Abstract: Concealed air vent apparatus in a vehicle and a method thereof is provided. The apparatus includes an air vent casing, at least one air directing flap, at least one air diffusing flap, at least one closing flap, an air directing flap actuator, an air diffusing flap actuator and a closing flap actuator. The air diffusing flap actuator is adapted to move air diffusing flap to a diffused position in which a plurality of air diffusing portions of air diffusing flap is adapted to facilitate uniform distribution of air to an occupant compartment. The closing flap actuator is adapted to move closing flap between an open position in which closing flap is adapted to allow air flow to the occupant compartment, and a closed position in which closing flap is adapted to restrict air flow to the occupant compartment.

Abstract: A slim air vent for a vehicle includes an inner wing disposed in a duct to horizontally rotate during manipulation of a knob, an outer wing and a support wing disposed in the duct to vertically rotate during the manipulation of the knob, a knob pin horizontally penetrating through the knob to rotate together with the knob during the vertical rotation of the knob and to guide the knob during the horizontal movement of the knob, and a link mechanism provided to connect one end of the knob pin and the outer wing to vertically rotate the outer wing and the support wing during rotation of the knob pin according to the vertical rotation of the knob.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns an air vent for a vehicle, comprising a housing, configured to guide an air flow from an air inlet opening to an air outlet opening substantially along an axial direction, an air guiding element arranged at least partly within the housing such that a first air guiding surface of the air guiding element and the housing define a first air channel for guiding a first partial air flow, a second air guiding surface of the air guiding element and the housing define a second air channel for guiding a second partial air flow. The air guiding element also comprises a manipulator which is configured to pivot the first air guiding surface and the second air guiding surface independently of each other for regulating a ratio between the first partial air flow and the second partial airflow.

Abstract: An air vent for ventilating a passenger compartment of a motor vehicle. So as to laterally deflect an air current through the air vent, the air vent includes two louvers including non-pivotable blades, which are oriented obliquely to a flow-through direction through the air vent and which can be moved obliquely to the flow-through direction into an air channel of the air vent.

Abstract: An operator control unit for a steering wheel and a steering wheel having such an operator control unit. The operating control unit having a housing which is insertable into a steering wheel spoke of the steering wheel and which has at least one housing side wall and a housing base, having an electrical contact element provided in the housing, and having at least one actuating element which is mounted movably on the housing and which acts with an electrical switching action on the contact element. In order to extend the functionality of the operator control unit but maintain the compact structural form, it is proposed that the operator control unit have a fan for a steering wheel temperature control arrangement and a flow channel which is acted on by the fan, which flow channel is formed by the housing base and has an inlet and outlet opening on the housing.

Abstract: A vehicle air vent manual control assembly can be equipped at a passenger compartment of an automobile. Example installations include at an instrument panel, at a B-pillar, and at a rear center console. The vehicle air vent manual control assembly includes a knob through which a user can manipulate a first set of air directive vanes, a second set of air directive vanes, and a shutoff flap. Pivotal movement of a shaft via the knob prompts movement of the first set of air directive vanes. Translational movement of the shaft via the knob prompts movement of the second set of air directive vanes. And rotational movement of the shaft prompts movement of the shutoff flap.

Abstract: A vehicle air conditioning unit is installed in a vehicle, and the vehicle travels with self-driving that eliminates need for an occupant to operate the vehicle by a foot of the occupant and normal driving that requires the occupant to operate the vehicle by the foot. The vehicle air conditioning unit includes a foot outlet portion that defines a foot outlet open in a vehicle cabin, blown air flowing through the foot outlet toward the foot of the occupant, and an outlet changing device that changes a position to which the blown air flowing through the foot outlet flows. A controller of the vehicle is configured to control the outlet changing device such that the blown air is directed further rearward during the self-driving compared to during the normal driving.

Abstract: An air vent comprising a housing extending between an air inlet opening and an air outlet opening, such that the housing has a first wall segment and a second wall segment; an air guiding element, arranged at least partially inside the housing thereby creating a first partial airflow channel and a second partial airflow channel between the air inlet opening and the air outlet opening; an airflow regulating element for regulating the airflow through the partial air flow channels, which airflow regulating element is arranged at the side of the air guiding element that is facing the air inlet opening; wherein the airflow regulating element forms an extension of the air guiding element in the direction of the air inlet opening and wherein the airflow regulating element is pivotable around an axis that lies behind the center of the airflow regulating element when viewed in the direction from the air outlet opening to the air inlet opening.

