Abstract: Methods and systems for plasmonically enhanced bionanoantennas for tagging, tracking, and locating targets of interest at long distances in both day and nighttime conditions. The nanoantennas are used to tag a target of interest and emit a wavelength to impart a unique biometric signature. The nanoantennas are detectable by selectively harvesting and plasmonically enhancing incident light in the visible region, then upconverting that energy through an activated phosphor.

Abstract: A sensor including a surface plasmon resonance detector with a reservoir for containing a liquid sample. The sensor further includes a sensing metallic film positioned within the reservoir so that at least a majority of a surface of the sensing metallic film is to be in contact with the liquid sample being housed within the reservoir. The sensory also includes a semiconductor device having a contact in electrical communication with the sensing metal containing film that is positioned within the reservoir. The semiconductor device measures the net charges of molecules within the liquid sample within a Debye length from the sensing metallic film.

Abstract: An imaging system (10) and associated method for detection of protein contamination on a surgical instrument (100) that has been treated with a fluorescing stain, wherein fluorophors in the stain are capable of emitting light of an emitted type when both excited by light of an excitation type and in contact with a protein are provided. The system comprises a light tight chamber (14) for receiving the instrument (100). Inside the chamber (14) are both visible light sources (20) and excitation light sources (22) for respectively illuminating the chamber with visible and excitation type light. A digital camera (30) is able to capture a first image of the instrument (100) as illuminated by the visible light, and a second image, of patterns of fluorescence produced by the fluorophors in the stain corresponding to protein contamination. The first and second images are combined to produce a composite image of the instrument (100) highlighting the areas of protein contamination.

Abstract: The invention relates to a substance determining apparatus (19) for determining a substance within a fluid. A location event determination unit (34) determines location events indicating that a particle, which may have attached the substance, is located in a sensing region and a property of the location events from the sensing signal generated by sensing the sensing region. A location events selection unit (70) selects a part of the location events having a property in a predefined property range, and a substance determination unit (40) determines the substance within the fluid (3) based on the selected part of the location events. This allows tuning the determination of the substance within the fluid to a desired property range, which can relate to a desired kind of bound particles, thereby reducing the influence of unwanted effects on the determination of the substance and, thus, improving the determination accuracy.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for detection of hazardous chemicals in a non-metallic container. The method comprises of irradiating the sample at a predefined location with an electromagnetic radiation of specific wavelength; selectively capturing a certain component of the scattered electromagnetic radiation to obtain a plurality of profiles; and filtering the profiles to obtain a signature specific to at least one hazardous chemical present in the container. The invention provides a system for obtaining a signature specific to the hazardous chemicals in the container.

Abstract: The present invention provides luminescent complexes between a lanthanide ion and an organic ligand which contains 1,2-hydroxypyridinone units. The complexes of the invention are stable in aqueous solutions and are useful as molecular probes, for example in medical diagnostics and bioanalytical assay systems. The invention also provides methods of using the complexes of the invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a kit for conducting a method of measuring binding interactions using multiple sets of microparticles, wherein said set has the same identifiable characteristic and wherein one of more sets comprise subsets of microparticles and said subset presents at least one unique probe that acts as a binding partner for a target molecule in a biological sample. In particular, the invention provides for a kit for conducting a method of DNA-based tissue-typing antigens in donor tissue or recipient tissue using these multiple sets of microparticles.

Abstract: Probes for selectively detecting compounds comprising a thiol group and an amino group (“thiols”) are disclosed. Exemplary thiols include cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione. Embodiments of the disclosed probes produce a detectable change in absorbance spectrum and/or emission spectrum when reacted with one or more thiols in solution. Methods and kits for performing the detection also are disclosed. The probes have a general formula where each bond depicted as “” is a single or double bond; R1, R3-R6 and R8 independently are hydrogen, hydroxyl, thiol, lower alkyl, carboxyalkyl, amino, alkoxy, or halogen; R2 is an ?,?-unsaturated aliphatic ester; R7 is oxygen, sulfur, hydrogen, hydroxyl, thiol, lower alkyl, carboxyalkyl, amino, alkoxy, or halogen, or R7 and R8 together form a cycloalkyl or aryl ring; X1 is CH2, S, NH, O, Se, Si(CH3)2, Ge(CH3)2, Sn(CH3)2, or C(CH3)2; and X2 is CH, CH2, N, NH, or CR9 where R9 is aryl.

