Abstract: A burner for operating a unit for generating a hot gas consists essentially of at least two hollow partial bodies (1, 2) which are interleaved in the flow direction and whose center lines extend offset relative to one another in such a way that adjacent walls of the partial bodies (1,2) form tangential air inlet ducts (5, 6) for the inlet flow of combustion air (7) into an internal space (8) prescribed by the partial bodies (1, 2). The burner has at least one fuel nozzle (11). In order to control flow instabilities in the burner, the inside of the burner outlet (17) has a plurality of nozzles (32) along the periphery of the burner outlet (17) for introducing axial vorticity into the flow, the nozzles (32) for injecting air (34) being arranged at an angle to the flow direction (30).

Abstract: A structure is disclosed that will quench a flame front during a flashback event in a gas turbine while simultaneously providing a mixing function during normal operations. The device disclosed consists of two monoliths one upstream of the other. In the basic embodiment of the invention the downstream monolith acts as a mixer while the combination of the upstream monolith and the downstream monolith act as the flashback arrestor. Other embodiments of the device also allow the downstream monolith to be a flameholder.

Abstract: Method and apparatus to prevaporize and premix liquid and/or gaseous fuels with air in two stages at two different temperatures prior to combustion. The invention is directed to the entry of a finely atomized liquid fuel, such as No. 2 diesel, into an inlet end of an annular chamber. Air is mixed with finely atomized liquid fuel, preferably generated by a small flow number liquid fuel nozzle, in a first chamber of the annular chamber at a first (relatively high) temperature for a relatively long residence time. The air and liquid fuel is moved into a second chamber of the annular chamber where a secondary hotter air is injected into the annular chamber by a plurality of staggered high velocity jets to prevaporize and premix the combined fuel and air mixture at a second higher temperature, but for a shorter time. The intense prevaporization and premixing make the mixture suitable for entry into a combustor, but without the need to add water or steam to keep pollutant emissions low.

Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and method for increasing the reactivity of a fuel/air mixture prior to homogenous combustion of the mixture. More specifically, this invention is a pilot for a gas turbine combustor which utilizes the heat of combustion within the pilot to increase the reactivity of a portion of the fuel/air mixture utilized by the pilot.

Abstract: A combustion burner includes a mixture nozzle, a gas supply nozzle, and a flow guide. The mixture nozzle extends toward an interior of a furnace, and defines a mixture passage through which a mixture containing powdered solid fuel and gas for transferring the solid fuel flows. A distal end portion of the mixture nozzle is flared so that a flow passage area of the mixture passage increases progressively in a direction of flow of the mixture. The gas supply nozzle radially surrounds the mixture nozzle to define between the gas supply nozzle and the mixture nozzle a gas passage through which a combustion oxygen-containing gas flows toward the furnace. The flow guide is provided within the mixture nozzle at a position upstream of the flared portion of the mixture nozzle with respect to a flow of the mixture so as to make the mixture flow straight along an inner peripheral surface of the flared portion of the mixture nozzle.

Abstract: A burner assembly in which an inlet is located at one end of a tubular member thereof for receiving a fuel/air mixture, and an outlet is located at the other end of the tubular member for discharging the mixture. Secondary air is directed towards the outlet and a register vanes are provided in the path of secondary air flow for regulating the quantity of air flowing through the paths. A stabilizer vane extends from the outer surface of the burner housing and is constructed and arranged to stabilize the secondary air flow without affecting the discharge of the fuel from the burner.

Abstract: A process for burning fuel which is formed of free hydrocarbons and/or fine-grained to dusty solid fuels, with a view to obtaining thorough mixing of the oxygen with the fuel in a manner as free of turbulences as possible, is characterized in that, into a main jet of oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas which is approximately cylindrical or slightly conically widening in the jet direction, several fuel jets oriented in a skew manner relative to the central longitudinal axis of the main jet are blown, which fuel jets are formed to surround the main jet peripherally, penetrate into the main jet and are sucked into the main jet.

