Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for decomposing a phenolic by-product, the method including: a step S10 of injecting and mixing a bisphenol A by-product produced in a bisphenol A production process, a mixed by-product stream of phenol by-products produced in a phenol production process, a decomposition apparatus side discharge stream, and a process water stream in a mixing apparatus; a step S20 of injecting a mixing apparatus discharge stream discharged from the mixing apparatus into a phase separation apparatus and phase-separating the mixing apparatus discharge stream into an oil-phase stream and a liquid-phase stream; a step S30 of feeding the oil-phase stream, which is phase-separated in the step S20 and discharged from the phase separation apparatus, to a decomposition apparatus to decompose the oil-phase stream; and a step S40 of circulating the decomposition apparatus side discharge stream obtained by the decomposition in the step S30 to the mixing apparatus in the step S10.

Abstract: Disclosed is an application of a hydrophobic phthalocyanine as a heterogeneous catalyst in oxidizing phenol wastewater by hydrogen peroxide. A hydrophobic silane is decorated on a bacterial cellulose-metal phthalocyanine heterogeneous catalyst to obtain a hydrophobic phthalocyanine heterogeneous catalyst; during the catalytic degradation of phenols, the obtained catalyst is capable of adjusting a concentration of hydrogen peroxide oxidant around the catalyst. A preparation method of the hydrophobic phthalocyanine comprises: 1. preparing a mixed solution of a bacterial cellulose medium containing metal phthalocyanine; 2. adding acetic acid bacterium into the mixed solution obtained in step 1 for biological culture; 3. heating the product obtained in step 2, and taking out a solid for cleaning and drying; 4. preparing a hydrophobic silane solution; and 5. immersing the product obtained in step 3 into the solution obtained in step 4, and taking out a solid after reaction for cleaning and drying.

Abstract: The invention provides: a dihydroxynaphthalene condensate which suppresses soft particle generation and is suitably usable for a composition excellent in filterability; and a method for producing the dihydroxynaphthalene condensate. In the method for producing a dihydroxynaphthalene condensate, dihydroxynaphthalene to be used has a sulfur element content of 100 ppm or less in terms of mass among constituent elements. The dihydroxynaphthalene and a condensation agent are condensed in presence of an acid or a base to produce the dihydroxynaphthalene condensate.

Abstract: A procedure for hydrogenation of alpha dimethyl styrene dimer that is scalable, economical, and safe is provided. These processes routinely provide greater than a 98% yield and require no purification step. The methods of producing hydrogenated alpha dimethyl styrene dimer comprising adding to a reactor under nitrogen a catalyst comprising Ru/C or Rh/C and an alpha dimethyl styrene dimer to form a catalyst and alpha dimethyl styrene dimer reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is then heated under pressure until hydrogenation of the alpha dimethyl styrene dimer is complete. To recover the hydrogenated alpha dimethyl styrene dimer, the reaction mixture is filtered through a celite bed under nitrogen.

Abstract: A control line assembly and technique for fabricating the control line assembly are disclosed. The assembly includes drawn tubular segments through which a gas is flowed to purge contaminants. The outflow of contaminants due to the gas flow is monitored and the gas flow can be controlled and terminated when a sufficient quantity of contaminants has been extracted. The gas flow can be combined with a heat treatment cycle to further extract contaminants. The heat treatment cycle can include multiple heating stages that can be controlled based on the monitoring of the exiting contaminants.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method of recovering an unreacted phenol from a bisphenol A production facility comprises reacting an initial phenol and an initial acetone in the presence of a catalyst to produce a bisphenol A stream comprising the unreacted phenol of the initial phenol and a bisphenol A, separating a purge stream comprising the unreacted phenol, and wherein the unreacted phenol is present in the purge stream in an amount of 60 to 90 wt %, based on the total weight of the purge stream; adding the purge stream to a phenol purification section of a phenol production facility; and forming a purified phenol outlet stream in the phenol purification section, wherein the purified phenol outlet stream comprises a total phenol concentration of greater than or equal to 99.5 wt % based on the total weight of the purified phenol outlet stream.

