Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of operating a burner, which comprises at least one first fuel supply conduit (5) with a first group of fuel outlet openings (6), essentially arranged in the direction of a burner longitudinal axis (3), for a first premix fuel quantity and one or a plurality of second fuel supply conduits (7) with a second group of fuel outlet openings (8), essentially arranged in the direction of the burner longitudinal axis (3), for a second premix fuel quantity, it being possible to admit fuel to the second fuel supply conduits (7) independently of the first fuel supply conduit (5). In the method, both fuel supply conduits (5, 7) are operated with the same fuel. By means of the present method of operating a burner, optimum mixing conditions can be set even in the case of different loads, gas qualities or gas preheat temperatures.

Abstract: A nozzle comprising a nozzle body having an inlet face, an outlet face, and an inlet flow axis passing through the inlet and outlet faces, and two or more slots extending through the nozzle body from the inlet face to the outlet face. Each slot has a slot axis and the slot axis of at least one of the slots is not parallel to the inlet flow axis of the nozzle body. In another embodiment, the nozzle comprises a nozzle body having an inlet face, an outlet face, and an inlet flow axis passing through the inlet and outlet faces, and two or more slots extending through the nozzle body from the inlet face to the outlet face, each slot having a slot axis, wherein none of the slots intersect other slots and all of the slots are in fluid flow communication with a common fluid supply conduit. The nozzles may be used to inject secondary fuel in a burner system having a central burner combusting a primary fuel surrounded by secondary fuel injection nozzles.

Abstract: A symmetric device for stabilization of a flame includes a primary oxidant pipe and a fuel pipe. The fuel pipe is internal to the primary oxidant pipe creating a primary oxidant conduit. A secondary oxidant pipe is internal to the fuel pipe creating a fuel conduit. A primary oxidant source supplies oxidant to the primary oxidant conduit. A fuel source supplies fuel to the fuel conduit. A secondary oxidant source supplies oxidant to the secondary oxidant pipe. The first oxidant velocity is greater than the second oxidant velocity and the fuel velocity is less than the second oxidant velocity. The primary oxidant pipe end extends past the fuel pipe forward end and the fuel pipe forward end extends past the secondary oxidant pipe end. A mismatch in velocity between fuel and oxidant generates a large scale vortex. An asymmetric embodiment is also provided.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel in a combustion chamber of a furnace or boiler are presented, the combustion normally using only air as an oxidant, part of the air entering the combustion chamber through one or more burners, and a remaining portion of air entering the combustion chamber at a plurality of locations downstream of the burners. The methods comprise injecting oxygen-enriched gas through a plurality of lances into the combustion chamber at a plurality of downstream locations, the oxygen-enriched gas injected at a velocity ranging from subsonic to supersonic, and the oxygen-enriched gas being present in an amount sufficient to provide an oxygen concentration of no more than 2% on a volume basis greater than when air is used alone as oxidant.

Abstract: A burner module for delivering a flow of chemical reactants to a combustion site of a chemical vapor deposition process includes a plurality of substantially planar layers. The substantially planar layers are arranged in a generally parallel and fixed relationship and define an inlet, an outlet and a passage fluidly connecting the inlet and outlet. At least one of the layers is a distribution layer having a plurality of apertures therethrough and fluidly communicating with the passage. The plurality of apertures collectively define a non-uniform pattern arranged and configured to improve the uniformity of a flow out through the outlet. Burner adapter and assembly embodiments are also included.

Abstract: The method of the invention concerns operation of a furnace utilising a hydrogen-rich gas as furnace fuel. The furnace has multiplicity of burners for burning fuel supplied thereto. The method comprises providing ignition means for lighting a flame at at least one burner of the multiplicity of burners. An oxygen-containing gas and a combustible gas comprising a hydrocarbon gas are supplied to each of the multiplicity of burners in amounts capable of forming an ignitable mixture. A flame is ignited at the predetermined one burner which is then allowed to propagate from the at least one predetermined burner to the other burners of the multiplicity of burners. Then the composition of the combustible gas is altered over a period of time so as to replace at least a major part of the hydrocarbon gas by a hydrogen-rich gas until a hydrogen flame is established at each of the multiplicity of burners.

