing layer side or on the opposite side, i.e., back layer side contains at least one compound represented by the following general formula (I) and exhibits a contact angle of 80.degree. or more to a drop of methane iodide(RfCH.sub.2 O).sub.n --PO(OM).sub.m (I)wherein n and m satisfy the equation: n+m=3; Rf represents a perfluoroalkyl group; and M represents an alkali metal ion, NH.sup.4+ or secondary, tertiary or quaternary ammonium ion.

Abstract: This invention provides a color silver halide photographic element having improved color saturation and a method of developing the photographic element. The photographic element comprises at least a first and a second silver halide emulsion layer each sensitized to a different region of the spectrum with at least one of the emulsion layers being in reactive association with a DIR compound which can release an anionic development inhibitor. The photographic element further contains a barrier layer containing an anionic latex polymer such that the barrier layer is positioned further from the support than the first and second silver halide emulsion layers.

Abstract: Blends of poly(caprolactone) and poly(vinyl chloride) have been found to have good dye permeability. They have been incorporated into photothermographic constructions as barrier interlayers and dye-receiving layers.

Abstract: In accordance with this invention a diffusion transfer process is provided for forming a color photographic image comprising the steps of: (a) using an integral element comprising one and only one dimensionally stable layer comprising a coating support, and coated thereon in reactive association a mordant layer comprising a material which binds a diffusible dye, an imaging layer comprising radiation sensitive silver halide, a diffusible dye forming layer comprising a diffusible dye forming compound, and a barrier layer overlaying said diffusible dye forming layer, wherein said support is selected from the group consisting of reflection base and transparent base materials, wherein said diffusible dye forming layer is the same or different than said imaging layer, wherein said barrier layer comprises a polymer that allows the passage of solutions for processing said element when said element is contacted with an external processing bath, and wherein said barrier layer impedes the diffusion out of said element o

Abstract: Photothermographic articles containing interfacial barriers comprising a layer of a polymeric organic acid containing carboxyl and/or sulfo groups in direct contact with an adjacent layer comprising a basic polymer capable of forming hydrogen bonds with the polymeric organic acid are disclosed. A crosslinked barrier is formed at the interface between the layers which has substantial impermeability to chemical diffusion.

Abstract: Various photothermographic elements are provided containing a transparent substrate; image receiving layers; dry silver layers; interlayers; and a translucent or opacifying layer. The translucent or opacifying layer can occupy a variety of positions in the photothermographic element relative to the dry silver layers. The translucent or opacifying layers serve to help produce a reflection print upon exposure of the photothermographic element to actinic light and subsequent heating of the exposed element for image development and dye transfer.

Abstract: Vinyl stearate-vinyl chloride copolymers and blends of polyvinyl stearate and polyvinyl chloride have been found to have good dye permeability. They have been incorporated into photothermographic constructions as barrier interlayers and dye receiving layers.

Abstract: The use of copolymers of vinylidene chloride and vinyl pyrrolidone as selective diffusion media in dye-diffusive photothermographic imaging constructions is disclosed. Unoxidized phenolic leuco dye molecules diffuse into a film of these copolyers but do not readily diffuse out. In contrast, their oxidized dye forms, which are quinoidal in nature, readily diffuse through these interlayers resulting in improved image stability and color separation.

Abstract: Imageable articles having dye selective interlayers comprising copolymers of styrene and vinylidene chloride are disclosed. The interlayers have sufficient permeability to be useful for constructions in which cationic dyes must be prevented from diffusing away from an image receiving layer. Additionally, the selective interlayers allow unoxidized leuco dye to be diffused away from an image receiving layer, thereby increasing print stability. Use of these interlayers in multicolor dye-diffusive imaging constructions increases image stability and color density in the final image.