Abstract: Methods and systems for removing volatile organic compounds from spent air are provided. The method can include oxidizing cumene in the presence of an oxidant to produce an oxidized product containing methanol and a spent air, separating the spent air from the oxidized product, contacting the spent air with an absorbent, an adsorbent, or a mixture thereof to remove at least a portion of any impurities in the spent air to produce a first purified air, and contacting the first purified air with a biological material to produce a treated air.

Abstract: A method of drying hydrolytic lignin is provided. The hydrolytic lignin may be dried using a pre-drying step, followed by an additional drying step in a drying apparatus. The dry hydrolytic lignin powder may have a moisture content of below 30%.

Abstract: A method of drying hydrolytic lignin is provided. The hydrolytic lignin may be dried using a pre-drying step, followed by an additional drying step in a drying apparatus. The dry hydrolytic lignin powder may have a moisture content of below 30%.

Abstract: The present invention provides an easy process for purifying phenol by separating carbonyl compounds through selective hydrogenation of the compounds to the corresponding alcohols then distillation. The phenol purification process of the present invention comprises bringing phenol into contact with a copper-based catalyst in the presence of hydrogen to convert carbonyl compounds contained in the phenol to the corresponding alcohol compounds, and separating the alcohol compounds and phenol by distillation.

Abstract: In a process for separating a mixture comprising cyclohexanone and phenol, at least a portion of the mixture is distilled in the presence of a solvent including at least two alcoholic hydroxyl groups attached to non-adjacent saturated carbon atoms, water, and in the presence or absence of a hemiketal defined by the formula (I) or the formula (II): wherein R1, the same or different at each occurrence, is independently an alkylene group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, R2 is an alkylene group having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms and/or R3 is hydrogen or the following group: and in the presence or absence of an enol-ether derived from the hemiketal defined by the formula (I) or the formula (II), wherein the total concentration of the hemiketal and enol-ether, expressed in term of weight percentage of the total weight of the feed to the distilling step, is at most 0.01%.

Abstract: A method and associated system of treating a plant material consisting essentially of the plant cannabis in order to extract cannabinoids in liquid form from the plant material. The method includes heating the plant material; drying the plant material; grinding the dried plant material into a powder form; marinating the dried plant powder in a solvent for a predetermined time period to form a marinated mixture; shaking and heating the marinated mixture; filtering the mixture so that only a liquid part of the mixture remains; and evaporating from the liquid the solvent in order to provide the cannabinoid liquid extract.

Abstract: The present application concerns a process for the removal of hydrocarbons from an aqueous stream, which process may include conducting a phenol-containing water stream into a separation column, separating the phenol-containing water in the column using heat to form an overhead portion and a bottoms portion, and collecting the overhead portion as well as the bottoms portion. Further, the process may include adding an eluent to an aqueous stream, thereby forming an aqueous mixture, subsequently conducting the aqueous mixture into a separation vessel, wherein it is allowed to settle into two phases, which form a hydrocarbon stream and a phenol-containing water stream, subsequently collecting the hydrocarbon stream, and conducting the phenol-containing water stream to the separation column for further separation.

Abstract: Methods for extracting bisphenols from polymer substrates are described. The methods include contacting the polymer substrate with an aqueous composition which includes a phase transfer agent, a base and optionally an oxidant, whereby the bisphenol is extracted into the aqueous composition. Suitable phase transfer agents are delineated. Also described are compositions which can be used in the present methods.

Abstract: The present invention relates to isolating phenolics from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) having a low triglyceride and non-polar content.

Abstract: The subject of the present invention is a method for preparing pyrocatechol from which the impurities resulting from the method for the preparation thereof have been removed. The method for preparing purified pyrocatechol from a crude pyrocatechol containing essentially pyrocatechol, small amounts of impurities including dihydroxybenzoquinone, and traces of hydroquinone and of phenolic compounds, is characterized in that it comprises at least the following steps: dissolution of the crude pyrocatechol in water, crystallization of the pyrocatechol, separation of the purified pyrocatechol and, optionally, a step of drying the purified pyrocatechol. The method of the invention may include other steps and, depending on the embodiment chosen, that may comprise a different series of steps, it is possible to obtain pyrocatechol with various degrees of purity.