Abstract: In a method for injecting fuel into a burner (1), which burner (1) comprises an inner chamber (22) enclosed by at least one shell (8, 9), at which inner chamber fuel is injected through fuel nozzles (6) into a combustion air stream (23) flowing inside the inner chamber (22), the resulting fuel/air mixture flows within a time-lag (&tgr;) to a flame front (3) in a combustion chamber (2), and is ignited there, the formation of thermoacoustic, ignition-driven vibrations is achieved in that the fuel is injected in such a way by means of fuel nozzles (6) distributed over the burner length that the time-lag (&tgr;) between the injection of the fuel and its combustion at the flame front (3) corresponds to a distribution (12) that varies systematically over the burner length for the various fuel nozzles and reduces the vibrations.

Abstract: A method of burning emulsion fuel oil, having the advantages of excellent combustion efficiency and fuel saving effect, by selectively burning only a portion having a better emulsification state among the emulsion fuel oil, including a fuel oil additive composition mixed with water using a circulating system. The emulsification state of the fuel oil is maintained at a predetermined level using the circulating system.

Abstract: NOx emissions from combustion are reduced, NOx reduction efficiency by SNCR is improved, and other efficiencies are realized, by injecting oxygen into a fuel-rich combustion zone under controlled conditions.

Abstract: A furnace that combusts fuel, such as coal, of a given minimum energy content to obtain a stated minimum amount of energy per unit of time is enabled to combust fuel having a lower energy content, while still obtaining at least the stated minimum energy generation rate, by replacing a small amount of the combustion air fed to the furnace by oxygen. The replacement of oxygen for combustion air also provides reduction in the generation of NOx.

Abstract: NOx formation in the combustion of solid hydrocarbonaceous fuel such as coal is reduced by obtaining, from the incoming feed stream of fuel solids and air, a stream having a ratio of fuel solids to air that is higher than that of the feed steam, and injecting the thus obtained stream and a small amount of oxygen to a burner where the fuel solids are combusted.

Abstract: Improved operational characteristics such as improved fuel efficiency, reduction of NOx formation, reduction of the amount of unburned carbon in the ash, and lessened tendency to corrosion at the tube wall, in a multi-burner furnace are obtained by reducing the flow rate of combustion air to the burners and selectively individually feeding oxidant to only some of the burners.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel in a combustion chamber of a furnace or boiler are presented, the combustion normally using only air as an oxidant, part of the air entering the combustion chamber through one or more burners, and a remaining portion of air entering the combustion chamber at a plurality of locations downstream of the burners. The methods comprise injecting oxygen-enriched gas through a plurality of lances into the combustion chamber at a plurality of downstream locations, the oxygen-enriched gas injected at a velocity ranging from subsonic to supersonic, and the oxygen-enriched gas being present in an amount sufficient to provide an oxygen concentration of no more than 2% on a volume basis greater than when air is used alone as oxidant.

Abstract: Improved apparatus for burning fuel with low NOx formation are provided. An apparatus of the invention for discharging a mixture of fuel gas and air into a furnace wherein the mixture is burned and flue gases having a low NOx content are formed includes the following. A burner housing, attached to a furnace, is provided having a means for mixing a first portion of the fuel gas with a first portion of the air to form a primary fuel gas-air mixture and discharging the primary fuel gas-air mixture into a primary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location surrounded by a wall which extends into the furnace. A means for mixing a second portion of the fuel with a second portion of the air to form a secondary fuel gas-air mixture is also provided whereby the secondary fuel gas-air mixture is discharged into a secondary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location adjacent to an exterior side of the wall.

Abstract: To reduce the overall size of and to simplify the supply for three-tube burners, and to allow easier interchangeability with two-tube burners, the burner (Br) comprises an inlet (5) for a fuel and a fuel feed tube (2) connected to this fuel inlet, an inlet (6) for an oxidizer and two oxidizer feed tubes (1, 3) connected to this oxidizer inlet, and a control valve (7, 9) for controlling the distribution of the oxidizer between the two oxidizer feed tubes (1, 3). By means of this burner, and more specifically of the control valve (7, 9), the distribution of the oxidizer between the two oxidizer feed tubes (1, 3) may be continuously adjusted.

Abstract: A burner has a body portion and a main outlet. Fuel and primary oxidant outlets are arranged upstream of the main outlet and are disposed substantially concentrically about the axis of the burner. A chamber inside the body portion provides a place for the mixing of the fuel and oxidant. A laval nozzle provides acceleration of the mixed fuel and oxidant. Particulate matter are injected into a secondary oxidant flow immediately adjacent and downstream of the accelerating nozzle. The burner can be used in an electric arc furnace for decarburization of metals as well as post combustion. The burner can be mounted in a water-cooled box and can be fitted with an oxygen port for extra oxygen for post combustion while the burner injects hot oxygen and carbon for slag forming.