Abstract: Disclosed is a heat developable light-sensitive material that comprises a support having thereon at least one light-sensitive layer containing a silver halide emulsion, a dye-donating substance and a reducing agent, wherein at least one subbing layer comprised of a hydrophobic polymer is provided between the light-sensitive layer nearlest to the support and the support, and at least one said subbing layer contains a photographic useful reagent.A heat developable light-sensitive material according to this invention, can provide control fogging and raise the maximum density, or can improve the maximum density difference without exerting adverse effects on sensitivity and preservability.

Abstract: A diffusion transfer photographic material is disclosed, which comprises a support having thereon at least a photosensitive element comprising a photosensitive silver halide emulsion and a diffusible dye donating compound, and a dye fixing element which is placed upon the said photosensitive element at the time of image transfer, wherein a natural macromolecular polysaccharide originating from red algae is included in said photosensitive element and/or in said dye fixing element, and a process of producing a diffusion transfer photographic material is disclosed, which comprises the step of using a coating liquid which contains a water soluble polymer solution comprising a natural macromolecular polysaccharide, a hydrophilic organic solvent in which the said water soluble polymer is essentially insoluble and water.

Abstract: A dye fixing element is disclosed, comprising a support having provided thereon a dye fixing layer which mordants a diffusible dye, wherein at least one of said dye fixing layer or a layer adjacent thereto contains two or more kinds of high molecular weight binders which exhibit phase separation each other so as to give a mat appearance.

Abstract: A photographic element comprising a support having thereon at least one layer comprising a polymer obtained by copolymerizing a repeating unit represented by the following general formula (I) and a copolymerizable cellulose derivative represented by the following general formula (II):--A).sub.x (B).sub.y (I)wherein A represents a repeating unit derived from an ethylenically unsaturated monomer having --COOH group, --SO.sub.3 H group or --PO(OH).sub.2 group in the molecular structure; and B represents a repeating unit derived from a copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer; ##STR1## wherein (R.sup.1)s each independently represents (i) a hydrogen atom, (ii) a monovalent organic bonding group such as an ester group or an ether group or (iii) a monovalent organic bonding group represented by the following general formula (III), with the proviso that (R.sup.1)s do not all hydrogen atom at the same time; and n represents a number of 20 to 800; ##STR2## wherein R.sup.

Abstract: A diffusion transfer color photosensitive material is disclosed, comprising a support having thereon at least light-sensitive silver halides, binders and nondiffusible dye-providing compounds capable of releasing or forming a diffusible dye, corresponding to or counter-corresponding to the progress of conversion of the siliver halide into silver through reductive reaction, which contains as a trapping agent at least one compound represented by the following formula (I) to prevent the generation and/or the transfer of dyes in the white area without causing the lowering of image density:--(A).sub.p --(B).sub.q-- (I)[wherein A represents at least one vinyl monomer unit containing a quaternary ammonium ion associated therewith a counter ion at least 50 mol % of which is constituted by an anion represented by the following formula (II):R--X.sup.- (II)(wherein X.sup.- represents SO.sub.3.sup.- and/or COO.sup.

Abstract: An imaging medium comprises means for providing a light-reflecting layer, an image-receiving layer for receiving image-forming components, a transparent layer superposed over the image-receiving layer such that an image in the image-receiving layer can be viewed through the transparent layer against the light-reflecting layer, and an image enhancement layer disposed between the image-receiving layer and the transparent layer, the image enhancement layer having a refractive index less than that of the transparent layer and the image-receiving layer and not greater than about 1.43. The image enhancement layer decreases internal reflections within the medium and thereby improves the quality of the image seen. The imaging medium can be used as the imaging element of a diffusion transfer process film unit.

Abstract: A multicolor recording material is disclosed, which comprises a support having provided thereon at least two layers each containing a leuco dye which is capable of forming a color by oxidation and a photo-oxidizing agent, wherein the leuco dyes contained in each layer are capable of forming different color from each other and the photo-oxidizing agents contained in each layer respond to light having different wavelength from each other.