Abstract: A method for changing the length of a coherent jet by establishing a coherent jet using a flame envelope generated using gaseous fuel and changing the flowrate of the gaseous fuel, preferably using inert gas for make up to maintain a constant total flowrate of fuel and inert gas.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for operating a pilot burner apparatus and a main burner apparatus of a gas-fired appliance. The pilot burner apparatus draws combustion air from a first environment. The main combustion apparatus draws air from a second environment. In a shutdown condition, such as when a flammable vapor source is accidentally exposed to the second environment, the pilot burner apparatus draws air containing an undesired flammable vapor which eliminates the pilot flame, triggering a gas valve to close and shut down the fuel gas supply to the main burner apparatus and the pilot burner apparatus.

Abstract: A system for establishing a single coherent gas jet from a plurality of initial gas jets ejected from a single lance wherein the initial gas jets are themselves coherent, are angled inward, and are surrounded by a flame envelope. The initial coherent gas jets merge to form a single coherent jet and the gases of the initial gas jets do not substantially interact within this single coherent jet for the length of the resulting single coherent gas jet.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a method and a device for operating a premix burner which improve the supply of fuel under certain types of operation.According to the invention, this is achieved by the fact that the liquid fuel (2) and the water (27) are conveyed separately to the liquid-fuel nozzle (17), and only there a liquid-fuel/water mixture (28) is produced, which is then injected into the inner chamber (9) of the premix burner (4) in a plain jet (29) with an injection angle a of less than 10.degree.. To this end and, the liquid-fuel nozzle (17), which opens out centrally into the inner chamber (9), is designed with a simple injection opening (19). A mixing zone (22), into which a liquid-fuel line (20) and a water feed line (21) open out, is arranged upstream of the injection opening (19).

Abstract: A burner apparatus comprises a conduit adapted to convey preheated oxidant and having outlet and inlet ends, and a conduit adapted to convey preheated fuel and having outlet and inlet ends. The conduit adapted to convey preheated fuel is substantially parallel to the conduit adapted to convey preheated oxidant. The conduit adapted to convey preheated oxidant is positioned substantially vertically above the conduit adapted to convey preheated fuel. The conduit adapted to convey preheated oxidant and the conduit adapted to convey preheated fuel each are positioned within its own respective elongate cavity in a refractory burner block. Each of the conduits are positioned in their respective cavity such that a substantially annular region is present between an outer surface of each conduit and its respective cavity. Each conduit inlet end extends through a respective plenum for receiving an ambient temperature fluid, the plenums adapted to pass the ambient temperature fluid into the respective annular regions.

Abstract: Flame outlet rail for a gas burner of the atmospheric, pre-mix type. The rail includes a shell defining a plenum closed at one end and open at another end to receive an air/fuel mixture and having a length between the ends. The shell has a longitudinal orifice extending along the length of the shell. A grid made of sheet metal pierced by a series of rectangular slits is positioned over the longitudinal orifice of the shell and communicates an interior of the shell with the exterior thereof to permit the air/fuel mixture to flow therethrough so as to form a flame front upon ignition. The grid has a longitudinal axis in parallel with the longitudinal orifice and a length. The slits which extend perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, are distributed on either side of the longitudinal axis and form a sinusoid extending over the entire length of the grid, which increases a length of the flame front. The slits (2) are spaced apart by a distance, e, constant along the longitudinal axis (3) of the flame outlet grid.

Abstract: A method and an arrangement for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides in a combustion apparatus provided with a tubular furnace. The method comprises burning odor gases at first sub-stoichiometrically, and subsequently supplying additional air to the furnace (3) in the transverse direction thereof in such a manner that the final air ratio is over 1. The arrangement comprises an additional air duct (7) which extends to the furnace of the boiler and from which additional air is supplied to the furnace (3) in the transverse direction of the furnace (3).

Abstract: A premix burner for a gas turbine engine having a pair of partial conical bodies stacked inside each other to form a conical interior chamber is disclosed. The conical bodies are offset laterally to form tangential air flow openings. The width of the openings is varied in a prescribed manner to induce rotational disorder.

Abstract: A fuel injector arrangement for fluid fuel combustion apparatus comprises a conduit 31 for the flow of an airstream, a conduit 56 for the flow of fluid fuel to a housing 15 incorporating a fuel plenum chamber 25, the fuel plenum chamber 25 having at least one inlet orifice 22 and at least one outlet orifice 34 in substantially direct alignment, the inlet orifice(s) 22 being connected to the conduit 31 whereby, in use, air in the airstream flows into the plenum chamber to thereby force fuel out of the plenum chamber via the outlet orifice(s). The airstream may constitute a secondary airstream, there being, in use, a primary airstream which flows around and beyond the housing in a conduit 10 to receive the fuel forced out of the fuel plenum chamber.

