Abstract: Methods of characterizing a test subject's risk of having or developing cardiovascular disease are provided. The methods include using an analytic device to determine levels of choline-related trimethylamine-containing compounds such as trimethylamine N-oxide, choline, or betaine in a biological sample obtained from the subject and comparing the levels of the choline-related trimethylamine-containing compound in the subject's biological sample to a control value. The test subject's risk of having cardiovascular disease is then characterized as higher if the levels of the choline-related trimethylamine-containing compound are higher than the control value. Also provided are methods of identifying a subject at risk of experiencing a complication of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and methods of evaluating the efficacy of a cardiovascular therapeutic agent in a subject with cardiovascular disease using levels of choline-related trimethylamine-containing compounds.

Abstract: Techniques for identifying a region of interest in an image of a biological cell include detecting a primary axis of a structure of the biological cell and defining a first section line along the detected primary axis, detecting at least one secondary axis of the structure of the biological cell and defining a second section line along each of the at least one secondary axes. Based on the second section line along each of the at least one secondary axes and the first section line along the detected primary axis, a cytoplasm of the cell is divided into a plurality of areas. A geometric feature of each of the areas is determined and one of the areas is selected according to predefined criteria. The image data of the selected area is analyzed, and the image data is compared with the predefined criteria to identify regions that comply with the provided criteria. At least one area complying with the predefined criteria to a pre-defined degree is selected as the region of interest.

Abstract: Systems and methods for extracting blood glucose patterns and suggesting a behavior may include receiving, at a computing device comprising a processor, temporal data including information regarding glucose readings; identifying, by the computing device, at least one pattern based on metabolite levels extracted from the temporal data the model including variables corresponding to each of the patterns; formulating, by the computing device, a model for predicting a metabolic response; and storing the model on a data storage device. Based on the model, the behavior may be suggested to maintain a blood glucose level within a desired range.

Abstract: A disposable assay platform for detecting a target nucleic acid comprising multiple chambers and a method for operating the assay platform. Solutions containing the target nucleic acid move from one chamber to the next chamber by opening a vent pocket. The resulting pressure change enables the solution to flow to the next chamber. The platform comprises an electronic layer and one or more fluid layers bonded together. All heating operations can be performed by using resistive heating elements in the platform. All cooling operations are preferably passive. The platform is preferably operated when in a vertical orientation and can be docked to an external docking station that controls the operation of the platform.

Abstract: A method for determination of the growth rate of biofilm using an electrical impedance analyses is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: bringing a culture medium fluid in contact to an electrode structure, having biofilm grown within the fluid culture medium with the biofilm arranged in distance to the electrodes structure, so that the fluid culture medium is placed between the growing biofilm and the electrode structure; measuring the impedance of the electrodes structure over a monitoring time, and determining the growth rate of the biofilm as a function of the reduction rate of the impedance values measured on the electrode structure.

Abstract: Disclosed are bladder cancer protein biomarkers, methods of determining whether a patient suffers from or shows recurrence of bladder cancer or early stage bladder cancer, or late stage bladder cancer using the bladder cancer protein biomarkers, a detection system, and kits thereof. Said bladder cancer biomarkers comprise at least one of Coronin-IA, Apolipoprotein A-IV, Semenogelin-2, Gamma-synuclein and DJ-1, and variants thereof.

Abstract: An approach is provided for providing a digital elevation model. For example, the approach involves processing, by a processor, map elevation data to create a hierarchical resolution tile representation of the digital elevation model for a geographic area. The hierarchical resolution tile representation includes a plurality of resolution levels, wherein each of the plurality of levels represents the digital elevation model at a different resolution. The digital elevation model includes a plurality of control points, wherein each of the plurality of control points is associated with an elevation data point determined from the map elevation data.

Abstract: Provided are a cell line stably expressing voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.5), wherein a SCN5A gene (NCBI accession no. NM_198056) encoding Nav1.5 and a puromycin selection marker are inserted into a chromosome of a host cell, and a method of measuring cardiotoxicity of a test substance comprising: (1) contacting a test substance to the cell line of claim 1; and (2) measuring magnitude of voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.5) in the cell line in contact with the test substance.

