Abstract: A relatively fast process for producing HNS from trinitrotoluene (TNT) in high yield consists of oxidizing TNT with an oxidizing transition metal compound within a polar aprotic solvent having a weak base, such as an alkali metal carboxylate, dissolved therein. The amount of transition metal compound used is typically at least one mole per mole of TNT. An especially preferred transition metal compound for use in the present process is cupric chloride.

Abstract: A nonlinear optical element comprising 3-methyl-4-methoxy-4'-nitrostilbene useful for nonlinear optical and electro-optic effects.

Abstract: Process for the mononitration of a nitratable organic compound, such as benzene, with a mixed acid in which one of the reactants is delivered into a body of the other reactant in the form of ultra-fine droplets through an atomizing nozzle or similar orifice. The process is economic to construct and operate, is safe and simple to control and leads to a low cost, substantially pure product.

Abstract: Fluorine-containing aromatic derivatives are produced by the reaction of di(haloacyl)peroxide represented by the general formula: ##STR1## (wherein X stands for a fluorine, chlorine, or hydrogen atom and n for an integer of the value of 1 to 10) with aromatic unsaturated monomers represented by the general formula: ##STR2## (wherein Y stands for hydrogen atom, methyl, ethyl, propyl, acetyl, propionyl, acetyloxy, propionyloxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, vinyl, isopropenyl, or nitro group, or a halogen atom, R.sup.1 for hydrogen atom, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group, R.sup.2 for hydrogen atom, methyl or phenyl group, and m for an integer of the value of 1 to 5).

Abstract: Insecticidal and acaricidal novel substituted furazans of the formula ##STR1## n which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, halogenoalkyl, halogenoalkoxy, halogenoalkylthio or optionally substituted aryloxy, orR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together represent an optionally substituted alkylene radical which is interrupted by 1 or 2 oxygen atoms or is bonded to the phenyl radical via 1 or 2 oxygen atoms,R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are identical or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, halogenoalkyl or halogenoalkoxy,R.sup.5 represents optionally substituted cycloalkyl, andX represents oxygen or sulphur.Intermediates of the formula ##STR2## in which B is --NH.sub.2, --NO.sub.2 or --NCX,R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are identical or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, halogenoalkyl or halogenoalkoxy,R.sup.

Abstract: Dispirotetradecanes of the formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently of each other alkyl containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms wherein one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may also be replaced by --O--, --CO--, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --O--COO-- and/or --CH.dbd.CH-- (trans), one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 also being H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCS,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each independently of each other trans-1,4-cyclohexylene wherein one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by --O-- and/or --S--, or 1,4-phenylene wherein one or more CH groups may also be replaced by N, with it also being possible optionally for A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 to be substituted laterally or axially by F, Cl, CN, CH.sub.3,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each independently of each other --C--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 -- or a single bond,m and n are each 0, 1 or 2,(m+n) 0, 1 or 2,X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3 and X.sup.

Abstract: Optionally substituted 2-benzyl-toluenes can be prepared by reaction of optionally substituted 2-benzyl-tert.-alkyl-toluenes with an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon in the presence of anhydrous iron-(III) halide. The reaction is carried out at ambient to elevated temperature. The optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon is employed in molar excess, relative to the 2-benzly-tert.-alkyl-toluenes.

Abstract: 4,4'-dinitrodibenzyls are prepared by reaction of 4-nitrotoluenes, in the presence of an organic solvent and/or diluent, with an alkali metal-alcoholate and/or an alkaline earth metal alcoholate, and subsequent treatment of the reaction mixture with an aqueous solution of hypohalous acids and/or their salts or with chlorine, bromine or an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide and/or its salts, or with organic or inorganic peracids and/or their salts.

Abstract: Method for preparing bibenzyl systems with nitro groups as substituents. Toluene derivates with nitro groups are coupled oxidatively in methanolic alkali solution under influence of metal catalysts. The oxidation is preferably done with air. As catalysts metal acetonylacetonates are used. The metal can be Ni, Cu, Co, Mn, Cr or Ti. This catalyst can be used together with a crown ether. Another suitable catalyst is a metal tetraphenylporphin of porfyrin type where the metal can be Ni, vanadium (V=O) or Fe(FeIII).

Abstract: A method for preparing nitrones from mixtures of arylhydroxylamines and alkylhydroxylamines containing zinc oxide solids is provided which does not require filtration of the mixture prior to reaction. This is accomplished by introducing a dilute acid solution to the mixture so as to solubilize the zinc oxide powder. The hydroxylamines within solution may be reacted with an aldehyde to produce a nitrone where the dilute acid dissolves the zinc oxide.