Abstract: A minimum recirculation flame control (MRFC) solid fuel nozzle tip (12) that is suited to being cooperatively associated with a pulverized solid fuel nozzle (34) of a firing system in a pulverized solid fuel-fired furnace (10). The MRFC solid fuel nozzle tip (12) includes a secondary air shroud (46), secondary air shroud support (50) operative for supporting the primary air shroud (48) relative to the secondary air shroud (46), and a splitter plate (52) mounted in supported relation within the primary air shroud (48).

Abstract: A low NOx gas combustor includes an air injection mechanism to create a combustion air path. A set of arc-shaped gas injector arrays are formed in an annular configuration. Each arc-shaped gas injector array injects an arc-shaped stream of gas that intersects with the combustion air path to produce a fuel rich flame segment that is separated from an adjacent fuel rich flame segment from an adjacent arc-shaped gas injector array by an air rich zone. The interaction between the fuel rich flame segment and the air rich zone results in low NOx combustion of the gas.

Abstract: Process for partial oxidation in a Claus furnace of at least one gas stream comprising hydrogen sulphide, comprising the steps of:(a) injecting at least one gas stream comprising hydrogen sulphide and at least one oxygen-enriched gas stream into the Claus furnace, wherein each of the streams is injected at a speed of injection which is substantially parallel,(b) controlling the speed of injection of the gas stream comprising hydrogen sulphide and the speed of injection of the oxygen-enriched gas stream such that the speeds have a ratio between 0.8 and 1.2.

Abstract: In a method for operating a corner burner of a tangential burner system, at least a first air stream of coal dust and primary air is tangentially introduced to a imaginary horizontal circle in the combustion chamber of the tangential burner system via a nozzle of the corner burner. An additional air stream is introduced into the combustion chamber in a direction toward a chamber wall of the combustion chamber at an adjustable offset angle relative to the first air stream. The offset angle can be adjusted by providing the additional air stream as mixed air stream of at least two partial air streams of different adjustable flow velocity. A first partial air stream within the nozzle flows straight into the outlet opening of the nozzle, and the second partial air stream flows angularly into the first partial air stream upstream of the outlet opening. The nozzle has a mixing chamber arranged upstream of the outlet opening.

Abstract: In a process for manufacturing glass in a furnace a glass charge in solid form is introduced into a furnace-charging zone at an upstream part of a furnace. The glass charge is moved from the furnace-charging zone to a zone for removing the combustion smoke from the furnace downstream from the furnace-charging zone. The glass charge is moved from the zone for removing combustion smoke to a charge-melting zone downstream from the furnace-charging zone and located substantially in a middle of the furnace and heated by at least one burner. The glass charge is moved from the charge-melting zone to a charge-refining zone downstream from the charge-melting zone. The glass charge is brought to a desired temperature and viscosity in the charge-refining zone. The glass charge is removed from the furnace after the glass charge has been brought to the desired temperature and viscosity. The glass charge, after it has been removed from the furnace, is moved into a feed channel of glass-forming machines.

Abstract: A burner assembly having improved flame length and shape control is presented, which includes in exemplary embodiments at least one fuel fluid inlet and at least one oxidant fluid inlet, means for transporting the fuel fluid from the fuel inlet to a plurality of fuel outlets, the fuel fluid leaving the fuel outlets in fuel streams that are injected into a combustion chamber, means for transporting the oxidant fluid from the oxidant inlets to at least one oxidant outlet, the oxidant fluid leaving the oxidant outlets in oxidant fluid streams that are injected into the combustion chamber, with the fuel and oxidant outlets being physically separated, and geometrically arranged in order to impart to the fuel fluid streams and the oxidant fluid streams angles and velocities that allow combustion of the fuel fluid with the oxidant in a stable, wide, and luminous flame. Alternatively, injectors may be used alone or with the refractory block to inject oxidant and fuel gases.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for combusting fuel which results in reduction of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxides emissions. Fuel and primary air are preferably premixed and introduced into a combustion chamber. Secondary air is introduced through a plurality of secondary air ports, each preferably shaped as a slot, which are positioned about a venturi nozzle or flame holder disk mounted with respect to a combustion chamber wall. The secondary air flowing through the secondary air ports forms relatively high velocity and momentum secondary air jets that promote rapid mixing of the fuel and primary air mixture into the secondary air flow, such that a combustion flame is established at a partial periphery of the secondary air jets.