Abstract: A desalting method for extracting salt from phenol production waste of a phenol process, comprising the steps of: (a) receiving said phenol production waste from the phenol process; (b) providing a parting agent operable to separate, on contact, an organic material into an organic phase and an aqueous phase; (c) providing an extractant operable, on contact, to absorb salt into an aqueous phase, wherein said extractant comprises an aqueous NaHSO4 solution; (d) performing at least one sequential extraction step, in at least one corresponding sequential extraction system, on said phenol production waste, to extract salt therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a composition comprising a tris-hydroxyaryl compound having a metal ion impurity content of less than 10 ppm and to a process for the purification of tris-hydroxyaryl compound having a metal ion impurity, comprising at least the following steps: a) conditioning a sulphonic acid group-containing active ion exchanger with a solvent which is suitable for the handling of the tris-hydroxyaryl compounds, b) producing a solution of the tris-hydroxyaryl compounds to be purified in a solvent which is suitable for the handling of the tris-hydroxyaryl compounds, c) contacting the tris-hydroxyaryl compound-containing solution from b) with the conditioned ion exchanger from a), d) separating the tris-hydroxyaryl compound-containing solution from c) from the conditioned ion exchanger, e) removing at least part of the solvent from the solution of the tris-hydroxyaryl compound separated in d) under low temperature stress.

Abstract: A process for the removal of by-products from a phenolic mixture, which process may include the following steps: subjecting a phenolic mixture to extractive distillation to produce an initial phenolic mixture, contacting the initial phenolic mixture containing phenol and one or more by products with a catalyst to produce a first purified phenol product mixture, and distilling the first purified phenol product mixture to produce a second purified phenol product mixture; wherein the extractive distillation is carried out in two columns, a higher pressure column and a lower pressure column.

Abstract: The present invention includes methods for removing contaminants, such as mineral salts, mineral acids, terpenoids, stilbenes, flavonoids, proteinaceous materials, metal impurities, ash and other organic products, from a lignocellulosic feedstock stream containing oxygenated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are optically active biphenol derivatives represented by the following formulas (1) and (2), a method for optically resolving a biphenol derivative represented by formula (2?), a production method of an optically active biphenol derivative (1) comprising a step for reacting a Brønsted acid with a biphenol derivative (2), and a production method of an optically active biphenol derivative (3) comprising a step for reacting a Lewis acid with an optically active biphenol derivative (1) or an optically active biphenol derivative (2).

Abstract: A dehydration method for removing water from a hydrolysis reaction mixture containing unreacted water generated when monochlorobenzene is hydrolyzed to produce phenol, the method for dehydrating the hydrolysis reaction mixture includes supplying a hydrolysis reaction mixture to a distillation tower, supplying a liquid containing monochlorobenzene to the tower top portion of the distillation tower, and removing the substantially whole amount of the water in the hydrolysis reaction mixture together with monochlorobenzene from the tower top portion by distillation.

Abstract: The present disclosure enables phenol recovery, purification and recycle in a simple, economic manner from waste streams from, for example, a phenol/acetone production process, e.g., a phenol/acetone plant or an upstream cumene hydroperoxide cleavage process step, and BPA production step, for use in the reaction with acetone to produce BPA. The disclosure therefore reduces the overall consumption of phenol in the production of BPA.

Abstract: In a method of reducing the viscosity of a residue stream from the production of bisphenol-A, the residue stream is combined with at least one of (a) a bottoms stream comprising polyalkylaromatic compounds and remaining after the fractionation of an effluent from an aromatics alkylation process to remove monoalkylaromatic compounds, (b) a stream containing at least 90 wt % phenol and (c) a mixture of phenol and said bottoms stream (a) to produce a combined stream.

Abstract: A method for processing biomass comprising heating an aqueous slurry comprising biomass, water and a phosphate catalyst in a pressure vessel at a temperature of about 150° C. to about 500° C. to produce a mixture comprising a dispersion of an organic phase and an aqueous phase.