Abstract: A method of correcting measurements of a chemical sensor used in an industrial facility. The method involves correcting for errors known to occur in the steady state and the dynamic state for specifically recognized situations. This method allows for correcting errors that occur due to deadtime, false zero measurements, and non-linear disturbances. The method combines automated measurement techniques and human know how to progressively learn and refine the accuracy of the corrections.

Abstract: To determine the concentration of an oxoanion in an aqueous solution, an aluminum reagent is added to the aqueous solution to form an optical analysis solution. Addition of the aluminum reagent may or may not form an alumino-oxoanion hydroxide hydrate precipitate. Light is directed into the optical analysis solution to determine an optical response of the optical analysis solution. Thereafter, the concentration of the oxoanion in the aqueous solution is determined based on the optical response of the optical analysis solution. For example, the concentration of the oxoanion may be calculated using a molar ratio relating oxoanion concentration to aluminum reagent concentration, when the aluminum reagent concentration corresponds to an inflection point of the optical response of the optical analysis solution.

Abstract: The application provides methods for the detection of an analyte in a sample by electrochemiluminescence using certain reagent compositions. Reagent compositions, reagent kits for measuring electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and electrochemiluminescence detection methods using the reagent compositions are disclosed. In particular, the application relates to the use of novel combinations of compounds, which can be used in said measurements to provide improved ECL assay performance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a substance determining apparatus for determining a substance within a fluid. Particles attach the substance and bind to a binding surface (30), wherein a sensing signal is generated depending on the bound particles. Binding events indicating a binding of a particle on the binding surface (30) are determined from the generated sensing signal, and the substance within the fluid is determined based on the determined binding events. During a procedure of determining a substance within a fluid, particles may bind to the binding surface and may leave the binding surface. Therefore, during this procedure a number of binding events can be determined being much larger than the number of bound particles. The determination of the substance within the fluid can therefore be based on a very large amount of data, thereby increasing the accuracy of determining the substance within the fluid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for identifying anomalies on medical instruments, having a data processing installation and an instrument analyzing unit. The data processing installation has a display unit, a database, a first interface and an evaluation unit and the instrument analyzing unit has a support and at least one camera. The at least one camera is arranged and oriented such that it can capture image data from medical instruments arranged on the support from at least one perspective, and the data processing installation is designed such that it uses the first interface to receive image data from the at least one camera and can store the received image data in the database. Further, it can use the evaluation unit to examine said image data for regions which have anomalies. In addition, the invention also relates to an according method.

Abstract: The instant invention refers to an optical method to extrapolate cell membrane conductance by indirect measurement of changes in transmembrane voltage, upon exposure of a cell sample to electric current pulses. The method is advantageously used for evaluating the activity of molecules able to alter, directly or indirectly, membrane permeability. A specific field of application is the screening of candidate compounds putatively acting on ion channel activity. In particular, it is open to the study of all ion channels with no limitations on the mechanisms of activation or to the ion species involved. The method is also advantageously used for evaluating a cell status, namely a differentiative or a pathologic status.

Abstract: A nanothermometer is disclosed. In various embodiments, a nanothermometer comprises a nanoparticle such as a gold nanoparticle, a fluorophore, and a linker, such as a peptide linker, extending between the nanoparticle and the fluorophore, whereby the fluorophore is self-quenched. The linker can comprise one or more cysteines. An unheated thermometer shows little or no fluorescence. Upon heating, fluorophore-linker conjugates are released from the nanoparticle, thereby unquenching the fluorescence. An increase in fluorescence results. In some embodiments, the increase in fluorescence can be irreversible. Methods of measuring temperature of a sample such as a biological sample, and methods of synthesizing a nanothermometer, are also disclosed. A molecular thermometer is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to substituted pterin compounds, their synthesis and use. In particular, the present invention relates to a new precursor compound and its analogs for synthesizing a new substituted pterin compound and its analogs. These new compounds are particularly suitable for treating molybdenum cofactor deficiency.