Abstract: This invention concerns a combustible gas atmospheric burner of the so-called "small-ramp type", comprising at least a body (1) consisting of two half-shells in a vertical plane of symmetry, configured in the lower part as a venturi tube (4), wherein the mixture of combustible gas and air is introduce by way of a nozzle (18). In its upper part it has a head made of high-temperature resisting material where the combustion takes place. The upper part of the burner body has portions of different cross-section so that the mixture exits from the said head in such a manner that its output is essentially uniform and of a laminar nature along the entire longitudinal dimension, which gives rise to a reduction in the noise emitted by the burner, as compared with similar arrangements of a known type.

Abstract: A low NO.sub.x burner includes a refractory lined plate with a refractory side facing a combustion chamber. A multiplicity of combustion air passages extend through the plate toward the combustion chamber. A multiplicity of spaced-apart primary fuel nozzles each have a discharge opening being surrounded by one of the combustion air passages for directing fuel therethrough to mix with combustion air passing through the air passages. A multiplicity of anchor fuel nozzles project through the plate for directing fuel into the combustion chamber. The anchor fuel nozzles are spaced apart from each other and from the combustion air passages. The flows of fuel and combustion air through the primary and anchor nozzles and the air passages into the combustion chamber are controlled to generate a flame. In applications that require low excess air, such as boiler applications, the burner is modified by providing a secondary fuel and flue gas injection assembly to form a two-stage burner.

Abstract: A burner apparatus is provided in accordance with the present invention that includes a case coupled to an air supply and a nozzle positioned to lie in case and coupled to a fuel supply. Nozzle defines at least one air-flow cavity inside case. Nozzle is formed to include a fuel-distribution chamber and at least one fuel-discharge port to communicate fuel from fuel-distribution chamber into air passing from air supply through each air-flow cavity. Fuel) mixes with air in each air-flow cavity to produce a combustible air-and-fuel mixture therein which can be ignited to produce a flame in case.

Abstract: In a method of operating a burner of a heat generator, in which the burner essentially includes a swirl generator for a combustion-air flow, a mechanism for injecting at least one fuel into the combustion-air flow, and a number of transition passages for passing a flow formed in the swirl generator into a mixing tube arranged downstream of the transition passages, a predetermined quantity of a second fuel having a good ignition quality is injected into the reaction zone in order to stabilize the combustion in the combustion space.

Abstract: An industrial fuel gas burner fired with a mixture of combustion air having up to about 45% flue gas which flows in a downstream direction along an annular combustion air conduit disposed about an axially movable core of the burner that terminates in an end cone that faces the combustion chamber of the furnace. Within the conduit and upstream of a discharge end thereof is a fuel gas discharge header formed by concentric, radially inner and outer tubular ring-shaped fuel gas headers which are concentrically disposed about an axis of the burner and in fluid communication with a source of pressurized fuel gas. The headers have a multiplicity of fuel gas discharge orifices which form three-dimensionally oriented gas streams directed into the combustion air-flue gas flow in the annular conduit. The orifices have a diameter of at least about 0.1 inch.

Abstract: With respect to a radiant tube burner to be used for heating a heating furnace or the like, to suppress the generation of NOx accompanying combustion, to make the structure thereof fit for a radiant tube burner equipment, to simplify the control of a fuel supply system and an air supply system, and to prevent the coking. Furthermore, to provide a combustion control scheme appropriate to a radiant tube burner. For these purposes, the present invention placed the respective tips of a fuel nozzle, e.g., pilot burner joint-use nozzle (11), and an air throat (13) in the end of a radiant tube (3) and moreover has a combustion air injection port (33) of the air throat (13) provided to be deviated in contact with or near to the inner circumferential wall surface of the radiant tube (3). In addition, a control device (307) for making a burner burn alternately.