Abstract: A flame stabilizing apparatus is disclosed for application to a burner for a flame hydrolysis deposition (FHD) process. In the flame stabilizing apparatus, a co-flow diffusion flame burner emits a flame onto a substrate and a flame stabilizer, installed around the burner coaxially, isolates the emitted flame from an instable ambient flow to stabilize the flame and a particle flow.

Abstract: An apparatus for combustion of a fuel in stages having at least one wall enclosing a chamber and forming at least one fuel inlet opening, at least one oxidant inlet opening and a plurality of fuel/oxidant outlet openings. A recirculation sleeve is disposed on the fuel/oxidant outlet side of the chamber and is coaxially aligned with the center axis of the apparatus. A plurality of fuel distributors are disposed within the chamber, each fuel distributor having a fuel inlet and a plurality of fuel outlets, each of the fuel outlets being aligned with a corresponding one of the fuel/oxidant outlet openings. Also disclosed is a method for combustion of a fuel in stages.

Abstract: In a gas burner for introducing a fuel/air mixture into a combustion chamber, a tube is provided for introducing a source of primary air into a core portion of the fuel air mixture. The resulting secondary flame that is produced within the primary flame causes a reduction of NOX gases, which can be attributed to the dispersion of combustion byproducts within the primary flame. In one embodiment, the air supply tube enters the area of the fuel air mixture radially and then turns and extends axially along an extended axis of the burner.

Abstract: An oxy-fuel burner generates a long, luminous, stable and adjustable flame temperature profile flame by incorporating separate, fuel and oxygen jets oriented in a unique geometry. In one preferred embodiment, the fuel is injected horizontally at medium injection velocity (50-200 m/s) while primary oxygen is injected underneath the fuel jet at supersonic velocity (300-500 m/s). The supersonic velocity oxygen jet (20 to 50% required for stoichiometric combustion) entrains fuel and furnaces gases in it's core for the primary flame development over the furnace load. The subsequent mixing of the fuel, primary oxygen and entrained furnace gases establish a low NOx, stable, long and luminous primary flame. The secondary oxidant, preferably air or low purity oxygen (50 to 80% of stoichiometric needs), is injected above the flame using one or more oxygen jets to create an oxy-fuel flame with adjustable flame characteristics.

Abstract: A lighter is provided. The lighter includes two spaced apart nozzles. Upon manual actuation of the lighter, each nozzle produces a separate flame, and the flames intersect to produce a single flame in region spaced apart from the body of the lighter.

Abstract: A burner configuration with primary and secondary pilot burners is described. The burner configuration is used in a firing installation, in particular a gas turbine combustion chamber, and has a main burner and, disposed centrally within it, a primary pilot burner used for igniting and/or for stabilizing the combustion of the main burner. For additional stabilization, for reducing rumble noises in the firing installation and for avoiding the possible flashback of the flame in a partial region of the burner, which can then sometimes occur, a plurality of outlet openings, which together form a secondary pilot burner, are disposed in the outlet region of the main burner. The flames of the secondary pilot burner surround the main flame like a ring and additionally stabilize the operation under different load conditions.

Abstract: Improved apparatus for burning fuel with low NOx formation are provided. An apparatus of the invention for discharging a mixture of fuel gas and air into a furnace wherein the mixture is burned and flue gases having a low NOx content are formed includes the following. A burner housing, attached to a furnace, is provided having a means for mixing a first portion of the fuel gas with a first portion of the air to form a primary fuel gas-air mixture and discharging the primary fuel gas-air mixture into a primary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location surrounded by a wall which extends into the furnace. A means for mixing a second portion of the fuel with a second portion of the air to form a secondary fuel gas-air mixture is also provided whereby the secondary fuel gas-air mixture is discharged into a secondary burning zone in the furnace from at least one discharge location adjacent to an exterior side of the wall.

Abstract: A gas-fired burner wherein a back plate having at least one inlet tube is connected with respect to a flameholder plate having a plurality of ports. The flameholder plate and the back plate form a plenum. A plurality of mixing baffles are formed within the plenum and between the back plate and the flameholder plate. A radiation plate is also connected with respect to the flameholder plate, the radiation plate and flameholder plate forming a combustion chamber with at least one gas flow boundary serving as a heat radiating surface.

Abstract: An improvement for an ejector having at least one discharge port effective for delivering a flow of fuel into a heating system such that flue gas in the heating system is entrained in the flow of fuel. The improvement comprises the ejector having an aerodynamic shape effective for increasing entrainment of the flue gas in the flow of fuel at the region of discharge adjacent the discharge port.

