Abstract: A method for producing branched aliphatic hydrocarbons by reacting H.sub.2 with a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alcohol and/or a C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 olefin in the presence of a cadmium component and a support which comprises an amorphous refractory inorganic oxide, a pillared smectite or vermiculite clay, a molecular sieve consisting essentially of unexchanged or cation-exchanged chabazite, clinoptilite, zeolite A, zeolite L, zeolite X, zeolite Y, ultrastable zeolite Y, or crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -olefins are prepared by catalytic conversion of methanol and/or dimethyl ether in the presence of a zeolite catalyst at elevated temperatures by a process wherein the catalyst used is a borosilicate zeolite which is treated with hydrogen fluoride, molded together with an amorphous aluminosilicate as a binder and then treated with hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: A method for the catalytic conversion of methanol and/or dimethyl ether to lower olefins with an aluminosilicate zeolite catalyst containing zirconium and/or hafnium together with manganese.

Abstract: A methanol conversion process in which a methanol feed is catalytically converted to ethylene and gasoline over a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite catalyst which has been presteamed in order to adjust the alpha activity of the catalyst to about 6-100. Catalyst stability and cycle time on stream are increased.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for making catalytically active aluminosilicates from glasses by hydrothermal cristallization. The hydrothermal cristallization is more particularly effected in the presence of an aqueous solution of an inorganic alkali metal compound producing an alkaline reaction but in the absence of an amine. Useful alkali metal compounds comprise alkali metal carbonate, water glass, alkali metal hydroxide or alkali metal phosphate.The catalytically active aluminosilicates can be used for dehydrating alcohols, ethers and other oxygen-containing organic compounds with formation of hydrocarbons, or for isomerizing or alkylating hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The liquid carrier in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis slurry reactor system is periodically or continually separated and subjected to cracking and isomerization in the presence of suitable catalysts. The treated carrier is returned to the reactor system and the accumulation of high viscosity paraffin in the reactor slurry is minimized. Suitable catalysts include a mixture of cracking and isomerization catalysts. Zeolite Beta is the novel constituent of the catalyst system.

Abstract: Methanol, dimethyl ether or a mixture thereof is converted to a hydrocarbon product rich in iso-C.sub.4 compounds by contact with a catalyst comprised of crystalline silica having molecular sieve properties or a crystalline solid with molecular sieve properties which has been impregnated with thorium oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A process for the production of ethylene, benzene and carbon monoxide from particulated biomass such as wood by reaction with methane at a temperature of from 700.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C., at a pressure of from 20 psi to 100 psi for a period of from 0.2 to 10 seconds.

Abstract: A process for upgrading heavy oil to fuel products comprises deasphalting the heavy oil with an oxygenated solvent and simultaneously converting the oxygenated solvent and deasphalted oil over a ZSM-5 type catalyst to produce gasoline and distillate boiling range hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for converting methanol and/or methyl ether to light olefins over a zeolite catalyst comprising at least some crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitic material having pore windows formed by 8-membered rings of oxygen atoms, e.g., Zeolon 500 or ZSM-34, in the presence of hydrogen, or mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide as a gaseous diluent, at elevated temperature and pressure. By using such zeolite catalysts, hydrogen-containing diluents and reaction conditions, methanol and/or methyl ether can be converted to an olefin-containing hydrocarbon product enriched in ethylene and propylene with enhanced catalyst lifetime.

Abstract: Production of unsaturated hydrocarbons of 2-5 carbon atoms from methanol in the presence of zeolitic catalysts is effected by introducing gaseous methanol into a carrier gas, the concentration of the methanol in the entering mixture being between 5 and 60% by volume, and passing the mixture through a catalytic bed based on synthetic mordenite of the so-called de-aluminized type whose Si/Al ratio (atomic) is higher than 80, the flow rate of the methanol being between 1 and 5 liters of liquid methanol per liter of catalyst and per hour. The reaction is carried out at a temperature between 350.degree. and 550.degree. C., under a pressure which can reach 20 bars. The de-aluminized synthetic mordenite is prepared by subjecting the mordenite to a series of alternate acid and hydrothermic treatments, the said series commencing with an acid treatment and terminating with an acid treatment.