Abstract: Compounds halogenated in the .alpha.-position to an electron-attracting group of formula ##STR1## in which X denotes a halogen atom, R denotes a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon radical or a radical --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --COOR.sub.1 and Z denotes a radical --CHO, --COR.sub.2, --COOR.sub.3, --CONR.sub.4 R.sub.5, --CN, --SO.sub.2 R.sub.6, --NO.sub.2, --CO--(CH.sub.2)p--COO.sub.1 or --COO(CH.sub.2)p--COOR.sub.1 are made by a halogenating deacylation of a compound of formula ##STR2## in which R' denotes a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon radical, R" denotes a methyl radical and Z' denotes a radical --CHO, --COR.sub.2, --COOR.sub.3, --CONR.sub.4 R.sub.5, --CN, --SO.sub.2 R.sub.6 or --NO.sub.2 or R' and R" may form a radical --(CH.sub.2)-- or R' and R" may form a radical --CO--(CH.sub.2)p-- or --COO(CH.sub.2)p--, using an alkali metal alcoholate or an alkali or alkaline-earth metal carbonate and a halogenating agent.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of 2,2', 4,4', 6,6-hexanitrostilbene (HNS) from dipicrylethane (DPE) or trinitrotoluene (TNT) which consists of oxidizing DPE or TNE substrate in the presence of an aprotic solvent and a basic salt of a carboxylic acid. The acid preferably consists of an ammonium or an alkali metal salt of a monocarboxylic or a dicarboxylic acid. The reaction step consists of heating the substrate and salt dissolved in the solvent to between 15.degree. and 50.degree. C., and contacting the reaction mixture with dry air or oxygen for up to 2 hours. The HNS product is precipitated out by quenching the reaction mixture in acidified water, and is optionally purified by washing first in methanol and then in acetone.

Abstract: Provided is a process for preparing a diaryl or a mixture of diaryls represented by any or a combination of the following formulae (II), (III) and (V), characterized in that a diaryliodonium salt represented by the following formula (I) is reacted in a solvent in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and a reducing metal at a temperature in the range of room temperature to 100.degree. C.:[Ar.sub.1 -I.sup..sym. -Ar.sub.2 ]X.sup..crclbar. (I)Ar.sub.1 -Ar.sub.1 (II)Ar.sub.1 -Ar.sub.2 (III)Ar.sub.2 -Ar.sub.2 (IV)wherein Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2, which may be alike or different, are each an aryl group which may have a substituent group or groups and X.sup..crclbar. is a counter ion which is inert to said reaction.

Abstract: Novel diazonium salts which possess excellent photo speed, good thermal stability, exceptional resistance to discoloration in the D.sub.min areas, rapid development, and allow a wide range of azo dye colors are provided. The diazonium salts are of the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is tertiary butyl or tertiary amyl; Y is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, aralkylthio, arylthio, alkylthio, halogen, allyl, allyloxy, allylthio, cyanoalkoxy, hydroxyalkoxy, methoxyalkoxy, trifluoroalkyl, alkylacetylamino, morpholino, or dialkyl carbonamido;R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are the same or different, and are alkyl, aralkyl, allyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydrogen, acyl, cycloalkyl, beta-chloroalkyl, branched alkyl, or a structure wherein R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 may be linked together to form a heterocyclic structure; andX is an anion.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of benzal chlorides from benzotrichlorides, according to which benzotrichlorides are reacted with thiols in the presence of metal salts at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: Provided is a process for converting an aromatic compound to prepare an iodoarene, Ar--I, and an aryl compound which is a compound wherein an unsaturated compound is bonded directly to an aryl group, Ar, which process comprises reacting a diaryliodonium salt represented by general formula (I)[Ar--I.sup..sym. --Ar]X.sup..crclbar. (I)wherein Ar is an aryl group which may be substituted and two Ar's are identical and X.sup..crclbar. is a counter ion inert to the reaction with the unsaturated compound in a solvent in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and a base or a reducing metal, said reaction being carried out at a temperature not higher than 80.degree. C. and/or by using at least one of the base, the reducing metal and the unsaturated compound in an amount not more than 1.