Abstract: A microfluidic device includes a particle sorting region having a first, second and third microfluidic channels, a first array of islands separating the first microfluidic channel from the second microfluidic channel, and a second array of islands separating the first microfluidic channel from the third microfluidic channel, in which the island arrays and the microfluidic channels are arranged so that a first fluid is extracted from the first microfluidic channel into the second microfluidic channel and a second fluid is extracted from the third microfluidic channel into the first microfluidic channel, and so that particles are transferred from the first fluid sample into the second fluid sample within the first microfluidic channel.

Abstract: Described herein are rats with a hepatic deficiency comprising decreased function, activity, or expression of an enzyme in the tyrosine catabolic pathway (such as fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase), and methods of using the same for in vivo engraftment and expansion of heterologous hepatocytes, such as human hepatocytes, analysis of human liver disease, and analysis of xenobiotics. Also disclosed is the use of immunodeficient rats for the engraftment and expansion of heterologous hepatocytes.

Abstract: Methods and devices for detecting metabolic activity of target cells in a sample. The target cells are concentrated in a nanoliter well having a microfilter. A reporter compound that exhibits a change in electrochemical state in response to metabolic activity of the target cells is introduced. Metabolic activity or viability of the target cells is detected based on a determined change in the electrochemical state of contents in the well.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for targeted metabolomics profiling to provide absolute quantification of a broad array of metabolic intermediates of fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrate metabolism for HFpEF. In an aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for assessing risk of death or a major adverse cardiac event (MACE) in a subject diagnosed with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The method may include (a) determining in a sample from the subject the level of each metabolite in at least one factor, wherein the factor is selected from the group consisting of factor 1, factor 3, factor 4, factor 5, factor 10, factor 12, and factor 14; and (b) comparing the level of each metabolite in the sample to a standard, wherein the level of the metabolite in the subject relative to a standard is indicative of the risk of death or MACE in the subject.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of elongating chromosomes. Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to methods of elongating DNA by immobilizing or attaching the DNA to a substrate. According to one aspect, naturally occurring DNA includes a nucleic acid and one or more factors bound thereto, and may be referred to herein as “starting DNA”.

Abstract: It has been discovered that the human GT198 gene (gene symbol PSMC3IP) at chromosome 17q21 acts as a tumor suppressor. The mutation of the GT198 gene causes the increased dominant negative splice variant activity and leads to the loss of wild type GT198 function, and in turn, induces breast and ovarian cancers. One embodiment provides compositions and methods for treating or alleviating one or more symptoms associated with cancer due to the GT198 gene mutations. Another embodiment provides methods and compositions for detecting cancer due to the mutation of the GT198 gene. Still another embodiment provides methods for identifying compounds, antibodies and natural product molecules that are useful for treating cancer due to the mutations of the GT198 gene. Preferably the disclosed compositions antagonize or interfere with the biological activity of splice variants of GT198.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for measuring insulin resistance of a test subject, and a composition suitably used for the method. A method for measuring insulin resistance of a test act comprising steps (a) and (b) below, the method using a composition for measuring insulin resistance comprising, as an active ingredient, a C12-38 fatty acid labeled with at least one isotope of C, wherein the C12-38 fatty acid is converted in the body into labeled carbon dioxide that is excreted in expired air, (a) intravenously administering the composition to a test subject and collecting expired air; and (b) determining the ratio of labeled CO2 amount to unlabeled CO2 amount contained in the expired air or the ratio of labeled CO2 amount to total CO2 amount contained in the expired air.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for the functionalization of a polymeric surface with a protein by physical adsorption. The method enables a membrane spanning protein to be used as an anchor for proteins and/or peptides for display. Also provided are polymeric substrates for protein or peptide display, and related kits and methods of use.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for concurrent resolution of the cancer stem cell (CSC) derived hierarchy, genetic instability, differentially cycling cells and host cells recruited for performing tumor growth supporting functions; and (ii) quantification, monitoring and analysis of these populations. The first level of analysis can be carried out using either CSC- and progenitor-specific markers or a marker-free approach based on label-chase to resolve the tumor regenerative hierarchy. The next level involves combinatorial quantification of differential DNA-RNA contents to identify recruited host and tumor cell variants resulted from genetic instability and differential cycling within the tumor.