Abstract: A pressure relief assembly includes a housing that comprises an air passage chamber and a membrane flap positioned within the air passage chamber. The pressure relief assembly further includes a plurality of clips that extend upwardly from the housing. The plurality of clips anchor the membrane flap to the housing. Further, the plurality of clips are staggered.

Abstract: A combustion air blower, especially side channel blower, for a fuel-operated vehicle heater, includes a blower housing (38). An air flow space (44), through which combustion air being fed can flow, is formed in the blower housing (38). Air flowing over an inlet area (55) into the air flow space (44) flows to a feed area enclosing a feed wheel (48). At least one hydrocarbon storage element (70, 88) is formed in the air flow space (44), for storing gaseous hydrocarbon present in the air flow space (44).

Abstract: Disclosed are a beam selection method, apparatus and system. The method comprises: a receiving device receives at least one set of beam associating information from a sending device, each set of which including an association relation between a first beam and at least one second beam; and selects, according to the information, a beam to be received among beams from the sending device, i.e., the receiving device may quickly select, according to the association relation between the first beam and the second beam, a beam to be received among beams from the sending device, so that the number of steps or measurements performed for the signal quality of beams during data receiving are reduced, thereby reducing the time spent on beam measurements, accelerating the process of beam measurement and selection of the receiving device, simplifying data receiving, and lowering the latency.

Abstract: A tonneau cover for a vehicle cargo bed includes a first airflow passage extending along an interior of the tonneau cover. An airflow inlet is structured to enable airflow from an exterior of the tonneau cover into the first airflow passage. An airflow outlet is structured to enable a discharge of air from the first airflow passage to an exterior of the tonneau cover. A cross-sectional area of the first airflow passage decreases in a direction extending from the airflow inlet toward the airflow outlet.

Abstract: An air conditioning case defines a warm air passage, a cool air passage, a first space, and a second space therein. The cool air passage is in communication with the first space. The warm air passage is in communication with the first space. The second space is connected to the first space on a side of the first space away from the cool air passage. A case interior member including a tunnel member and a blade is arranged in the first space. The tunnel member includes an upstream-end forming portion and a downstream-end forming portion. The upstream-end forming portion is open to the warm air passage. The downstream-end forming portion is open in a direction away from the upstream-end forming portion. The blade extends from the downstream-end forming portion to both sides along a width direction, and guides the air from the tunnel channel to diffuse along the width direction.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a component with at least one embedded feature includes the steps of defining a boundary template for the component, reserving a functional region within the boundary template for the at least one embedded feature, consolidating and structurally optimizing the component to allow more efficient distribution of material and manufacturing the component using additive manufacturing techniques. A motor vehicle component including a motor vehicle center console are also disclosed.

Abstract: An air flow direction regulation device includes a plurality of fins turnably supported; an approximately cylindrical housing arranging an operation portion or a gear mechanism for allowing a direction of each of the fins to be regulated; and a case disposing the housing internally. The fin is turnably supported as support points by an outer pivot portion on a housing inner circumferential side and an inner pivot portion on a housing center axis line side, and includes a gear portion provided near the inner pivot portion. The gear mechanism includes a gear integrally rotating with the operation portion through a shaft to engage the gear portion of each fin. The housing includes a flexible shaft support member provided on a housing center axis line, and forming a connection portion fitting into the inner pivot portion of each fin, and a through hole inserting the shaft to pass through.

Abstract: A method for controlling an air plume expelled from an air register includes configuring a plurality of vanes of the air register to provide the air plume with a width W1 when in a first position to direct the air plume in a first direction, such as toward an individual in the passenger compartment of the motor vehicle, and a width W2 when in a second position to direct the air plume in a second direction such as away from the individuals where W1>W2.