Abstract: The present invention provides a glucose sensor having a glucose receptor containing a binding site of formula (I): wherein X, n, m and R1 are defined herein. Also provided is a glucose sensor molecule for use in such a glucose sensor, the glucose sensor molecule containing the binding site of formula (I). The binding site has been found to have particularly good selectivity for glucose.

Abstract: A fast fluorescence lifetime microscopic system images FRET between multiple labels in live cells and deep tissue, using a quantitative analysis method to reconstruct the molecular machinery behind the multiplexed FRET phenomenon. The system measures fluorescence lifetime, intensity and anisotropy as images of excitation-emission matrices (EEM) in real time and high speed within a single image scan, performs high-resolution deep-penetrating 3D FRET imaging in live samples, and fully analyzes all possible photon pathways of multiplexed FRET. The system provides a way for systematic and dynamic imaging of biochemical networks in cells, tissue and live animals, which will help to understand mechanisms of genetic disorders, cancers, and more.

Abstract: An optically active particle and a method of manufacturing said particles, plus methods of tagging a material of interest with said particles are disclosed. The particle comprises a surface-enhanced spectroscopy (SES) active core and a SES active reporter associated with the SES core wherein the particle produces a measurable and thermally stable SES spectrum upon optical interrogation. As used in the disclosure, thermally stable may be defined as maintaining a measurable SES spectrum after the particle or any material tagged with the particle has been exposed to a temperature substantially higher than room temperature.

Abstract: A cartridge for analyzing a biologic fluid sample is provided that includes a base plate, a sample inlet port, a first chamber wall, a second chamber wall, and an optically transparent cover panel disposed in contact with the first and second chamber walls. The base plate has a body with a chamber surface, a body passage, and a chamber entry passage. The body passage is in fluid communication with the chamber entry passage, and the chamber entry passage extends through to the chamber surface. The sample inlet port has an inlet passage in fluid communication with the body passage. The first and second chamber walls each have a height extending outwardly from the chamber surface, and the two walls are spaced apart from one another. The cover panel is sufficiently flexible to deflect and contact a central region of the chamber surface.

Abstract: A device for distributing illumination light and detected light in a microscope includes a distributor optic configured to guide illumination light onto a sample and guide detected light proceeding from the sample onto a detector. The distributor optic includes a polarization unit disposed in a first light path and configured to convert the illumination light directed onto the sample into a first polarization state, a beam splitter disposed in the first light path and having the polarization dependence so as to guide the converted illumination light onto the sample, a first portion of the detected light back into the first light path, and a second portion of the detected light into a second light path separated from the first light path. A beam combiner is configured to combine the first portion and the second portion of the detected light and guide the first portion and second portion onto the detector.

Abstract: Various molecular characteristics of a polymer may be determined using an integrated computational element to assay the polymer. Methods for assaying a polymer can comprise optically interacting electromagnetic radiation with a polymer and an integrated computational element; and determining a molecular characteristic of the polymer, using the integrated computational element. The molecular characteristic of the polymer may be used to determine a bulk characteristic of a fluid phase in which the polymer may be disposed.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provides a DNA analyzer to facilitate an integrated single-chip DNA analysis. The DNA analyzer includes an interface for coupling a microfluidic chip to the DNA analyzer. The microfluidic chip includes a first domain configured for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA fragments, and a second domain fluidically coupled to the first domain to receive the DNA fragments and perform electrophoretic separation of the DNA fragments. The DNA fragments are tagged with fluorescent labels. The DNA analyzer includes a detection module to excite the fluorescent labels to emit fluorescence and detect the emitted fluorescence. The detection module includes a laser source, a set of optical elements, a filter module and a photo-detector.

Abstract: A method of detecting the presence or absence of saccharide or saccharide level in a biological or artificial sample comprising contacting the sample with a water-soluble tetraphenylethene-cored probe having multiple functionalities of boronic acid and aggregation induced emission (AIE) characteristics, and detecting fluorescence. A method for detecting pH in a sample solution with a certain pH value comprising contacting the sample solution with a water-soluble tetraphenylethene-cored probe having multiple functionalities of boronic acid and aggregation induced emission (AIE) characteristics, and detecting fluorescence.

Abstract: Fluorescent pH detector and methods for measuring pH using the fluorescent pH detector.