Abstract: An improved burner and a method for combusting fuel in burners used in furnaces, such as those used in steam cracking, are disclosed. The burner includes a burner tube having an upstream end and a downstream end and means for drawing flue gas from the furnace or air from a source of air or mixtures thereof in response to an inspirating effect of uncombusted fuel flowing through the burner tube from its upstream end towards its downstream end. A burner tip is mounted on the downstream end of the burner tube adjacent a first opening in the furnace, the burner tip having a plurality of main ports in an external surface thereof so that combustion of the fuel takes place downstream of the burner tip, the number and dimensions of said main ports in said external surface being such that the ratio of the total area of the main ports in said external surface is at least 1 square inch per million (MM) Btu/hr burner capacity.

Abstract: Low NOx axial premix burner apparatus and methods for burning fuel gas are provided by the present invention. The methods of the invention are basically comprised of the steps of mixing a first portion of the fuel gas and all of the air to form a lean primary fuel gas-air mixture, discharging the lean primary fuel gas-air mixture into the furnace space whereby the mixture is burned in a primary combustion zone therein, discharging a second portion of the fuel gas into the primary combustion zone to stabilize the flame produced therein and discharging the remaining portion of the fuel gas into a secondary combustion zone in the furnace space.

Abstract: Multi-stage combustion technology combined with nitrogen-enriched air technology for controlling the combustion temperature and products to extend the maintenance and lifetime cycles of materials in contact with combustion products and to reduce pollutants while maintaining relatively high combustion and thermal cycle efficiencies. The first stage of combustion operates fuel rich where most of the heat of combustion is released by burning it with nitrogen-enriched air. Part of the energy in the combustion gases is used to perform work or to provide heat. The cooled combustion gases are reheated by additional stages of combustion until the last stage is at or near stoichiometric conditions. Additional energy is extracted from each stage to result in relatively high thermal cycle efficiency. The air is enriched with nitrogen using air separation technologies such as diffusion, permeable membrane, absorption, and cryogenics.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of operating a burner, which comprises at least one first fuel supply conduit (5) with a first group of fuel outlet openings (6), essentially arranged in the direction of a burner longitudinal axis (3), for a first premix fuel quantity and one or a plurality of second-fuel supply conduits (7) with a second group of fuel outlet openings (8), essentially arranged in the direction of the burner longitudinal axis (3), for a second premix fuel quantity, it being possible to admit fuel to the second fuel supply conduits (7) independently of the first fuel supply conduit (5). In the method, both fuel supply conduits (5, 7) are operated with the same fuel. By means of the present method of operating a burner, optimum mixing conditions can be set even in the case of different loads, gas qualities or gas preheat temperatures.

Abstract: A coherent jet lance and operating method wherein the need for a lance extension is eliminated using a single ring of ports to deliver flame envelope gases around the primary gas jets to maintain the gas jets coherent.

Abstract: An ultra low NOx burner for process heating is provided which includes a fluid based flame stabilizer which provides a fuel-lean flame at an equivalence ratio in the range of phi=0.05 to phi=0.3 and fuel staging lances surrounding the flame stabilizer in circular, flat, or load shaping profiles, each lance comprising a pipe having a staging nozzle at a firing end thereof, each lance having at least one hole for staging fuel injection, and each hole having a radial divergence angle and an axial divergence angle. The at least one hole and the divergence angles provide circular, flat or load shaping flame pattern. The burner provides NOx emissions of less than 9 ppmv at near stoichiometry combustion conditions.

Abstract: An additive to a flame reaction forms noncorrosive deposits on cooler metal surfaces, which deposits are more stable than Na2SO4 or K2SO4. By adding molybdenum salts to the flame, an alkali polymolybdate is produced on the cooler metal surface and corrosion is inhibited. Deposition appears to closely reflect the relative thermodynamic stabilities of these salts. The flame processes all chemical molybdenum salt precursors as equivalent sources of molybdenum. The level of molybdenum required is equal to 2 times or more that of the alkali on an atomic basis in the flame environment. The nature of the fuel purity and possible alkali reduction schemes invoked will control the actual quantity and mixing method of the additive. The additive may be directly mixed into the fuel or injected into the burned gas regions of the combustor.