Abstract: A bottom cover includes a plate portion including an inner-peripheral-edge portion defining an inlet, and a cooling duct including an upper wall and a pair of right and left sidewalls. The upper wall includes an upper-wall front portion inclined upward in the vehicle-height direction at a predetermined inclination angle, an upper-wall rear portion inclined upward in the vehicle-height direction at an inclination angle larger than the predetermined inclination angle of the upper-wall front portion, and the first upper-wall bent portion located at a boundary between the upper-wall front portion and the upper-wall rear portion. The rear ends of the right and left sidewalls, the rear end of the inner-peripheral-edge portion, and the rear end of the upper wall define an outlet.

Abstract: A vane adjustment device for an air register having a front vane and a rear vane is disclosed. The vane adjustment device comprises a rear vane connector rotatably connected to the rear vane about a first axis, an intermediate connector rotatably connected to the rear vane connector about a second axis different with the first axis, and a front vane connector rotatably connected to the front vane, the front vane connector including a sliding portion slidably and rotatably connected to the intermediate connector.

Abstract: A controllable air inlet for controlling airflow to a cooling device of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle. The air inlet includes a frame, a lateral member and a closure element moveably supported by the frame and the lateral member.

Abstract: An air conditioning case in an air conditioning unit for a vehicle forms a first air passage, a second air passage bypassing the first air passage, and a mixing space connected to a first blowing port and a second blowing port through which air is blown out into a vehicle interior. A cooling heat exchanger cools and allows air to flow into the first air passage and the second air passage. A heating heat exchanger is disposed in the first air passage. A tunnel forming portion provides a tunnel passage into which a part of air from the first air passage flows. The tunnel forming portion includes a first outflow portion connected to the first blowing port, and a second outflow portion connected to the second blowing port, and separates the air flowing in the tunnel passage from the air flowing from the second air passage.

Abstract: An air conditioning register includes: a retainer, fins, a connecting plate and a drive mechanism; wherein: connecting pins of the fins are engaged with cam grooves provided in the connecting plate so that all fins are connected to the connecting plate, wherein: each of the cam grooves has a parallel blowing zone for bring adjacent fins into a parallel blowing mode, and has a diffusion blowing zone for bringing adjacent fins into a diffusion blowing mode; and the drive mechanism is provided with an allowing part which allows the connecting plate to move in the arrangement direction of the fins, while maintaining the zone where each connecting pin is positioned in each cam chamber in the parallel blowing zone, when the operation of tilting the fins is performed with the fin shafts as a fulcrum, and only when each connecting pin is in the parallel blowing zone.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a refrigeration trailer air distribution chute. The chute includes a first air director attachable to a ceiling of a refrigeration trailer spanning a refrigeration unit and a side wall of the trailer, and a second air director attachable to and extending along the ceiling proximate the side wall to the rear of the trailer. The first air director is attachable to the ceiling along two lines of attachment, causing the first air director to have a cross section of a first shape regardless of whether the chute is in an unexpanded or an expanded state. The second air director is attachable to the ceiling along one line of attachment, causing the second air director to have a cross section of a second shape when the chute is in the unexpanded state and a third shape when the chute is in the expanded state.

Abstract: A method for operating an air conditioning system of a vehicle includes actuating an operating element of an air vent of the air condition system for a defined first time period, the actuating for the first time period causing activation of a control slider function for adjusting the outflow volume, actuating the operating element for a defined second time period, which is shorter than the first time period, the actuating for the second time period causing a popup menu which optically displays a numerical value of an actual outflow volume of the air vent being displayed on an onboard monitor of the vehicle, and adjusting the outflow volume with a further operating element in the popup menu and simultaneously optically displaying a numerical value of the adjusted outflow volume.

Abstract: A system for providing air to electrical systems includes a conduit having a passageway, an inlet portion, and one or more exits. The conduit may couple with an opening in the raised floor. The inlet portion of the conduit may receive air from the sub-floor space and pass the air to the passageway. The exits may direct air from the passageway through rack air inlets of a rack computing system.

Abstract: The front movable louver (3) includes one central fin (7) and an upper auxiliary fin (8) and a lower auxiliary fin (9) storable in storing recesses (6a, 6b) inside an air outlet. The central fin (7) is axially supported turnably by pivots (7a) provided on both sides of the vicinity of the downstream side end portion. The upper auxiliary fin (8) and the lower auxiliary fin (9) are axially supported turnably so as to stick out their downstream side end portions to the passage (5) side by pivots provided on both sides of the vicinities of the upstream side end portions. A cam link mechanism (10) turns the upper auxiliary fin (8) and the lower auxiliary fin (9) so that the upper auxiliary fin (8) sticks out its downstream side end portion to the passage side, and the lower auxiliary fin (9) becomes parallel to and approaches the central fin (7) so that these fins function as one large fin when the central fin (7) is turned in the short-side direction of the air outlet (15).