Abstract: The invention encompasses analyzers and analyzer systems that include a single particle analyzer, methods of using the analyzers and analyzers systems to analyze samples, either for single particles, e.g., protein molecules, or for multiple particles (multiplexing), methods of doing business based on the use of the analyzers or analyzer systems of the system, and electronic media for storing parameters useful in the analyzers and analyzer systems of the invention.

Abstract: Luminescent labels based on aromatic and heterocyclic compounds, including reactive intermediates used to synthesize these compounds, and methods of synthesizing and using these reporter compounds. These labels combine high photostabilities, large Stokes' shifts and contain a pyrimidinium moiety as a water-soluble group. These luminescent compounds relate generally to the following structure: The methods relate generally to the synthesis and/or use of reporter compounds for fluorescence lifetime or fluorescence polarization based applications.

Abstract: A system and method for creating a plurality of denaturation curves is disclosed. In accordance with certain embodiments, one variable, such as salt content, pH or another parameter, is varied to create a plurality of different buffer solutions. Each is then used to create a denaturation graph. The plurality of denaturation graphs allows analysis of the effect of that variable on protein stability.

Abstract: A method may involve forming one or more photoresist layers over a sensor located on a structure, such that the sensor is covered by the one or more photoresist layers. The sensor is configured to detect an analyte. The method may involve forming a first polymer layer. Further, the method may involve positioning the structure on the first polymer layer. Still further, the method may involve forming a second polymer layer over the first polymer layer and the structure, such that the structure is fully enclosed by the first polymer layer, the second polymer layer, and the one or more photoresist layers. The method may also involve removing the one or more photoresist layers to form a channel through the second polymer layer, wherein the sensor is configured to receive the analyte via the channel.

Abstract: This invention relates to the field of preparation technology of optical pH sensor by co-intercalated fluorescein and 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium into layered double hydroxide. The sensor is composed by conductive materials and the surface LDH films by co-interacted FLU and HES. The synthesis method is: first: synthesis of LDH colloid suspension, subsequently, the FLU and HES co-intercalated LDH colloid solution was prepared following the ion-exchange method, then the thin film of FLU-HES/LDH was spreaded on the surface of the conductive material by electrophoretic deposition, and the oriental pH sensor was synthesized. The advantages of the present invention is: first, the LDH matrix provides chromophore molecules with a confined and stable environment; the novel electrophoretic deposition strategy in this work provides a method for precise control of thickness (ranging from nanometers to micrometers), and the oriental pH sensor show good pH responsive.

Abstract: Chemical indicator apparatuses containing one or more chemical indicators for use in monitoring the quality of water in an aquatic environment. The apparatuses are designed and configured to be submersible in the water that is being monitored. In some embodiments, each apparatus includes a plurality of immobilized-dye-based chemical indicators that undergo a physical change as levels of one or more constituents of the water change. Such indicators can be read by one or more suitable optical readers. These and other embodiments are designed and configured to be movable by a corresponding monitoring/measuring apparatus, for example, via a magnetically coupled drive. Also disclosed are a variety of features that can be used to provide a chemical indicator apparatus with additional functionalities.

Abstract: A method for determining the presence or amount of one or more ligands or analytes in a sample including contacting the sample with a biosensor having an environmentally-sensitive dye conjugated to a binding member, wherein the biosensor compound exhibits a detectable color change as a result of binding to the ligand or analyte or as a result of a change in concentration of the ligand or analyte in the sample. The presently disclosed biosensors can be used to detect the presence of or amount of physiologically-important metabolites, such as glucose, fatty acids, and lactate, in biological samples.

Abstract: Rose Bengal for detecting a presence of and decomposing contaminants. A method of detecting the presence of a contaminant includes treating a substrate with Rose Bengal and exposing the substrate to a light having a wavelength within the visible spectrum. A response of the Rose Bengal is monitored during the light exposure. When a contaminant is present and is exposed to the light, a conversion of the Rose Bengal between a quinoid form and a lactone form is induced.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method for analyzing a plurality of samples comprising obtaining with an autosampler a plurality of samples from a first plate having a plurality of sample wells wherein the autosampler has a plurality of probes for sampling a set of samples and wherein each probe of the plurality of probes is in communication with a separate flow cytometer via a separate conduit. The plurality of samples comprising particles is moved into a fluid flow stream for each separate conduit. Adjacent ones of the plurality of samples are separated from each other in the fluid flow stream by a separation gas, thereby forming a gas-separated fluid flow stream. The gas-separated fluid flow stream is independently guided to and through each separate flow cytometer.