Abstract: Processes for conversion of lignin to products such as phenolic compounds and biofuels prepared from such phenolic compounds are disclosed and described. A process for conversion of a lignin material to bio-fuels can include subjecting the lignin material to a base catalyzed depolymerization reaction to produce a partially depolymerized lignin. The partially depolymerized lignin can then be subjected to a stabilization/partial hydrodeoxygenation reaction to form a partially hydrodeoxygenated product. Following partial hydrodeoxygenation, the partially hydrodeoxygenated product can be reacted in a hydroprocessing step to form a bio-fuel. Each of these reaction steps can be performed in single or multiple steps, depending on the design of the process. The production of an intermediate partially hydrodeoxygenation product and subsequent reaction thereof can significantly reduce or eliminate reactor plugging and catalyst coking.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for preparing bisphenol A, comprising the following steps: transferring phenol and acetone into a reaction zone charged with condensation catalyst, obtaining a stream containing bisphenol A after reaction; transferring the obtained stream containing bisphenol A into a rectification zone, obtaining a product fraction primarily containing bisphenol A and phenol; and transferring the product fraction primarily containing bisphenol A and phenol into a crystallization zone to obtain a bisphenol A product; wherein a water-depleted fraction primarily containing phenol, bisphenol A and acetone is obtained from the rectification zone, and said water-depleted fraction is cooled and returned as a cycled stream to the reaction zone.

Abstract: Processes for the separation and purification of polyphenol trans-resveratrol and/or anthraquinone emodin from Polygonum cuspidatum and/or Rumex acetosa, by means of solvent selective extraction. Products obtained by this process present high level of purity; being therefore useful in the preparation of nutraceutical (pharmaceutical and/or food) compositions with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, chemoprotective activities, besides protecting against infections and ischemia, treating type 1 and 2 diabetes, reducing obesity and preventing aging. Useful phytomedicines for the same therapeutic activity and prepared from the roots and/or rhizomes of Rumex acetosa or from their fractions are also provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure enables phenol recovery, purification and recycle in a simple, economic manner from waste streams from, for example, a phenol/acetone production process, e.g., a phenol/acetone plant or an upstream cumene hydroperoxide cleavage process step, and BPA production step, for use in the reaction with acetone to produce BPA. The disclosure therefore reduces the overall consumption of phenol in the production of BPA.

Abstract: The present disclosure enables phenol recovery, purification and recycle in a simple, economic manner from waste streams from, for example, a phenol/acetone production process, e.g., a phenol/acetone plant or an upstream cumene hydroperoxide cleavage process step, and BPA production step, for use in the reaction with acetone to produce BPA. The disclosure therefore reduces the overall consumption of phenol in the production of BPA.

Abstract: An improved process for recovering phenol from a bisphenol-A residue stream by reconfiguring the distillation column and the cracking reactor in a way that separates the reboil/distillation heat load and the cracking heat load, so that separate heat sources are used.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing a recycled resin, which includes: a first step of decomposing a resin composition containing a thermosetting resin in a supercritical or subcritical solvent having a monomer constituting the thermosetting resin or a derivative thereof as an essential component and a second step of adding a polyfunctional compound thereto to process; a recycled resin or a processed and recovered matter obtained according to the process for producing; a recycled resin composition formed from a recycled resin and/or a processed and recovered matter of the resin composition; and a method for recycling a resin composition, which reuses said recycled resin and/or said processed and recovered matter of a resin composition as a raw material of a recycled resin composition.

Abstract: A process for the removal of by-products from a phenolic mixture, which process may include the following steps: subjecting a phenolic mixture to extractive distillation to produce an initial phenolic mixture, contacting the initial phenolic mixture containing phenol and one or more by products with a catalyst to produce a first purified phenol product mixture, and distilling the first purified phenol product mixture to produce a second purified phenol product mixture; wherein the extractive distillation is carried out in two columns, a higher pressure column and a lower pressure column.

Abstract: Paricalcitol, a synthetic vitamin D analog, is purified to a purity greater than 99.7% by crystallization from solution in isopropyl acetate solvent, followed by filtration and vacuum drying. Isopropyl acetate appears to be unique among commonly available and pharmaceutically acceptable solvents in its ability to precipitate paricalcitol in this high purity, essentially free of isomers thereof.