Abstract: O-xylene and ethylbenzene are prepared by converting, 2,7-octadien-1-ol, 1,7-octadien-3-ol or mixtures containing these octadienols, or carboxylates of 2,7-octadien-1-ol or of 1,7-octadien-3-ol, or mixtures containing these carboxylates at from 200.degree. to 550.degree. C. over a catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of lower olefins from methanol or dimethyl ether by catalytic conversion at from 300.degree. to 550.degree. C. in two stages over borosilicate zeolites, wherein C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -olefins and C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -paraffins are removed after the first reaction stage, the C.sub.5.sup.+ hydrocarbons are passed to the second reaction stage, the aromatics are removed from the reaction product of the second stage and the remaining reaction products are recycled. The advantage of this process is an improvement in the yield of olefins.

Abstract: A process for converting a methanol feed to light olefins over a zeolite catalyst comprising at least some crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitic material having a Constraint Index of about 1 to 12 and a silica/alumina mole ratio of at least about 12, e.g., ZSM-5, in the presence of diluent which provides O.sub.2 -containing gas, e.g. air, in the reaction zone under methanol conversion conditions. By using such a ZSM-5 type zeolite catalyst and an oxygen-providing diluent, methanol can be converted to an olefin-containing hydrocarbon product enriched in C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 olefins such as ethylene.

Abstract: A zeolite of improved stability for use in acid-catalyzed reactions is prepared by mildly presteaming the catalyst under controlled conditions of temperature, time, and steam partial pressure. The resulting catalyst retains nearly the same activity as that of a fresh unsteamed catalyst.

Abstract: The liquid carrier in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis slurry reactor system is periodically or continually separated and subjected to cracking and isomerization in the presence of suitable catalysts. The treated carrier is returned to the reactor system and the accumulation of high viscosity paraffin in the reactor slurry is minimized. Suitable catalysts include a mixture of cracking and isomerization catalysts.

Abstract: In an ethanol fermentation process in which an aqueous solution of fermentable sugar is converted by an ethanol-producing microorganism such as a yeast to a dilute aqueous solution of ethanol with the ethanol being present in the solution at a concentration which does not exceed a predetermined maximum level, an improvement is provided which comprises selectively sorbing ethanol present in the solution within a hydrophilic crystalline aluminosilicate ZSM-5 or HZSM-5 zeolite so that the non-sorbed ethanol present in the solution does not exceed the predetermined maximum level of concentration therein, and thereafter removing sorbed ethanol from the zeolite.

Abstract: Gasoline hydrocarbons are produced by a catalytic conversion of methanol under a pressure of about 5 to 100 bars and at temperatures of about 250.degree. to 500.degree. C. The high-hydrocarbon product of the conversion is cooled so as to condense gasoline hydrocarbons. Tail gas is separated and then compressed and recycled to the conversion. In a heating step, liquid methanol is injected into a mixture of tail gas and methanol vapor and the liquid methanol is entirely evaporated. The resulting mixture of tail gas and methanol vapor is heated by about 10.degree. to 40.degree. C. by an indirect heat exchange with the high-hydrocarbon product. The heating step consists of the injection of liquid methanol and of the heating of the mixture of tail gas and methanol vapor and is repeated at least twice. The mixture at a temperature of about 280.degree. to 360.degree. C. is supplied to the catalytic conversion.

Abstract: The synthetic fuel slate of products derived from wet natural gas is expanded to include both aromatic gasoline from the methane rich dry gas portion via steam reforming to synthesis gas, the production of methanol from synthesis gas and the conversion of methanol to gasoline over a ZSM-5 type catalyst, plus high quality jet fuel, diesel fuel and lubricating oils from the C.sub.3.sup.+ paraffin rich fraction of wet natural gas via thermal cracking of the paraffin rich fraction to olefins and the conversion of the olefins to gasoline and distillate boiling range hydrocarbons over a ZSM-5 type catalyst. Methane separated from the thermal cracked product can be mixed with the dry gas fraction for synthesis gas production and a portion of the hydrogen from the synthesis gas may be used to hydrogenate the distillate fraction from the catalytic conversion of the thermal cracked product.

Abstract: A methanol-to-gasoline conversion process in which the conversion is conducted in a number of reactors which are fed directly by the charge, preferably in equal proportions. A diluent gas, preferably recycled light hydrocarbons separated from the product, is passed in sequence through each of the beds to carry away the heat of reaction. In this way, a high effective recycle ratio is maintained in each bed although the actual recycle ratio for the entire system is low.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture and/or conversion of hydrocarbons comprises contacting as feed any of: a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, acyclic organic compounds, hydrocarbon compounds, and mixtures thereof, under conversion conditions with a catalyst comprising silicalite.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the dealkylation of durene resulting from a methanol to gasoline conversion by contacting a durene-containing fraction with zeolite ZSM-12 at elevated temperatures and pressures.