Abstract: A nozzle for a recuperative radiant tube burner system is constructed to provide uniform combustion along the length of the inner tube. The nozzle includes combustion air ports disposed at compound angles and having different axial components to provide staged mixing of air and fuel. The staged mixing produces a combustible mixture along the length of the tube to produce a more uniform flame. The nozzle further has an outer wall disposed normal to the combustion air ports to improve air flow through the ports. A fuel outlet tube has relief ports for continuing fuel flow in the event that a main orifice is plugged, which may result from air pressure fluctuations in the burner system.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of combusting a water/fossil fuel mixed emulsion, which comprises elevating the temperature of a water/fossil fuel mixed emulsion, and vaporizing the emulsion, with a temperature-elevating and vaporizing apparatus 3, jetting the water/fossil fuel mixed gas thus formed by that elevation of the temperature and that vaporization from a burner 7, and bringing a Brown's gas flame of a Brown's gas combustion burner 5, in contact with the flow of the mixed gas, thereby combusting the water/fossil fuel mixed gas. There is also disclosed an apparatus for combusting a water/fossil fuel mixed emulsion. According to the combusting method and the combustion apparatus, it is possible to combust the water/fossil fuel mixed emulsion with good energy efficiency, and to obtain high calories resulting from the combustion.

Abstract: A low NO.sub.x combustion process is carried out by reacting low concentrations of combustibles with low concentrations of oxygen. These low concentrations are obtained by injecting high velocity fuel and oxidant streams through port openings that are spatially separated.

Abstract: A gas fired burner is provided for use in applications such as chemical process furnaces for process heaters in refineries and chemical plants, and the like. The burner is provided with a plurality of fuel gas inlets for enabling manipulation of the flame shape and combustion characteristics of the burner, based upon variation in the distribution of fuel gas between the various fuel gas inlets.A combination pilot and flame holder for a burner, such as may be used in process heaters and furnaces for refineries, chemical plants and the like, is also provided. The pilot is mounted atop a supply pipe for premixed fuel and air, which is positioned in the bore of a burner quarl. The pilot includes a radially outwardly extending flange which is upstream of a surface combustion flame holder for establishing a radially directed surface combustion flame.The present invention also provides a low-emissions burner and pilot system for use in such process heaters and furnaces.

Abstract: A heater, especially a motor vehicle heater which can be operated independently of the engine, with a burner which is supplied with fuel and air via a binary nozzle (2), a combustion chamber (1), and a multistage compressor (3, 4) for compressing the air. The entire mass flow of air necessary for combustion in the combustion chamber (1) is sent to at least one first compressor stage (3) for compression to a first pressure level, and the air mass flow compressed in this way is divided into a first component flow supplied directly to the combustion chamber (1), and a second component flow which is compressed in at least one second compressor stage (4) to a second pressure level and sent to the binary nozzle (2) as the fuel atomization air mass flow.

Abstract: A gas fired burner is provided for use in applications such as chemical process furnaces for process heaters in refineries and chemical plants, and the like. The burner is provided with a plurality of fuel gas inlets for enabling manipulation of the flame shape and combustion characteristics of the burner, based upon variation in the distribution of fuel gas between the various fuel gas inlets.A combination pilot and flame holder for a burner, such as may be used in process heaters and furnaces for refineries, chemical plants and the like, is also provided. The pilot is mounted atop a supply pipe for premixed fuel and air, which is positioned in the bore of a burner quarl. The pilot includes a radially outwardly extending flange which is upstream of a surface combustion flame holder for establishing a radially directed surface combustion flame.The present invention also provides a low-emissions burner and pilot system for use in such process heaters and furnaces.

Abstract: A gas burner adapted to discharge said fuel at its the periphery for combustion, includes upper and lower concave plates secured together to define a chamber and an outer periphery having a plurality of burner ports. The upper plate preferably has a periphery extending radially at least as far as the lower plate. The periphery of the upper plate is downwardly angled, preferably more steeply than the periphery of the lower plate. The peripheral edge of at least one or the other of the top or bottom burner plates extends radially outwardly from the central axis a distance beyond the location of the burner ports and into the path of burning gases issuing from the ports whereby the temperature of said burning gases is reduced. Preferably, the periphery of the upper plate extends downwardly to an elevation below the upper edges of the burner ports, so that gases emerging from the ports are caused to impinge against the periphery, thus cooling the gases and thereby reducing the NO.sub.