Abstract: A method for forming an image comprising heating, in the presence of water and at least one of a base and a base precursor, a combination of (i) a light-sensitive element comprising a support provided thereon at least a light-sensitive silver halide, a binder, and a dye providing substance and (ii) a dye fixing element comprising a mordant capable of fixing a mobile dye formed in said light-sensitive element, wherein said dye fixing element further contains at least one of oil droplets and a latex comprising a polymer having a glass transition point of 40.degree. C. or less.

Abstract: A color diffusion transfer photographic film unit is disclosed, which comprises:(1) a support having a light-shielding function in itself and/or having thereon a layer having a light-shielding function;(2) a light-sensitive element on the support, the element comprising in order from the support at least;(a) a color image-receiving layer comprising a mordant agent in a binder,(b) a peeling layer, and(c) at least one silver halide emulsion layer associated with a color image-forming substance;(3) a light-shielding agent-containing alkali processing composition; and(4) a cover sheet comprising at least a layer having a neutralizing function on a transparent support;wherein the cover sheet is characterized by having a dye-trapping layer comprising a mordant agent in a binder adjacent the alkali processing composition.

Abstract: A heat developable color photosensitive material capable of forming color images in a heat development, more particularly, capable of obtaining heat developable color diffusion transfer images substantially high in a maximum density. The heat developable color photosensitive material contains at least two photosensitive layers which are different from each other in color sensitivity and a non-photosensitive interlayer containing particles interposed between the photosensitive layers.

Abstract: A photographic element is disclosed comprising a support having provided thereon a highly water-absorbing high molecular weight compound having degree of swelling of 5 or more.

Abstract: A color diffusion transfer photographic light-sensitive material is disclosed, said light-sensitive material comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of polymers obtained by the condensation of at least one of compounds represented by the general formula (I) and at least one of compounds represented by the general formula (II) in the presence of an acid or alkaline catalyst; polymers obtained by the condensation of at least one of compounds represented by the general formula (I) and at least one of compounds represented by the general formula (III) in the presence of an acid catalyst; novolak resins obtained by the condensation of at least one of compounds represented by the general formula (I) and at least one of compounds represented by the general formula (IV) in the presence of an acid catalyst in a uniform organic solvent system while eliminating off water produced upon azeotropy; and polymers obtained by the condensation of at least one of compounds represented by the general formula (

Abstract: A silver halide photographic material is described, containing at least one polymer, which functions as both a color fogging preventing agent and a color mixing preventing agent, obtained by polycondensation of at least one compound represented by formula (I) and at least one compound represented by formula (II): ##STR1## wherein G represents hydroxyl group, a group capable of forming hydroxyl group by alkali hydrolysis, a carbonamido group or a sulfonamido group;n represents an integer of 1 or more, provided that when n is 2 or more, plural G's may be same or different;R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represents hydrogen atom or a substituent; andR.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each independently represents hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, a heterocyclic group, an acyl group, a carboxyl group, or a formyl group,in the presence of an acid or alkali catalyst.

Abstract: A silver halide color photographic material comprising a support having thereon at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer, at least one layer of the material containing the combination of a water-insoluble homopolymer or copolymer which has an amido bond in the repeating unit and at least one compound represented by formula (I): ##STR1## wherein X represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, an amido group or a sulfonamido group; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, which may be the same or different, each represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, an amido group, a sulfonamido group, hydrogen, a halogen atom, a sulfo group, a carboxyl group, a carbamoyl group, a sulfamoyl group, an acyl group or a sulfonyl group, provided that R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may be linked to form a carbocyclic ring; and Y represents a hydroxyl group or a sulfonamido group.

Abstract: A diffusion transfer photographic film unit comprising a support having thereon outwardly from said support (a) a dye image receiving layer; (b) a first peeling layer containing a copolymer of at least (i) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer containing at least one hydrocarbon group containing from 7 to 18 carbon atoms, and (ii) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, the homopolymer of which is soluble in water or an aqueous alkaline solution; (c) a second peeling layer containing a cellulose ester; and (d) a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer containing a light-sensitive silver halide and a dye image forming substance. The diffusion transfer photograph produced using the unit of the invention has stable peeling properties, is not sticky, and is excellent in scratch resistance.