Abstract: A symmetric device for stabilization of a flame includes a primary oxidant pipe and a fuel pipe. The fuel pipe is internal to the primary oxidant pipe creating a primary oxidant conduit. A secondary oxidant pipe is internal to the fuel pipe creating a fuel conduit. A primary oxidant source supplies oxidant to the primary oxidant conduit. A fuel source supplies fuel to the fuel conduit. A secondary oxidant source supplies oxidant to the secondary oxidant pipe. The first oxidant velocity is greater than the second oxidant velocity and the fuel velocity is less than the second oxidant velocity. The primary oxidant pipe end extends past the fuel pipe forward end and the fuel pipe forward end extends past the secondary oxidant pipe end. A mismatch in velocity between fuel and oxidant generates a large scale vortex. An asymmetric embodiment is also provided.

Abstract: An oxygen fueled combustion system includes a furnace having at least one burner, an oxygen supply for supplying oxygen having a predetermined purity, and a carbon based fuel supply for supplying a carbon based fuel. The oxygen and the carbon based fuel are fed into the furnace in a stoichiometric proportion to one another to limit an excess of either the oxygen or the carbon based fuel to less than 5 percent over the stoichiometric proportion. The combustion of the carbon based fuel provides a flame temperature in excess of 4500° F. The exhaust gas stream from the furnace has substantially zero nitrogen-containing combustion produced gaseous compounds from the oxidizing agent and reduced green-house gases. Substantially less carbon based fuel is required than conventional combustion systems without a loss of energy output.

Abstract: This invention relates to a burner and a method of combustion for producing a flame jet sheet or sheets for various applications in industrial furnaces. The burner has at least one linear or curvilinear flame nozzle having a ratio of width to height of greater than unity in order to produce high velocity and high temperature flame jet sheet or sheets with a well defined geometry. The burner is capable of being scaled to various sizes for various industrial furnace applications due to its geometry.

Abstract: A lance system for lancing gas into a molten metal furnace wherein primary gas is passed into a furnace as a coherent jet enveloped in secondary gas provided into the furnace through a plurality of secondary openings communicating with respective secondary passages having restrictions within the lance set back from the lance face.

Abstract: A low emissions burner includes a diffusion burner surrounded by an annular array of premix burners. The diffusion burner operates at maximum swirl air flow and at a low constant fuel rate to reduce NOx emissions. The diffusion burner provides a stable swirling diffusion flame. An annular array of premix burners surrounds the diffusion burner and provides a non-swirling premix flame about the diffusion flame to advantageously provide a higher heat content about the periphery of the burner flame to facilitate industrial drying processes using the burner. The diffusion burner flame maintains the premixed flame stabilized. Water injection nozzles are provided each of the premix and diffusion burners.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for combustion of fuels of arbitrary state of aggregation, which are burnt with air, possibly with the addition of water, and a reactor therefore, which is intended to optimize the combustion method. A solid, liquid and/or gaseous fuel, possibly water and/or an oxidizing agent are introduced into a reaction chamber (2) in its axial direction under high pressure, the amount of injected pressurized air corresponding to the amount of air necessary for the complete combustion, and the introduced mixture is led to a deflection surface (7) in the interior of the reaction chamber (2), whereby it is atomized, sublimates and/or evaporates and burns explosively, before it can reach the wall or the bottom of the reaction chamber (2).

Abstract: NOx emissions from combustion are reduced, NOx reduction efficiency by SNCR is improved, and other efficiencies are realized, by injecting oxygen into a fuel-rich combustion zone under controlled conditions.

Abstract: A furnace that combusts fuel, such as coal, of a given minimum energy content to obtain a stated minimum amount of energy per unit of time is enabled to combust fuel having a lower energy content, while still obtaining at least the stated minimum energy generation rate, by replacing a small amount of the combustion air fed to the furnace by oxygen. The replacement of oxygen for combustion air also provides reduction in the generation of NOx.

Abstract: A burner system with staged fuel injection includes a burner with a swirl generator (1) for a combustion air stream and device(s) for introducing fuel into the combustion air stream, wherein the fuel introducing devices include at least two separate fuel supply elements (4a, 4b) with groups of fuel outlet openings for corresponding premix fuel amounts, wherein a first group is arranged downstream from a second group. The burner system furthermore includes measurement value probes (8, 9) for measuring the pulsations and emissions of the combustion, as well as a control device (10) that controls the two stages (4a, 4b) for introducing fuel dependent on the measured measuring values. The burner system permits optimized operation of the system even under changing operating and environmental conditions.