Abstract: A gas fired burner is provided for use in applications such as chemical process furnaces for process heaters in refineries and chemical plants, and the like. The burner is provided with a plurality of fuel gas inlets for enabling manipulation of the flame shape and combustion characteristics of the burner, based upon variation in the distribution of fuel gas between the various fuel gas inlets.A combination pilot and flame holder for a burner, such as may be used in process heaters and furnaces for refineries, chemical plants and the like, is also provided. The pilot is mounted atop a supply pipe for premixed fuel and air, which is positioned in the bore of a burner quarl. The pilot includes a radially outwardly extending flange which is upstream of a surface combustion flame holder for establishing a radially directed surface combustion flame.The present invention also provides a low-emissions burner and pilot system for use in such process heaters and furnaces.

Abstract: A combustor for a gas turbine having a centrally located fuel nozzle and inner, middle and outer concentric cylindrical liners, the inner liner enclosing a primary combustion zone. The combustor has an air inlet that forms two passages for pre-mixing primary fuel and air to be supplied to the primary combustion zone. Each of the pre-mixing passages has a circumferential array of swirl vanes. A plurality of primary fuel tube assemblies extend through both pre-mixing passages, with each primary fuel tube assembly located between a pair of swirl vanes. Each primary fuel tube assembly is comprised of two tubular members. The first member supplies fuel to the first pre-mixing passage, while the second member, which extends through the first member, supplies fuel to the second pre-mixing passage. An annular fuel manifold is divided into first and second chambers by a circumferentially extending baffle.

Abstract: A burner assembly for use in a gas burning fireplace for producing flame patterns simulating flame patterns produced by real burning wood, and a method for producing such flame patterns. A preferably cylindrical bluff body is placed into the gas flow path from a supply line dividing the flow into a first and a second flow and generating Karman vortices within each flow. The vortices between the two flows are staggered. Each flow enters into a burner and exits through the burner ports where it is ignited to produce a flame pattern. The vortices create a rotating turbulence within each flow such that each flow has relatively steady flow portions alternating with turbulent rotating portions. This variance in the flow results in flames that have varying intensity, as well as color, and produces flame patterns simulating those produced by real burning wood.

Abstract: The invention relates to a main-burner arrangement of a combustion chamber (5), in particular for a gas turbine, at least two main-burner groups (13.1, 13.2), each comprising at least one burner (13) of the same size and geometry being provided for the purpose of equipping the combustion chamber (5), and at least one main-burner group representing the normal main burner(s) (13.1), the normal main burner(s) (13.1) producing a homogeneous flame front in the combustion chamber (5), and the other main-burner group interfering as an interference burner or burners (13.2) with the homogeneity of the flame front in the combustion chamber (5). In this burner arrangement, the interference burner(s) (13.2) is/are arranged in the combustion chamber (5) so as to be inclined or axially displaced in relation to the normal main burner(s) (13.1). This interferes with the symmetry and homogeneity of the flame front. The power of the combustion chamber is increased and pressure pulsations can be avoided.

Abstract: A kiln for baking ceramic materials includes a plurality of burners arranged along the conveyor surface so as to heat the internal volume of the kiln. The kiln includes a deflector which is arranged along the path of the flame that exits from at least one of the burners, so that the path of the flame is diverted with respect to a straight free path, achieving diffusion of the flame in the intended direction.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing emissions in combustion products. Fuel and primary oxidant are introduced into a burner tube and discharged as a fuel/oxidant mixture, preferably fuel-rich, into a primary combustion chamber. The combustion flame entrains, through a peripheral gap between the burner tube and a wall of a first housing, a first portion of secondary oxidant in the primary combustion chamber. The combustion flame is then directed, preferably through a swaged orifice, into a secondary combustion chamber. Within the secondary combustion chamber, the combustion flame entrains a second portion of secondary oxidant and then combustion products are discharged through an exhaust tube.

Abstract: A combustion burner comprises: an air supply passage for supplying an air to a heating furnace; a primary fuel nozzle for supplying a primary fuel to the air supply passage; secondary fuel nozzles arranged around the air supply port of the air supply passage; and the secondary fuel nozzles being arranged so that a distance L (mm) from an outer periphery of the air supply port to the outer periphery of the secondary fuel supply port is larger than the diameter Da (mm) of the air supply port. A combustion method comprises: injecting fuel substantially from the primary fuel nozzle when an infurnace temperature of the heating furnace is lower than a fuel ignition temperature; and injecting fuel substantially from the secondary fuel nozzle when an infurnace temperature of the heating furnace is higher than a fuel ignition temperature.