Abstract: A method of a processing of a silver halide color photographic material is disclosed. The process comprises a step of developing the exposed color photographic material and a step of treating the developed color photographic material with a bleach-fixing solution. The bleach-fixing solution contains an organic acid ferric complex. At least one layer of the emulsion layers of the photographic material contains silver halide grains containing from 0.5 to 25 mol % of silver iodide. The total dry-thickness of the photographic component layers contained in the photographic material is from 8 to 25 .mu.m and the swelling rate T1/2 of the photographic component layers is not more than 25 sec. The method is suitable for rapid processing of the fine grain-type high-speed silver iodide-containing color photographic material. The method uses a bleach-fixing bath enabling the rapid processing of the high-speed color photographic material.

Abstract: An image-receiving material suitable for image production by dye diffusion transfer processing controlled by the development of (an) image-wise exposed silver halide emulsion layer(s), wherein said image-receiving material contains a hydrophobic resin support coated with a subbing layer that is coated with an image-receiving layer containing gelatin in combination with a cationic polymeric mordant containing glycidyl groups that can react with active hydrogen atoms of gelatin, the weight ratio of said polymeric mordant to gelatin being 25:1 to 1:1 and the gelatin being present at a coverage of at least 0.1 g per m2, and wherein said subbing layer has been applied from an aqueous composition comprising a polyester-polyurethane wherein isocyanate groups still present in its structure have reacted with an ionomeric compound containing at least one active hydrogen atom and a carboxylate or sulphonate salt group.

Abstract: An image-receiving element for use in photographic diffusion transfer film units of the "peel-apart" type is disclosed, comprising a support material; a polymeric acid-reacting layer; a water-permeable, water-absorbing polymeric layer for the gathering of processing moisture and image-degrading salt species; a thin, polymeric latex-deposited, water-impermeable and non-absorbing timing layer which is substantially impermeable to alkali for a predetermined period until the occurrence of a predetermined chemical reaction and conversion of said layer to a condition of permeability to alkali; and an alkali-permeable and dyeable image-receiving layer.

Abstract: Imaging elements, in particular image transfer assemblages and processes, are described wherein a stripping layer is employed to enable a layer containing a viewable image to be separated from other portions of the element. The stripping layer comprises certain N-alkyl substituted acylamide copolymers.

Abstract: A photographic element comprising particulate benzoguanamine-formaldehyde condensation polymer is improved in writability and anti-adherence while maintaining photographic properties. A photographic element, particularly a dye-fixing element comprising a dye-fixing layer on one surface of a support and a hydrophilic colloid-containing back layer on the other surface of the support is improved in image density variation and anti-adherence when the back layer contains at least about 0.002 cm.sup.3 /m.sup.2 of particles having a particle size of more than about 10 .mu.m.

Abstract: A polymer composition of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, G, J, L, x, y, and z are as defined herein is useful as a temporary barrier between reactants in photographic materials. The barrier is particularly useful as a process timing layer in color image transfer film units.

Abstract: A color photographic recording material for the dye diffusion transfer process contains color producing compounds in the form of a dispersion of particles of an ionically modified polyaddition or polycondensation product containing from 4 to 180 milliequivalents of ionic groups per 100 g, which particles are charged or loaded with the color producing compound. When development is carried out by heat treatment, color transfers with high maximum densities and low minimum densities are obtained.

Abstract: A color diffusion transfer photographic film unit and a method for forming image therewith which comprises a photosensitive sheet comprising a light-reflective support having disposed thereon in order outwardly from the support (a) a layer having neutralizing function, (b) a dye image-receiving layer, (c) a separating layer and (d) at least one light-sensitive emulsion layer comprising a light-sensitive silver halide, the light-sensitive emulsion layer being associated with at least one dye image-forming material; a transparent cover sheet superposed on the outermost layer of the photosensitive sheet; and rupturable storage means for providing a developing solution substantially opaque to light between the light-sensitive emulsion layer and the transparent cover sheet; provided that at least one of the light-reflective support and layer thereon disposed on the side of the light-sensitive emulsion layer opposite the transparent cover sheet is substantially opaque to light.