Abstract: In a combustion process, especially one used for melting glass, the delivery of fuel is ensured by an apparatus having at least one burner (5) which is equipped with at least one injector (1) that includes a liquid fuel delivery tube (2) which has at least one internal wall (25) and an injected fluid delivery tube (3) arranged concentrically with respect to the liquid fuel delivery tube. Immediately before injecting the liquid fuel from its delivery tube, one puts it in the shape of a hollow jet basically assuming the shape of the internal wall. This has application for the reduction of NOx in a glass-making oven.

Abstract: A burner having improved flame quality even at high turn-down ratios. The burner includes a flow director which is preferably a bent sheet or plate positioned in the burner to alter the flow geometry of the air component into a series of channels where the air mixes with the fuel. Preferably the flow director is perforated, the perforations providing a second avenue for the flow of air into the mixing channel.

Abstract: An oxy-fuel burner generates a long, luminous, stable and adjustable flame temperature profile flame by incorporating separate, fuel and oxygen jets oriented in a unique geometry. In one preferred embodiment, the fuel is injected horizontally at medium injection velocity (50-200 m/s) while primary oxygen is injected underneath the fuel jet at supersonic velocity (300-500 m/s). The supersonic velocity oxygen jet (20 to 50% required for stoichiometric combustion) entrains fuel and furnaces gases in it's core for the primary flame development over the furnace load. The subsequent mixing of the fuel, primary oxygen and entrained furnace gases establish a low NOx, stable, long and luminous primary flame. The secondary oxidant, preferably air or low purity oxygen (50 to 80% of stoichiometric needs), is injected above the flame using one or more oxygen jets to create an oxy-fuel flame with adjustable flame characteristics.

Abstract: An anti-condensation device for a flame sensor (10) of a combustion chamber (12), wherein the sensor (10) is disposed outside the combustion chamber (12) and determines the presence of the combustion flame by means of an aperture (14) provided in a wall of the chamber (12); the device comprises at least two tubular structures (22, 24), one of which (24) surrounds the other (22) at least partially, an annular space in which air flows being provided between these two structures (22, 24).

Abstract: Method and apparatus for continuation of combustion with an oxy-fuel combustion system when the supply of oxygen is temporally reduced or stopped. Air or oxygen enriched air and fuel are introduced into the device being heated in place of the oxy-fuel mixture to effect combustion and maintain the heating level in the furnace. Water cooling of the furnace gases is used to reduce the volume of exhaust gases when operating in the air or oxygen enriched air mode.

Abstract: A high-temperature burner is provided that is suited for the incineration of shredded plastics, tires, carpet or similar materials. The burner walls are protected from the heat of the ongoing combustion reaction by an annular curtain of water vapor or carbon dioxide that takes the radiant heat energy of the high-temperature combustion reaction. The annular curtain removes the heat energy from the vicinity of the burner walls before the energy can be conveyed to them. Higher temperature combustion can be attained without resorting to jacketed burner construction or the use of refractory materials.

Abstract: A combination of a flame arrestor with a reflection suppressor is provided which not only arrests an advancing flame front, but also suppresses or mitigates a reflection wave that is generated by a pressure wave that passes through the combination and continues on to a pipe restriction what generates a reflection wave that proceeds back to the combination. At the combination, the reflection suppressor suppresses and/or mitigates the reflection wave, thereby avoiding a heightened pressure in the combination that could cause a re-ignition and a new flame front and pressure front. The reflection suppressor has a tapered profile that permits a pressure wave to pass along and past the reflection suppressor as it leaves the combination but that impedes and mitigates a returning reflection wave produced by the pressure wave striking a pipe restriction and causing such a returning reflection wave.

Abstract: A flame stabilizing apparatus is disclosed for application to a burner for a flame hydrolysis deposition (FHD) process. In the flame stabilizing apparatus, a co-flow diffusion flame burner emits a flame onto a substrate and a flame stabilizer, installed around the burner coaxially, isolates the emitted flame from an instable ambient flow to stabilize the flame and a particle flow.

Abstract: A burner and method for reducing NOx emissions from process heaters, boilers, and other heating systems having flue gases present therein. The inventive burner and method preferably involve the single stage combustion of fuel gas which is ejected outside of a burner wall in free jet flow such that at least a portion of the flue gas is entrained in the fuel gas as it travels to a combustion zone at the forward end of the burner wall. Air or other oxygen-containing gas is preferably delivered to the combustion zone via an interior passageway. The inventive burner preferably comprises a plurality of ejectors positioned outside of the burner wall and preferably also comprises one or more exterior impact structures positioned to assist in further mixing the flue gas with the fuel.