Abstract: Object information representing a honeycomb structure with a plurality of meshes is obtained, and an inner-wall-surface heat transfer coefficient hs, i.e., a heat transfer coefficient between an inner wall surface of a cell and a fluid, is derived as follows. First, one of the meshes as a target for derivation of the inner-wall-surface heat transfer coefficient hs is set (S200), and a dimensionless coordinate X* is derived on the basis of position information (X-coordinate) of the set mesh and fluid state information (S210). An inner-wall-surface dimensionless heat transfer coefficient Nus corresponding to the derived dimensionless coordinate X* is then derived on the basis of the inner-wall-surface dimensionless correspondence information (S220 to S250). The inner-wall-surface heat transfer coefficient hs in the mesh set as the derivation target is then derived on the basis of the derived inner-wall-surface dimensionless heat transfer coefficient Nus (S260).

Abstract: A three dimensional (3-D) model comprising a scaffold and autologous skin cells, the invention also provides methods of predicting immunogenicity and hypersensitivity or allergic or adverse immune reactions to potential therapeutic compounds, biologies, cosmetics and chemical sensitizers using the 3-D model of skin cells. The methods provide an in vitro assay employing autologous blood derived cells in the 3-D skin equivalent model and is of particular utility in the identification and prediction of skin sensitizers and in particular agents that may cause allergic contact dermatitis. The assay of the present invention provides inter alia methods of screening library compounds for sensitizing activity, identifying optimal therapeutics, especially but not exclusively, monoclonal antibodies and kits therefor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for detecting protein S-sulfinylation and S-sulfinylation within thiol groups in proteins, metabolites, or materials.

Abstract: A technique that uses nanotechnology to electrically detect and identify RNA sequences without the need for using enzymatic amplification methods or fluorescent labels. The technique may be scaled into large multiplexed arrays for high-throughput and rapid screening. The technique is further able to differentiate closely related variants of a given bacterial or viral species or strain. This technique addresses the need for a quick, efficient, and inexpensive bacterial and viral detection and identification system.

Abstract: The present invention provides pregnancy associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2), its nucleotide and amino acid sequences, antisense molecules to the nucleotide sequences which encode PAPP-A2, expression vectors for the production of purified PAPP-A2, antibodies capable of binding specifically to PAPP-A2, hybridization probes or oligonucleotides for the detection of PAPP-A2-encoding nucleotide sequences, genetically engineered host cells for the expression of PAPP-A2, and methods for screening for pathologies in pregnant and non-pregnant patients. Methods for screening for altered focal proliferation states in pregnant and/or non-pregnant patients, which include detecting levels of PAPP-A2, are also described.

Abstract: A microfluidic device useable for performing live cell computed tomography imaging is fabricated with a cover portion including a first wafer with at least one metal patterned thereon, a base portion including a second wafer with at least one metal patterned thereon and negative photoresist defining recesses therein, and a diffusive bonding layer including a negative photoresist arranged to join the cover portion and the base portion. A composition useful in live cell computer topography includes a long-chain polysaccharide at a concentration of from about 0.01% to about 10.0% in cell culture medium for supporting cell life while enabling cell rotation rate to be slowed to a speed commensurate with low light level imaging.

Abstract: The pharmacokinetics and key technologies of the present invention are summarized in FIG. 1. Particularly, malignant misfolded proteins such as mutant huntingtin and alpha-synuclein are coagulated and grow into oligomeric coagulum ({circle around (1)}, {circle around (2)}, fibrillar coagulum ({circle around (3)}) and eventually inclusion body ({circle around (4)}). Young neurons produce a large amount of Nt-Arg through N-terminal arginylation ({circle around (5)}) of vesicle chaperones such as BiP secreted into the cytoplasm, and then arginylated BiP (R-BiP) is secreted binds to the misfolded proteins ({circle around (6)}). As a ligand, the Nt-Arg of R-BiP binds to the p62 ZZ domain ({circle around (7)}), and the normally inactivated closed form of p62 is changed to an open form, leading to structural activation ({circle around (8)}). As a result, PB1 and LC3-binding domains are exposed.