Abstract: A first opening is formed in a vertical wall portion, and a second opening is formed in an underfloor. Airflow partially flows into the first opening and hits a rear face of an inclined wall portion, so as to be discharged from the second opening toward a vehicle rear side. The airflow that cannot enter the first opening flows toward the inclined wall portion along the vertical wall portion so that the airflow is drawn to the airflow flowing into the first opening. The airflow that cannot enter the first opening flows toward the vehicle rear side along the inclined wall portion. Detachment of the airflow from the inclined wall portion is restrained, and airflow flows toward the vehicle rear side along the underfloor of the vehicle. Air flowing from a side part of the vehicle into the rear wheel house restrains a decrease in steering stability.

Abstract: A fluid distribution door for use in a heating, ventilating, and air conditioning system includes a main body having a first surface and a second surface. The first surface and the second surface cooperate to form a first surface configuration which intersects with a second surface configuration. Each of the first surface configuration and the second surface configuration is formed by a three-dimensional feature.

Abstract: An air-conditioning system for air-conditioning an interior of a vehicle may include a fan for driving air. The system may include a control device that may include a circulating air inlet for drawing in circulating air from the interior, a fresh air inlet for drawing in fresh air from an environment of the vehicle, and an air outlet. The control device may include a control valve adjustable between a circulating position and a fresh air position. The control valve may include at least one non-return check valve. The non-return check valve may permit a flow to pass through the control valve in one direction and block the flow in an opposite direction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a sealed duct vehicle cab post. A cab frame includes a hollow cab post having an air vent in a sidewall thereof and open first and second ends. A piece of unexpanded foam is attached to a clip. The clip has a base forming a foam piece support to which the piece of unexpanded foam is attached. The clip has a gripping member, and an arm connecting the base to the gripping member. The clip and the foam piece are inserted through the vent and into the post so that the unexpanded foam piece is inside the post and spaced apart from an edge of the vent and between the vent and the first end of the post. The gripping member is coupled to the post so that the gripping member grips, an edge of the vent. The cab frame and/or the post is then heated so that the foam expands and forms a seal within the post between the vent and the first end of the post.

Abstract: A cam and lever system comprising a cam having a side perpendicular to an axis of rotation of the cam and a channel on the side of the cam, the channel having a bottom wherein the channel is at least partially defined by a first wall and a second wall that diverge as the distance from the bottom increases, a lever, having a pin extending into the channel and an axis of rotation that is generally parallel to the axis of rotation of the cam, and having a configuration sufficient to provide point contact with the walls of the channel.

Abstract: A register for air-conditioning includes a tubular register having an air passage and a blowoff opening and register fins 2 for regulating the wind direction of conditioned air blowing out from the blowoff opening. The register fin 2 includes a plate-like fin main body 3 and a pair of plate-like fin covers 4 and 5 assembled so as to sandwich the fin main body 3 from both sides of the fin main body 3 with the end face of the fin main body 3 on the vehicle cabin side being exposed. The fin main body 3 is provided with a plurality of engaging holes 31. The fin covers 4 and 5 are provided, at the positions corresponding to the engaging holes 31, with a plurality of engaging claws (41) and 51 protruding in the thickness direction from the surfaces facing the fin main body 3. The fin main body 3 and the fin covers 4 and 5 are assembled by engaging the engaging holes 31 with the engaging claws (41) and 51.

Abstract: A guide groove is provided on both sides in a door width direction of a plate-like portion of a door. A radius of curvature of the plate-like portion in a single non-mounted state is set more than that of the guide groove, to thereby support both end portions in the door width direction of the plate-like portion respectively at three abutment points P1 to P3. A rib is provided in the plate-like portion to extend from one end portion in the door width direction of the plate-like portion to the other end portion thereof, so that force generated from both end portions in the door width direction of the plate-like portion is transferred to a center portion in the door width direction of the plate-like portion via the rib. Therefore, it can prevent the center portion and vicinity of the plate-like portion from being deformed in the direction away from a seal surface of the air conditioning case.