Abstract: A mobile water analyzing system for determining an analyte in a water sample includes a basic unit and a test element configured to be inserted into the basic unit. The test element includes a sample line with an inlet opening configured to receive the water sample, a measuring section forming a measuring track and configured to allow the determination of an analyte, a pump opening, and a key reagent disposed inside the sample line. The basic unit includes a test element receptacle configured to hold the inserted test element, an analyzer with an analyzer measuring track formed by the measuring section, and a pump actuator cooperatively connected with the pump opening.

Abstract: A fluorimetric system, apparatus and method are disclosed to measure an analyte concentration in a sample. A sensor reagent housing is also disclosed which comprises a channel and a porous medium having an analysis chemistry reagent, such as a nucleic acid analysis chemistry reagent. The apparatus and system are portable for field use, with an apparatus housing having a size adapted to fit into a user's hand. An apparatus also includes a sensing chamber and cover, a user interface, a light source; a photomultiplier tube, an amplifier, an A/D converter, a memory, and a processor. In various embodiments, the processor performs a data fitting, determines a sample reaction rate parameter, and determines the analyte concentration from a comparison of the sample reaction rate parameter with stored calibration data. The processor may also generate the calibration data and site-specific offset factors, and modify the calibration data using an offset factor.

Abstract: The purpose is to produce, with high reproducibility, a complex of labeled probes and a carrier, said complex being to be used for detecting and measuring a target substance to be measured with high sensitivity and high stability. The means for accomplishing the purpose is that a label is bound to a probe-water soluble carrier conjugate using specific binding of an avidin compound such as avidin, streptavidin, etc. to biotin, and the binding of the avidin compound to the probe is performed before the binding to the carrier. Namely, after conjugating the avidin compound to a substance which is capable of binding to the target substance, the conjugate is bound to a high-molecule water-soluble carrier to produce a complex of the avidinized probes and the water-soluble carrier. Then the complex of the avidinized probes and the water-soluble carrier is mixed with a biotinylated label.

Abstract: The invention relates to optoelectronic systems for detecting one or more target particles. The system includes a reaction chamber, a specimen collector, an optical detector, and a reservoir containing cells, each of the cells having receptors which are present on the surface of each cell and are specific for the target particle to be detected, where binding of the target particle to the receptors directly or indirectly activates a reporter molecule, thereby producing a measurable optical signal.

Abstract: Circuits and circuit elements adapted to function at optical or infrared frequencies are made from plasmonic and/or nonplasmonic particles disposed on a substrate, where the plasmonic and nonplasmonic particles have respective dimensions substantially smaller than a wavelength of an applied optical or infrared signal. Such particles are deposited on a substrate in a variety of shapes and sizes from a variety of plasmonic and/or nonplasmonic materials so as to form resistors, capacitors, inductors and circuits made from combinations of these elements.

Abstract: A method for the assessment of a multiphase (aqueous and organic) sample phase, the method comprising adding at least one detection molecule to the multiphase sample; detecting a signal emitted from the detection molecule/multiphase sample mixture, the signal being detectably different when the at least one detection molecule is present in one of either an organic phase, an aqueous phase or an interface between said organic phase and said aqueous phase of the multiphase sample; and analyzing the detected signal to assess the properties of a phase or an interface between phases. A system for use in such a method, use of at least one detection molecule for the assessment of a multiphase sample, and a composition for use in the assessment of a multiphase sample are also disclosed.

Abstract: A coating formula and method for surface coating non-porous surfaces. Microfluidic devices including said coating achieve desired properties including increased hydrophilicity, improved adhesion, stability and optical clarity.

Abstract: A vapochromic gold-copper complex [AuL2(Cu(Y)n)2](X)3 exhibiting luminescence is provided, where L is an N-heterocyclic carbene; Y is a heteroatom-containing ligand; X is an anion, and n is an integer having a value of 1 or 2, and solvates thereof. A reaction of [AuL2(Cu(Y)n)2](X)3 with water vapor or an organic compound vapor, for example, affords a modified complex that yields a change in luminescence color under UV excitation. These tricationic vapochromic materials exhibit large changes in the emission through ligand substitution reactions between the solid complex and vapors, which permit use in luminescent vapochromic sensors.