Abstract: A bioFET cell for measuring a time dependent characteristic of an analyte bearing fluid includes a source, a drain, a semiconductive single wall carbon nanotube network layer extending between the source and drain electrodes and electrically coupled there between, a gate insulatively spaced from and disposed over and extending between the source and drain electrodes, a layer of at least one selected antibody disposed on and linked to the polymer layer to functionalize the semiconductive single wall carbon nanotube network layer to a selected target biomarker corresponding to the at least one selected antibody so that electron transport into the semiconductive single wall carbon nanotube network layer is facilitated, where the source, drain and gate electrodes with the carbon nanotube network layer form a defined channel through which the analyte bearing fluid may flow, and a high impedance source follower amplifier coupled to the source electrode.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for measuring molecular flux rates of molecules of interest in a tissue sample in spatially-organized manner and generating output (e.g., an image, a heat map, a contour map, a table or a database) representing the molecular flux rates of each spatially-defined location of the sample. Provided herein are also the output, as well as systems and computer-readable medium with computer-executable instructions for determining molecular flux rates of molecules of interest in the sample.

Abstract: A method of using PET imaging includes using PET images obtained using a radiotracer for the determination of the progressive course of regional brain PET activities for a progressive neurodegenerative disease (e.g., MCI, AD, and CTE). The method may be used for the automatic staging of neurodegenerative disease for a particular patient/subject based on regional intensity and spatial patterns of the brain signals measured by PET imaging. The method may also be used to diagnose or classify the disease of a patient among multiple possibilities based on PET imaging profiles (e.g., for separating or distinguishing CTE from AD).

Abstract: Described herein are methods for identifying signature peptides for quantifying a polypeptide of interest in a sample. The methods include cleaving the polypeptide into peptides; detecting a multiplicity of the peptides with a quantitative analytical instrument; comparing the linearity of signals attributable to pairs of the peptides in a multiplicity of samples; and selecting signature peptides from a group of peptides with more highly correlated signals.

Abstract: Nanoparticles as described herein are configured to bind to bacterial contaminants, such as Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, and endotoxins. The nanoparticles include a core comprising a magnetic material; and a plurality of ligands attached to the core. The ligands include, for example, bis(dipicolylamine) (“DPA”) coordinated with a metal ion, e.g., Zn2+ or Cu2+, to form, e.g., bis-Zn-DPA or bis-Cu-DPA, which can bind to the bacterial contaminants. The nanoparticles can be included in compositions for use in methods and systems to separate bacterial contaminants from liquids, such as liquids, such as blood, e.g., whole or diluted blood, buffer solutions, albumin solutions, beverages for human and/or animal consumption, e.g., drinking water, liquid medications for humans and/or animals, or other liquids.

Abstract: The invention provides methods for sensitive and specific detection of complement fixing antibodies in a biological sample using complement factor C1q, including autologous complement factor C1q present in the biological sample and a detectably labeled antibody that binds the autologous complement factor C1q, exogenous human complement factor C1q and a detectably labeled antibody that binds the exogenous human complement factor C1q, detectably labeled exogenous human complement factor C1q, or a combination of autologous complement factor C1q and exogenous human complement factor C1q. The invention also features kits, systems, and devices for use in the methods of the invention.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for a disease or condition associated with dopamine deficiency (e.g. depression, schizophrenia, or Parkinson's disease) in a mammal in need of such treatment comprising administering a compound that binds to RXR to the mammal.

Abstract: The present invention features a method for determining the prognosis for survival of a cancer patient. Methods for measuring the level of NOL3 expression in a cancer cell-containing sample from a patient, and comparing the level of NOL3 expression in the sample to a reference level of NOL3 expression are also included. A higher level of NOL3 relative to the reference level correlates with decreased survival of the patient, and an equivalent or lower level of NOL3 relative to the reference level correlates with increased survival of the patient.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a filtering device (8) for removing substances from blood or a blood component, the filtering device (8) comprising: a housing having an inlet and an outlet, at first sorbent material coupled with at least a first ligand located within the housing, and a second sorbent material coupled with at least a second ligand located within the housing, wherein the first ligand is for removing free hemoglobin (fHb) and the second ligand is for removing microvesicles (MV) from the blood or blood component passing through the filtering device (8), from the inlet to the outlet, wherein the first and second ligand are different from each other, and wherein the first and second sorbent material are the same or are different from each other.