Abstract: An air intake duct of a motorcycle extends rearwardly from a front portion of a motorcycle body so as to pass laterally of the left side of a motorcycle frame structure, and incoming wind is supplied as an intake air through the air intake duct to a combustion engine. The air intake duct is divided in a widthwise direction of the motorcycle. An upper dividing face of the air intake duct is disposed inward of an intermediate position, in a motorcycle widthwise direction, of the air intake duct.

Abstract: Disclosed is a vehicle HVAC system that provides for installation, serviceability, or replacement of at least one actuator servo without removal of the HVAC assembly from the vehicle. As due to the tight space limitations, the present invention provides for at least one fastener-less mounting element of the servo assembly to be attached to the HVAC assembly, without the need for additional fasteners which would require additional space to access with a tool.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems, methods, and apparatus for controlling the interior of a vehicle at a desired temperature. In an embodiment, thermal control is attained for a car seat of an child, toddler, or infant. The systems and methods use a conduit system that allows air to be directed from air vents in vehicles to locations near or at passenger seats. The conduit system may connect to meshes or foams that provide additional cooling to passengers.

Abstract: A chilled air plenum system for aircraft galleys adapted to be connected to a food cart bay for a food cart includes an air return plenum having a return airflow duct with a plurality of midline primary apertures and a plurality of secondary lateral side edge apertures for receiving return airflow from the food cart. The return airflow duct also includes a central lower resilient back stop and lateral side edge resilient back stops to prevent a cart from impacting the rear of the food cart bay. The return air plenum cab be at least partially integrated into a galley back wall structure.

Abstract: A grille shutter for a vehicle includes a frame, an actuator, a grille flap, and a grille shaft. The actuator includes a casing mounted on the frame, an electric motor received in the casing, an output member having a first end, a second end and a stop projection between the first and second ends, and stop members stationary relative to the casing. The stop members cooperate with the stop projection to limit rotation of the output member. The grille shaft is coupled to the output member and rotatably couples the grille flap to the frame.

Abstract: An active air flap system for a vehicle includes a duct allowing ambient air to flow into an engine compartment, a motor in the duct to generate driving force and having a hinge shaft configured to transmit the generated driving force, and a flap coupled to the hinge shaft of the motor to regulate a degree of opening and closing of the opening, and released from the state of being coupled to the hinge shaft of the motor when power supply to the motor is cut off, to open the opening. When power is not applied to the motor of the active air flap system due to an abnormal reason, the flap is separated from the motor so as to be prevented from being stuck due to fault of the motor resulting from an abnormal reason or due to a dead battery.

Abstract: The invention relates to an air nozzle for conducting an air flow from an air feed shaft or an air feed duct in a heating, a ventilating or an air-conditioning installation, particularly for passenger compartments in motor vehicles, consisting of a hollow-cylindrical housing with a front air outflow opening and a rear air inflow opening as well as an insert, which is mounted in the housing and by which the direction and/or the intensity of the of the air flow issuing from the air nozzle is or are variable. For improved mounting and easier assembly the insert has an outer surface which is spherical at least in sections and is supported at the inner surface of the housing by way of at least two bearing points of matching contour, wherein a spring element is associated with at least one bearing point.

Abstract: A controllable air inlet for controlling airflow to a cooling device of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle. The air inlet includes a frame, a lateral member and a closure element moveably supported by the frame and the lateral member.

Abstract: A front end arrangement and airflow control method for a vehicle includes a radiator disposed in an engine compartment of the vehicle and a damper disposed below the radiator for selectively controlling recirculation through the radiator. The damper is movable between an open position wherein airflow from behind the radiator recirculates by passing forwardly under the radiator and again through the radiator, and a closed position wherein the airflow from behind the radiator is substantially prevented from passing forwardly under the radiator and recirculating through the radiator.

Abstract: Provided is a vehicle air-conditioning device in which the unit casing is used commonly for an air conditioner designed for manual operation and an air conditioner designed for automatic control so that the variety of the parts and the mold cost can be reduced for a higher production efficiency and a cost reduction. In the vehicle air-conditioning device in which a damper can be turned by manual operation through a lever which is rotatably fitted and supported on a side surface of a unit casing or through an actuator which is directly coupled with a rotational shaft of the damper, a portion of a wall of the unit casing on which the lever is supported is formed as a double wall, and an outer wall of the double wall is provided with a support part on which a fitting part (8) of the lever is rotatably fitted and supported.