Abstract: A color diffusion transfer photographic element comprised of a light-sensitive dye release and receiving sheet and a cover sheet, wherein development, dye release and dye transfer occur in the presence of an alkaline processing solution, and wherein the cover sheet is provided with a neutralizing system which causes neutralization by an alkaline processing solution to proceed by at least a first and second stage, wherein the first stage is characterized in that neutralization (lowering) of the pH of an alkaline processing solution occurs to the extent to interrupt development and dye release reactions but at which the transfer of a dye for forming a transfer image can continue, and a second stage at which the pH of the processing solution is gradually lowered to a final value which is stably maintained over prolonged storage, the photographic element characterized in that the neutralizing system comprises at least a neutralizing layer, a second neutralization timing layer, an auxiliary neutralizing layer, and

Abstract: A process for forming a color image comprising exposing and heating a light-sensitive material comprising a support having thereon a light-sensitive silver halide, a binder and a compound capable of forming or releasing a mobile dye chemically in connection with reduction of the silver halide into silver upon heating, transferring and fixing the thus formed or released mobile dye to a dye fixing layer, and then separating the portion having the silver halide and the compound capable of forming or releasing a mobile dye and the portion having the dye fixing layer from each other, and wherein polyvinyl alcohol is present in at least one surface layer of the light-sensitive material and the dye fixing layer being separated is disclosed.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic material having good granularity, high sensitivity and excellent fixability, comprising a support and at least one photosensitive silver halide emulsion layer containing silver halide grains. The silver halide grains have an average iodine content of at least 3 mole %, and the photographic material further contains a polymer capable of providing a cation site in a fixing solution on the same side as the photosensitive layer.

Abstract: An image-forming method which comprises:imagewise exposing a light-sensitive material comprising a light-sensitive layer provided on a support wherein the light-sensitive layer contains silver halide, a reducing agent, a polymerizable compound and a color image forming substance;simultaneously or thereafter developing the light-sensitive material to polymerize the polymerizable compound within the area where the latent image of the silver halide has been formed, and thereby fixing the color image forming substance on the support within the area;pressing the light-sensitive material on an image-receiving material comprising an image-receiving layer provided on a support wherein the image-receiving layer contains a granulated thermoplastic compound, to transfer the unfixed color image forming substance to the image-receiving material; andheating the image-receiving material.

Abstract: A method for forming an image is described, comprising developing a photosensitive element which comprises a support provided thereon a photosensitive layer containing at least a photosensitive silver halide, a binder, and a dye providing substance which forms or releases a diffusible dye by developing after or simultaneously with imagewise exposure thereof, transferring the thus-formed or released diffusible dye to a dye fixing layer of a dye fixing element, and thereafter separating said photosensitive element and said dye fixing element from each other, wherein at least one layer constituting said photosensitive element and said dye fixing element contains an oil component.

Abstract: Diffusion transfer films and processes are disclosed wherein the processing composition includes a light reflecting pigment and an optical filter agent, and the image-receiving layer carries an overcoat comprising a polyoxyalkylene decolorizing agent hydrogen bonded with at least one other polymer and a salt of polyvinyl hydrogen phthalate, the overcoat layer being adapted to decolorize optical filter agent immediately adjacent the interface between the processing composition and the overcoat layer.

Abstract: Photographically useful compounds, i.e. in the present context compounds which, under development conditions, chemically react imagewise, after imagewise exposure, to produce desired reaction products in imagewise distribution, may be incorporated in the layers of photographic recording materials in the form of aqueous dispersions of polyurea or polyurethane compounds containing recurring structural units corresponding to the following formula:Q(--Y).sub.n Iin which Q represents the residue of the photographically useful compound; the other symbos are as defined in the specification.