Abstract: A bioFET cell for measuring a time dependent characteristic of an analyte bearing fluid includes a source, a drain, a semiconductive single wall carbon nanotube network layer extending between the source and drain electrodes and electrically coupled there between, a gate insulatively spaced from and disposed over and extending between the source and drain electrodes, a layer of at least one selected antibody disposed on and linked to the polymer layer to functionalize the semiconductive single wall carbon nanotube network layer to a selected target biomarker corresponding to the at least one selected antibody so that electron transport into the semiconductive single wall carbon nanotube network layer is facilitated, where the source, drain and gate electrodes with the carbon nanotube network layer form a defined channel through which the analyte bearing fluid may flow, and a high impedance source follower amplifier coupled to the source electrode.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a data processing apparatus and a data processing method capable of generating evaluation index data for performing accurate and detailed evaluation of cultured cardiomyocytes. A motion detecting unit divides frame image data obtained by photographing the cultured cardiomyocytes for a predetermined time into blocks and obtains motion detection data in units of blocks per each frame period. A feature amount calculating unit calculates a feature amount for each block at the same position in a frame image using the motion detection data. A classification processing unit classifies each of the blocks into any one of a plurality of classification categories using the calculated feature amount. On the basis of the classification result, evaluation index data made of individual classification result data that represent correspondences between the blocks and the classification categories is generated.

Abstract: This invention discloses uses for estrone in preparing anti-ovarian cancer and/or breast cancer products. This invention provides uses for estrone in the preparation of products to treat ovarian cancer and/or breast cancer. From carrying out cancer drug repositioning for the FDA- and CFDA-approved drug estrone, experiments for this invention show, based on screening of non-anti-cancer drugs for various cancer cell lines (tissue types) and mutation sites, that estrone has a new use as an anti-ovarian cancer and/or anti-breast cancer medication, thus achieving a new purpose for an old drug.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of diagnosing samples as well as various microfluidic, microcentrifuge and microfilter devices. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases using mitochondrial and/or platelet samples. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a microfluidic device that selectively captures and analyzes a desired amount of target biological particle.

Abstract: An article such as a biomolecular detector or biosensor having a nonfouling surface thereon includes: (a) a substrate having a surface portion; (b) a linking layer on the surface portion; and (c) a polymer layer formed on the linking layer; and (d) a first member of a specific binding pair (e.g., a protein, peptide, antibody, nucleic acid, etc.) bound to the polymer layer. Methods of making and using the articles are also described.

Abstract: Formulations comprising recombinant human tripeptidyl peptidase-1 (rhTPP1) for intrathecal, intracerebroventricular, or intraocular administration, and kits comprising the same, are disclosed. Methods of using rhTPP1 in the prevention and treatment of symptoms of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (CLN2) disease are also disclosed. The formulations and methods are effective in halting the progression of CLN2 disease and may be used to treat subjects having CLN2 or a family history of CLN2.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for identifying and using at least one nonlinear feature determined from multiscale electroencephalography (EEG) data to evaluate an epileptogenicity level of a patient is described. A multiscale algorithm is applied to EEG data recorded from the patient to produce scaled EEG data. At least one nonlinear feature value for the received EEG data and/or the scaled EEG data is determined and the at least one nonlinear feature value is used, at least in part, to evaluate the epileptogenicity level of the patient.