Abstract: New polyhalogenoaromatic compounds of Formula I ##STR1## wherein Y and Z are each independently alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyl each of 1 to 12 C atoms, --COOR.sup.1, --O--CO--R.sup.1, CN, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2 or OH;Q is one or two identical or different radicals selected from Ph, Cy, 1,4-bicyclo[2,2,2]octylene or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl;X.sup.1 to X.sup.4 are each independently H, F, Cl or Br;R.sup.1 is alkyl of 1 to 4 C atoms, Ph--R.sup.2 or Cy--R.sup.2 ;R.sup.2 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-12 C atoms or CN;Ph is 1,4-phenylene; and Cy is 1,4-cyclohexylene,can be used as components of liquid-crystal dielectrics.

Abstract: A process for mon-nitrating a plynuclear aromatic compound essentially in the absence of sulfuric acid and a solvent comprising adding nitric acid to a liquid aromatic compound wherein the molar ratio of nitric acid to the aromatic compound in from 0.75/1 ot 2/1 and the reaction temperature is from 50.degree. to 100.degree. C.

Abstract: Aromatic hydrocarbons are nitrated by reacting the aromatic hydrocarbon in a nitrogen tetroxide-containing liquid reaction medium, in the presence of a beta-dicarbonyl compound having a "W" configuration with a carbonyl group at each apex of the "W", preferably at a pressure and temperature sufficient to maintain the nitrogen tetroxide in the liquid state. Addition of an inert organic co-solvent to the liquid nitrogen tetroxide for the metal acetylacetonate promoted nitration of benzene essentially eliminates the production of dinitrobenzenes.

Abstract: A compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group, X is a C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 alkylene group or a C.sub.3 alkenylene group, Y is a hydrogen atom or a chlorine atom, A is a methyl group or a methoxy group and the substituted ureido group is present at the m- or p-position to the group of the formula: ##STR2## which is useful as a herbicide.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a 1,1-dichloroalkene of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is hydrogen, or an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl or aryl radical, andR.sup.2 is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl or aryl radical, orR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together form an optionally branched and/or optionally benzo-fused hydrocarbon chain,comprising reacting a carbonyl compound of the formula ##STR2## with a trichloromethanephosphonic acid ester of the formula ##STR3## in which R.sup.3 each individually is an alkyl or phenyl radical, or the two radicals R.sup.3 together are alkanediyl,in the presence of at least an equimolar amount of a phosphorous acid triamide of the formulaP(NR.sup.4.sub.2).sub.3in whichR.sup.4 each independently is an alkyl radical, or the two radicals R.sup.4 together are alkanediyl.Advantageously,R.sup.1 is hydrogen,R.sup.2 a C.sub.2 to C.sub.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which Z, Z.sub.1, R, m and p are as defined in patent claim 1, can be obtained in a simple and economical manner by a novel process wherein a halide of the formula II ##STR2## is reacted with a substituted or unsubstituted vinylbenzene or vinylnaphthalene derivative in the presence of a base and of certain palladium catalysts, such as palladium acetate. The compounds (I) or functional derivatives preparable therefrom are useful, for example, for the preparation of known dyes or fluorescent brighteners, or can be used directly as fluorescent brighteners or as scintillators.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an optionally substituted trifluoromethyl-naphthalene which comprises contacting a compound of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 denotes hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, polyhalogenoalkoxy, polyhalogenoalkylthio, halogen, nitro, halogenocarbonyl, halogenosulphonyl, alkylsulphonyl or arylsulphonyl, it being possible for the aromatic nuclei contained in the substituents R.sup.1 to be in turn substituted by halogen, alkyl, polyhalogenoalkoxy or polyhalogenoalkylthio,R.sup.2 represents hydrogen, halogen or alkyl andR.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 denote hydrogen, orR.sup.3 and R.sup.4 or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 in each case together denote a fused-on aromatic ring, and wherein, in the case where R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together form a fused-on aromatic ring,R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 independently of one another can also denote, in addition to hydrogen, halogen, nitro, halogenocarbonyl or halogenosulphonyl, and wherein, in the case where R.sup.4 and R.sup.

Abstract: This invention provides a convenient and commercially adaptable process for the preparation of vinylcyclopropane derivatives in high yield. For the process an alkylating agent and activated methylene compound are reacted in the presence of a cyclic polyether compound and alkali metal compound. Water can also be present and/or the reaction may be carried out in an inert organic diluent.

Abstract: A bis-azo compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein A represents ##STR2## wherein R represents alkyl, alkoxy, nitro, dialkylamino or halogen, and n represents an integer 0, 1, 2 or 3 and when n is 2 or 3, R represents identical or different substituents selected from the group of alkyl, alkoxy, nitro, dialkylamino and halogen. The bis-azo compound is useful as a photoconductive material for the preparation of electrophotographic photoconductors.