Abstract: The invention entitled “A Microwave Induced One Pot Process for The Preparation of Arylethenes” provides a method for the preparation of commercially important 2- or 4-hydroxy substituted arylethenes like styrenes or stilbenes in one pot utilizing cheaper substrates in the form of 2- or 4-hydroxy substituted cinnamic acids and their derivatives as well as reagents in the form of base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium acetate, imidazole, methylimidazole and the combination thereof, with or without solvent such as dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, acetonitrile, acetone, methyl imidazoles, ionic liquid, water and the like. The reaction time vary from 1 min-12 hrs and yield of the products from 49-76% depending upon the base, acid, substrate source of heating monomode or multimode microwave or conventional.

Abstract: An improved process for recovering phenol from a bisphenol-A residue stream by reconfiguring the distillation column and the cracking reactor in a way that separates the reboil/distillation heat load and the cracking heat load, so that separate heat sources are used.

Abstract: A method is provided for the thermal decarboxylation of a phenolic substrate in the presence of a non-amine basic catalyst to produce a vinyl monomer. The product of the decarboxylation reaction may additionally be acetylated in the presence of an acetylating agent in the same reaction vessel.

Abstract: A decomposition reaction apparatus for the decomposition treatment of a thermosetting resin, which comprises a reaction apparatus comprising an introduction section for introducing a resin composition containing the thermosetting resin and a solvent containing a monomer component of the thermosetting resin or a component similar to the monomer component, a decomposition reaction section for heating and pressuring the resin composition and the above solvent so as for the solvent to have a supercritical state or a subcritical state, to thereby prepare a treated and recovered product containing a recycled resin formed by the reduction of the molecular weight of the above thermosetting resin, and a discharge section for discharging the treated and recovered product.

Abstract: A process for producing phenol and methyl ethyl ketone comprises contacting benzene and a C4 alkylating agent under alkylation conditions and in the presence of an alkylation catalyst comprising at least one molecular sieve of the MCM-22 family to produce an alkylation effluent comprising secbutylbenzene; wherein the contacting is conducted in a plurality of reaction zones and the C4 alkylating agent secbutylbenzene fraction is recovered from the alkylation effluent and comprises at least 95 wt % sec-butylbenzene, less than 100 wt ppm of C8+ olefins, and less than 0.5 wt % of isobutylbenzene and tert-butylbenzene. The sec-butylbenzene fraction is then oxidized to produce sec-butylbenzene hydroperoxide and the hydroperoxide is cleaved to produce phenol and methyl ethyl ketone.

Abstract: A process comprising the steps of dissolving a dihydric phenol in a solvent to form a solution A, contacting the solution A with an adsorbent material selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, modified metal oxides, activated carbons, and clays, filtering the adsorbent material to form a solution B, adding an anti-solvent to the solution B to form a solution C, and distilling the solution C, wherein the dihydric phenol is represented by Formula (I): wherein R is a hydrogen atom or an aliphatic functionality having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and n is an integer having a value of 1 to 4.

Abstract: A process comprising the steps of dissolving a dihydric phenol in a solvent to form a solution A; contacting the solution A with a zeolite; filtering the zeolite to form a solution B; adding an anti-solvent to the solution B to form a solution C; and distilling the solution C; wherein the dihydric phenol is represented by Formula (I): wherein R is a hydrogen atom or an aliphatic functionality having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and n is an integer having a value 1 to 4.

Abstract: A process for the production of a color-stable composition containing cardanol, including (a) subjecting crude, cashew nutshell liquid to distillation to obtain a distillate; (b) reacting the distillate with acetic anhydride to obtain a reaction mixture; and (c) subjecting the reaction mixture to fractional distillation is provided. A method for the production of color-stable phenalkamines, including (a) subjecting crude, cashew nutshell liquid to distillation to obtain a distillate; (b) reacting the distillate with acetic anhydride to obtain a reaction mixture; (c) subjecting the reaction mixture to fractional distillation to obtain a cardanol-containing fractional distillate; and (d) reacting the fractional distillate with an aliphatic amine and formaldehyde to form a color-stable phenalkamine is also provided.