Abstract: Transfer images free from spots are obtained by the heat development process using a photographic recording material and a separate image receptor sheet if either the photothermographic recording material or the image receptor sheet or both contain a mixture of gelatine and sodium alginate in a surface contact layer.

Abstract: A photographic light-sensitive element is described comprising a support having provided thereon at least one of a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer and an image-receiving layer, in which a layer comprising a light-reflective organic polymer is provided between the support and the light-sensitive silver halide layer or the image-receiving layer. The light-reflective organic polymer layer serves as a stripping layer without retarding image-formation.

Abstract: A process for improving adhesion between photographic layers of a photographic element comprising a support having provided thereon at least(1) a first photographic layer comprising a high molecular weight compound having a functional group capable of reacting with an isocyanate group and(2) a second photographic layer comprising a high molecular weight compound having a functional group capable of reacting with an isocyanate group which compound is different from the high molecular weight compound of said first layer,which process comprises coating from 2 to 20 ml/m.sup.2 of a solution containing a polyisocyanate compound having at least two isocyanate groups on the first photographic layer, drying said solution, and then coating the second photographic layer.

Abstract: A heat developable light-sensitive material is disclosed which is provided with a protective layer comprising, as a major constituent, a nonionic, hydrophilic polymer. On heat developing the light-sensitive material, a mobile dye image is formed which can be transferred to a dye fixing material superposed on the light-sensitive material. After the transfer of the dye image, the light-sensitive material can be readily separated from the dye fixing material due to the presence of the protective layer, and thus a sharp image can be formed in the dye fixing material.

Abstract: High molecular weight polymeric poly(ethylene oxide) compounds are employed as stripping agents for separating layers of photographic products.

Abstract: Photographic processing compositions containing a light-reflecting pigment and a styrene-butadiene copolymer are disclosed. The photographic processing compositions are useful in photographic diffusion transfer film units and processes for the provision of permanent photographic laminates. A light-reflecting layer formed in a photographic laminate from such a processing composition exhibits a reduced tendency toward cohesion or adhesion failure and separation.

Abstract: In heat developable photographic system of dry procedure, color images are formed by imagewise exposing and then heating a light-sensitive material comprising a support having provided thereon a light-sensitive layer containing silver halide, a binder, and a compound capable of producing or releasing, upon reduction of light-sensitive silver halide to silver at elevated temperatures, a mobile dye, as a direct or inverse function of the reduction reaction, allowing the produced or released mobile dye to migrate into a dye-fixing material having incorporated therein a hydrophilic thermal solvent and fixing the dye thereto, then separating the light-sensitive material from the dye-fixing material, with a fluorine-containing surfactant being incorporated in at least one of the uppermost layers on the contacting sides of the light-sensitive material and of the dye-fixing material.

Abstract: A silver halide photographic material comprising a support having thereon at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having associated therewith at least one blocked photographic reagent represented by formula (I) or (II); ##STR1## wherein, A represents a moiety of a photographic reagent or a moiety of a precursor of a photographic reagent bonded to the ring containing Z through a hetero atom; Y.sup.1, and Y.sup.2 and Y.sup.3 each represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, or Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.3 in formula (I) together form a ring; Z represents an atomic group necessary for forming a carbon ring or a heterocyclic ring; and n represents 1 or 2.The silver halide photographic material is stable under storage conditions.

Abstract: An image-receiving element adapted to the provision of a diffusion transfer photograph and having a preprinted security pattern between contiguous layers thereof is disclosed. The pattern comprises a patterning agent and a binder therefor preferentially adhesive to the contiguous layer closest in proximity to the image-receiving layer of such element. Diffusion transfer photographs prepared from the image-receiving element carrying the preprinted security pattern are useful in the production of an information-bearing document such as an ID card.

Abstract: An image-receiving element for a diffusion transfer photographic process is described, comprising a support having thereon an image-receiving layer and a stripping layer composed of a copolymer, wherein said copolymer contains more than 40 mole % of a monomer unit derived from an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, and said stripping layer is at least partially crosslinked.