Abstract: Mixtures of cell types can be analyzed by having at least two signal markers, with at least one at three different levels to provide a barcode for each cell type. The mixture of cells may be subjected to a common candidate moiety and the effect of the moiety on the cells determined along with identification of the cell by the barcode. Conveniently, surface marker proteins and labeled antibodies can be used to create the barcode and the cells analyzed with flow cytometry.

Abstract: The instant invention provides for methods for detecting the internalization of a transmembrane protein of interest expressed at the surface of a cell. More specifically, the methods involve (a) labelling the protein of interest with a fluorescent metal complex, the lifetime of which is greater than 0.1 ms, (b) adding to the reaction medium a composition capable of causing the internalization of the protein of interest, (c) adding to the reaction medium (1) a modulating agent which is a fluorescent FRET acceptor compound compatible with the fluorescent metal complex, the final concentration of which in the reaction medium is greater than 10?7M; or (2) a reducing agent, the redox potential of which is less than +0.1 V and preferably between 0.25 and 0.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present application, a stimulus-responsive gel is disclosed with optical characteristic molecule introduced therein that is capable of easily and securely converting a volume change responding to external stimulus to optical data being easy to handle in the construction of sensor system; an external stimulus measuring apparatus making use of the same; and a method of measuring external stimulus therewith.

Abstract: A hybrid nanostructure for molecular analysis is disclosed. The structure includes a plurality of nanofingers wherein each nanofinger is coated with a metal coating, is attached at one end to a substrate, and is freely bendable along its length such that the second ends of each nanofinger are capable of movement toward each other to form a cavity. The structure further includes a nanoparticle trapped in the cavity. An array of hybrid nanostructures and a method for fabricating the hybrid nanostructures are also disclosed.

Abstract: Semiconductor nanoparticle complexes comprising semiconductor nanoparticles in association with cationic polymers are described. Also described are methods for enhancing the transport of semiconductor nanoparticles across biological membranes to provide encoded cells. The methods are particularly useful in multiplex settings where a plurality of encoded cells are to be assayed. Kits comprising reagents for performing such methods are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods for minimizing or eliminating diffusion effects. Diffused regions of a segmented flow of multiple, miscible fluid species may be vented off to a waste channel, and non-diffused regions of fluid may be preferentially pulled off the channel that contains the segmented flow. Multiple fluid samples that are not contaminated via diffusion may be collected for analysis and measurement in a single channel. The systems and methods for minimizing or eliminating diffusion effects may be used to minimize or eliminate diffusion effects in a microfluidic system for monitoring the amplification of DNA molecules and the dissociation behavior of the DNA molecules.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a luminescence method of detecting an analyte in a liquid sample comprising marking the analyte with a marker capable of effecting luminescence upon application of excitation energy, wherein reference data descriptive of the luminescence decay is stored in an electronic memory; applying the excitation energy for causing the luminescence; time-resolved measuring of the luminescence over a period of time for acquisition of a measurement signal; reading the reference data from the electronic memory; comparing the measurement signal with the luminescence decay described by the reference data; generating an output signal indicative of the presence of the analyte in the liquid sample using the measurement signal; in case of a mismatch of the measurement signal and the luminescence decay described by the reference data, generating an error signal.

Abstract: A method of producing functional molecule-containing silica nanoparticles on which a biomolecule is bonded, containing the steps of: allowing silica nanoparticles containing a functional molecule and having a thiol group on a surface thereof to coexist with a linker molecule having a maleimido group and a carboxyl group in an aprotic solvent, thereby allowing formation of a thioether bond between the thiol group and the maleimido group, and obtaining functional molecule-containing silica nanoparticles on which the linker molecule is bonded; and allowing the functional molecule-containing silica nanoparticles on which the linker molecule is bonded to coexist with carbodiimide and a biomolecule having an amino group in an aqueous solvent, thereby allowing formation of an amide bond between the carboxyl group active esterified by the carbodiimide, and the amino group of the biomolecule.