Abstract: The present disclosure enables phenol recovery, purification and recycle in a simple, economic manner from waste streams from, for example, a phenol/acetone production process, e.g., a phenol/acetone plant or an upstream cumene hydroperoxide cleavage process step, and BPA production step, for use in the reaction with acetone to produce BPA. The disclosure therefore reduces the overall consumption of phenol in the production of BPA.

Abstract: The invention relates to a semibatchwise process for the mild distillative separation of mixtures, in a first stage a column being supplied continuously with a feed and the feed being separated at least into different fractions, one of the fractions being removed continuously into a container, and, in a second step, the fraction removed into the container being recycled to the column and being separated again batchwise into different fractions.

Abstract: A process for extracting from aqueous solution the alkali metal or ammonium salt of a phenol, naphthol, anthrol or phenanthrol or the corresponding thiol, which comprises contacting an aqueous alkaline or neutral solution of the alkali metal or ammonium salt, in which is dissolved an alkali metal or ammonium fluoride, chloride, bromide, hydroxide, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, sulphite, sulphide, thiosulphate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, cyanate, cyanide, thiocyanate, borate, chlorate, chlorite, hypochlorite, perchlorate, chromate, dichromate or permanganate, with a partially water-miscible organic solvent so as to transfer aqueous solution of the alkali metal or ammonium salt of the phenol, naphthol, anthrol or phenanthrol or corresponding thiol into the solvent while retaining separate aqueous and solvent phases, and thereafter separating the solvent phase containing the alkali metal or ammonium salt and water from the aqueous phase, the ratio of solvent to water in the separated so

Abstract: A process for purifying a phenol derivative selected from alkylphenols having a number average molecular weight of from 200 to 4 000 and Mannich adducts thereof is described, in which the phenol derivative is brought into intimate contact with an extracting agent having a polarity ET(30) of from 57 to 38 kcal/mol, a phase containing the phenol derivative and an extracting agent phase are allowed to separate from one another and the extracting agent phase is removed.

Abstract: A continuous process for the separation of phenol is disclosed. The process includes (a) feeding a stream of material, produced while preparing bisphenol A by reacting phenol with acetone, into a distillation column containing at least 5 theoretical separation stages, b) distilling-off the phenol as a top product and discharging from the column a bottom product containing secondary components, c) continuously introducing a portion of the bottom product into a dwell-time container operating at process parameters sufficient to cause, in the presence of an acidic catalyst, at least partial isomerization of the secondary components to form an isomerized product and d) introducing the isomerized product to the distillation column. The introducing of the bottom product is at a rate that is more than 30% of the rate of feeding of the stream at temperatures greater than 190° C. and hydrodynamic dwell time of at least 120 minutes.

Abstract: We describe a process for the preparation of polyurethane polyol from CARDANOL 3-(8pentadecenyl)phenol, derived from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a renewable resource material. The polyol is made by oxidation with peroxy acid generated in situ to give epoxidised CARDANOL 3-(8-pentadecenyl)phenol and the epoxy derivative is converted to the polyol in the presence of the organic acid. The cardanol-based polyol may be reacted with isocyanate to form polyurethane. Alternatively blowing agents are included with the cardanol-based polyol before it is reacted with the isocyanate. These polyols are especially suitable for making rigid foams of very low density and high compressive strength.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a phenol product having a reduced concentration of a contaminating reaction by-product. The method includes contacting a phenol stream, having a concentration of the contaminating by-product, by contacting the phenol stream with an acidic catalyst under suitable purification reaction conditions. Also included is a composition comprising a sec-butyl benzene derived phenol product that has been purified by the removal of certain undesirable reaction by-products.

Abstract: The hydrothermal treatment is based on placing the crude residual plant material in contact with hot water in a closed reactor, comprising the following steps: a) placing the material to be treated in contact with water in a closed reactor, and adjusting the solid/liquid ratio so that it ranges from 1/5 to 1/15 (w/v): b) stirring; c) heating to a temperature between 180 and 240° C., and at a pressure so that the water is maintained in liquid phase; d) constantly stirring the mixture for a time period between 4 and 30 minutes; and e) cooling the reactor to approximately 40° C., unloading the mixture, filtering and recovering the liquid fraction.