Abstract: Plural pieces of data where N (N>2) elements are arranged in a predetermined-direction in a specific-order are sorted into any one of N labels using a graph-cut-process. Each of the plural pieces of data has scores indicating element-likenesses for the plural respective elements. For each piece of data, weights are set about links along a first-direction directing from a node s to a node t so that a small weight is given to a link corresponding to an element having a maximum-score in the data. A weight for regulating cutting is set about links along a second-direction opposite to the first-direction and links along a direction in which the order of the respective pieces of data progresses. A graph-cut-process is executed on a graph for which the weights are set to determine links to be cut, and the N labels are allocated to the plural pieces of data.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes: a memory configured to store a plurality of structures of a substance whose structure changes and a dimension group, which is a group of index dimensions that are indices for structural analysis of the substance, out of a plurality of dimensions that express the structure of the substance; and a processor configured to perform a procedure including: performing, for each of a plurality of candidate dimensions, which are not included in the dimension group, out of the plurality of dimensions, clustering of a plurality of structures in multidimensional space that has every index dimension included in the dimension group and a candidate dimension as coordinate axes; and adding a specified candidate dimension for which it is possible to generate a largest number of clusters to the dimension group as an index dimension.

Abstract: Embodiments include methods, systems and computer program products for monitoring a user of a helmet for traumatic brain injury. Aspects include obtaining a saliva specimen from a mouthguard and providing the saliva specimen to a lab on chip. Aspects further include determining whether the saliva specimen contains a biomarker that indicates the user suffered a traumatic brain injury and creating an alert that the user of the helmet has suffered a traumatic brain injury.

Abstract: Methods for the diagnosis of CRC, colorectal polyps in general and adenomatous polyps in particular by measurement of metabolites in urine are described. In some embodiments, certain metabolites are identified as being elevated or reduced in concentration or quantity in subjects with CRC and/or colorectal polyps as compared with subjects without CRC or colorectal polyps. The measurement of these metabolites in urine can indicate the presence of CRC or colorectal polyps in general or adanomatous polyps in particular in a subject.

Abstract: The present invention provides an artificial exogenous reference molecule for type and abundance comparison among different species of microorganisms. The artificial exogenous reference molecule includes several species detection regions and several linker sequence regions, where the species detection regions and the linker sequence regions are arranged alternately; at least two species detection regions are provided and are species detection regions for different species; and the linker sequence regions are random sequences different from species sequences to be detected. The species detection region includes a primer sequence region and a specific recognition region; the sequence length of the specific recognition region simulates the characteristic detection sequence length of the corresponding species to be detected; and the sequence of the specific recognition region has obviously specific difference from the DNA sequence of a genome in the species to be detected without homology.

Abstract: A technique relates to separation of a mixture. A nano-deterministic lateral displacement (nanoDLD) array is configured to separate the mixture in a fluid. A feedback system is configured to control a velocity of the fluid through the nanoDLD array. The feedback system is configured to control the velocity of the fluid to separate one or more entities in the mixture.

Abstract: The invention is directed to compositions of cell aggregates and methods for making and using the cell aggregates where the aggregates comprise cells that are not embryonic stem cells but can differentiate into cell types of at least two of ectodermal, undo dermal, and mesodermal embryonic germ layers, e.g., stem cells.

Abstract: Embodiments include methods, systems and computer program products for monitoring a user of a helmet for traumatic brain injury. Aspects include obtaining a saliva specimen from a mouthguard and providing the saliva specimen to a lab on chip. Aspects further include determining whether the saliva specimen contains a biomarker that indicates the user suffered a traumatic brain injury and creating an alert that the user of the helmet has suffered a traumatic brain injury.

Abstract: Microspheres comprising a core material, wherein the microspheres have a circularity greater than 0.95 and an aspect ratio greater than 0.95, and methods of manufacturing the same. The microspheres may be useful in the manufacture of sustained and modified release active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) microspheres, as a free flowing excipient for mini-tablets and in the manufacture of API dispersions.

Abstract: Provided is a solid state support structure including an aperture having a molecular entrance and a molecular exit. A first reservoir is in fluidic communication with the molecular entrance of the aperture and contains a molecule-bearing liquid solution. A second reservoir is in fluidic communication with the molecular exit of the aperture for containing a molecule-bearing liquid solution. A first liquid channel is connected to the first reservoir within less than about 300 microns of the aperture in the support structure and includes molecule-bearing liquid solution for delivery to the first reservoir. A second liquid channel is connected to the second reservoir for accepting molecule-bearing liquid solution from the second reservoir. An electrical connection between the first reservoir and the second reservoir imposes an electrical bias between the first reservoir and the second reservoir for driving the molecule-bearing liquid solution through the aperture in the solid state support structure.