Abstract: The present invention provides an air vent for a vehicle, including: a housing which has an air outlet to which a duct is connected; and a damper unit which is inserted into and installed in the housing so as to open and close the air outlet, in which the damper unit includes: a damper knob which has a through hole into which a duct boss, which protrudes on the duct, is inserted, and one side surface connected to a damper, and drives the damper while being rotated; and a knob rubber which is made of rubber, covers a partial region of the damper knob, and extends to an inner surface of the through hole so as to be inserted into the through hole.

Abstract: Provided is a vehicle air-conditioning device in which a lever (7) for turning a damper is rotatably fitted and supported on a unit casing (2), wherein one of a support part (13) on the unit casing (2) side and a fitting part (8) on the lever side is provided with an elastically deformable fitting claw (27), while the other of the support part (13) and the fitting part (8) is provided with a fitting hole (24), into which the fitting claw (27) is fitted and engaged, and a bearing boss part (23) and a fitting shaft part (25), which are rotatably fitted together with a bearing clearance between them, are provided on the outer periphery of the fitting claw (27) and the fitting hole (24).

Abstract: A blower assembly for a vehicle air conditioning unit includes a first air flow duct having a first blower and a second air flow duct having a second blower. A fresh-air inlet opening is arranged in the first air flow duct and a recirculated-air inlet opening is arranged in the second air flow duct. A distribution chamber is downstream of the first and second air flow ducts and an air cooling unit and a bypass duct bypassing the air cooling unit are downstream of the distribution chamber. A bypass flap is in the distribution chamber for directing at least a part of the air flow in the first air flow duct to the air cooling unit and/or to the bypass duct with substantially all of the air flow in the first air flow duct directed into the bypass duct in one position of the bypass flap.

Abstract: A system and a method for mixing cabin and outside air of a vehicle air-conditioner may include a housing having cabin and outside air inlets for ventilating the cabin and outside air, a first door part to selectively cover at least a portion of the cabin air inlet and/or a portion of the outside air inlet to adjust an open value of each of the inlets, a second door part to selectively cover the remaining portion of the outside air inlet to adjust the open value of the outside air inlet, a cam part rotatable in the housing and formed with first and second slots to which the first and second door parts are slidably coupled such that rotation angle of the first or the second door part is varied according to rotation of the cam part, and a controlling unit controlling the rotation of the cam part.

Abstract: A fender has an air-conducting device with air-conducting lamellae fastened in a holding frame. The air-conducting device has, in the fender, an outer opening into which the air-conducting lamellae project. An air mass flowing into the wheel arch or the fender is conducted to the outside by the air-conducting lamellae.

Abstract: A trim assembly having a trim element and an air vent designed to be supplied with air. The trim element includes a first face designed to be oriented toward a user, a second face opposite the first face, and an edge extending between the first face and the second face. The air vent is positioned to generate a jet of air flowing along the second face toward the edge.

Abstract: The invention proposes a device for attaching an actuator (2) to a housing (4), in particular for an automotive vehicle, the actuator being provided for driving a movable equipment (41) disposed within the housing. The device comprises attaching means for attaching the actuator on the housing. The mounting means comprise two conjugated connection flanges (20, 40), respectively mounted on a connexion face (28) of the actuator (28) and on a connection face (48) of the housing. The connexion flanges are adapted to be assembled according to a male/female type connection at the outside of the housing.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a refrigeration trailer air distribution chute. The chute includes a first air director attachable to a ceiling of a refrigeration trailer spanning a refrigeration unit and a side wall of the trailer, and a second air director attachable to and extending along the ceiling proximate the side wall to the rear of the trailer. The first air director is attachable to the ceiling along two lines of attachment, causing the first air director to have a cross section of a first shape regardless of whether the chute is in an unexpanded or an expanded state. The second air director is attachable to the ceiling along one line of attachment, causing the second air director to have a cross section of a second shape when the chute is in the unexpanded state and a third shape when the chute is in the expanded state.