Abstract: In a method of operating a swirl-stabilized burner operated with gaseous and/or liquid fuels (12, 16), in which combustion air (7) or a mixture of recycled flue gas (30) and fresh air (29), which mixture is formed by injector delivery, and fuel (12, 16) are intensively mixed by means of a swirl generator (37) and then burned, in the course of which a backflow zone (24), which stabilizes the flame, is formed, starting air (38), which has at least a radial velocity component, is injected during the starting action at the downstream end of the swirl generator (37) in such a way as to be directed from the margin of the burner into the center. The injection of the starting air (38) is switched off after the end of the starting action, so that the burner works in such a way as to be unaffected in normal operation. The invention improves the ignition conditions, increases the flame stabilization, and reduces the pollutant emissions when the burner is being started.

Abstract: Burner firing method and device are presented where an oxidizing oxygen-fuel burner is fired at an angle to the reducing air-fuel burner flame to reduce overall NOx emissions from high temperature furnaces. The oxidizing oxy-fuel burner stoichiometric equivalence ratio (oxygen/fuel) is maintained in the range of about 1.5 to about 12.5. The reducing air-fuel burner is fired at an equivalence ratio of 0.6 to 1.00 to reduce the availability of oxygen in the flame and reducing NOx emissions. The oxidizing flame from the oxy-fuel burner is oriented such that the oxidizing flame gas stream intersects the reducing air-fuel flame gas stream at or near the tail section of the air-fuel flame. The inventive methods improve furnace temperature control and thermal efficiency by eliminating some nitrogen and provide an effective burnout of CO and other hydrocarbons using the higher mixing ability of the oxidizing flame combustion products.

Abstract: A burner for gaseous fuels or gas plus liquid fuel mixtures includes flame bores distributed across a burner surface. At least some of the bores are arranged in the form of nearly equilateral triangles with a ratio of spacing of the bores with respect to one another, to the bore diameter, being in the range of 2 to 4.

Abstract: A fluid injector for use with a burner having at least a pair of concentric tubes which conduct at least two different fluids via inner and outer passageways to a discharge tip. The passageways having different linear fluid velocity rates which causes the issuing discharge flow of the fluids to constrict causing mixing and combining of the fluids for introducing to a combustion chamber. Protection of the injector from thermal melting or burning is provided by location of the injector within the coils of a feed preheater constituting a heat exchanger.

Abstract: A liquid fuel burner is provided with a central fuel outlet having a generally divergent conical inner surface, formed of two contiguous divergent conical surfaces of different angles of divergence, and a plurality of oxygen outlets shaped and positioned for creating a converging, rotating stream of oxygen which intersects with any liquid fuel issuing from the fuel outlet. Such oxygen/fuel interaction results in two zones of combustion and a recirculation effect which assists in the complete or substantially complete combustion of undesirable exhaust gas components. The oxygen and fuel are preferably supplied such that their velocities are approximately equal at the point at which the two zones of combustion meet.

Abstract: A process for the combustive destruction of noxious substances from a gas stream in which the gas stream and added fuel gas as a mixture into a combustion zone that is surrounded by an exit surface of a foraminous gas burner. A fuel gas and air/oxygen mixture are simultaneously supplied to the foraminous gas burner to effect combustion at the exit surface. The resulting combustion product stream is discharged from the combustion zone. The oxygen is added to the gas stream and the fuel gas prior to the introduction of the mixture to the combustion zone and the oxygen/fuel gas mixture burns at the point of injection.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for combustion of a fuel and oxidant in which a first portion of a fuel is mixed with an oxidant to form a fuel-lean fuel/oxidant mixture in a fuel-lean combustion zone. The remaining portion of fuel is mixed with the fuel-lean fuel/oxidant mixture downstream of the fuel-lean combustion zone, forming a substantially stoichiometric fuel/oxidant mixture. The stoichiometric fuel/oxidant mixture is ignited, forming a primary flame having high luminosity and low NO.sub.x emissions.