Abstract: Middle distillate hydrocarbons are produced from feed mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen by contacting said feed at elevated temperature and pressure in a first stage with certain impregnated catalysts and contacting at least the middle distillate fraction of the product of the first stage in the presence of hyrogen with a catalyst containing at least one metal having hydrogenation activity supported on a porous carrier.

Abstract: A method of preparing aromatics processing catalysts which comprises incorporating a noble metal with a member or members of a useful class of zeolites, with such incorporation occurring after zeolite crystallization, but prior to final catalyst particle formation, i.e. extrusion into particles. Said useful class of zeolites is characterized by a silica to alumina mole ratio of at least 12 and a Constraint Index in the approximate range of 1 to 12.

Abstract: A method is provided for regeneration of a catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite characterized by a silica to alumina mole ratio of at least about 12, a constraint index, as hereinafter defined, within the approximate range of 1 to 12, which catalyst has undergone controlled precoking by exposing the same to a thermally decomposable organic compound at a temperature in excess of the decomposition temperature of said compound but less than about 1200.degree. F., at a hydrogen to organic compound mole ratio of between 0 and 1 to deposit at least about 1 weight percent coke thereon, such precoked catalyst having been deactivated by formation of a carbonaceous deposit thereon as a result of use of the same in catalytically converting an organic charge under conditions less severe, i.e.

Abstract: Apparatus and method of utilization for controlling exothermic reactions such as the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons are discussed. More particularly, the arrangement of apparatus comprising heat exchange tubes and open end baffle tubes for maintaining the hydraulic diameter within restricted limits during contact between vaporous reactant and a fluid bed of catalyst is discussed.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures from a feed mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen by contacting said feed at elevated temperature and pressure with a mixture of two catalysts; one capable of converting said feed into acyclic oxygen containing hydrocarbons and the other certain crystalline gallium silicates.

Abstract: In a process for converting a high boiling hydrocarbon charge fraction to liquid products of lower boiling range which comprises contacting said charge fraction with a crystalline zeolite characterized by a silica/alumina ratio greater than 12, a constraint index between about 1 and about 12 and an acid activity measured by the alpha scale less than 10, said contacting being conducted at 650.degree. to 850.degree. F., space velocity of 0.1 to 5.0 LHSV and a pressure not less than about 200 psi, the improvement which comprises utilizing, as catalyst, a zeolite of the above character that is prepared by steaming followed by base exchange to substantially eliminate its activity for cracking n-hexane.

Abstract: A process for production and recovery of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing whole plants in a form suitable for use as chemical feedstocks or as hydrocarbon energy sources which process comprises: (a) pulverizing by grinding or chopping hydrocarbon-containing whole plants selected from the group consisting of Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Compositae, Cactaceae and Pinaceae families to a suitable particle size, (b) drying and preheating said particles in a reducing atmosphere under positive pressure (c) passing said particles through a thermal conversion zone containing a reducing atmosphere and with a residence time of 1 second to about 30 minutes at a temperature within the range of from about 200.degree. C. to about 1000.degree. C., (d) separately recovering the condensable vapors as liquids and the noncondensable gases in a condition suitable for use as chemical feedstocks or as hydrocarbon fuels.

Abstract: This invention provides a novel catalyst exemplified by cobalt-exchanged ZSM-5. The catalyst has unusual resistance to irreversible steam degradation. After long-term exposure to steam, it may be regenerated by sulfiding. The invention further provides a process for converting, in the presence of steam, compounds subject to catalytic conversion by acidic catalysts, including a process in which steam is inherently produced. The latter conversion is exemplified by the formation of higher carbon-numbered hydrocarbons from the lower alcohols or ethers thereof.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for enhancing the conversion of carbon monoxide within the regenerator of a methanol conversion unit used to regenerate spent catalysts from the conversion of methanol by the addition of controlled amounts of either copper chromite, cobalt chromite, or mixtures thereof. Conversion of carbon monoxide in the regenerator is accomplished while maintaining the efficiency of the methanol conversion unit at high levels.

Abstract: Living plants and animals synthesize and often accumulate a wide variety of organic materials having a molecular weight greater than 150. These include different chemical types such as natural hydrocarbons including rubbery substances, natural resins, and natural glycerides such as oils and fats. These substances, formed in the anabolic process, are collectively called "anabolites".This invention provides a process for catalytically converting certain anabolites to liquid hydrocarbons useful for the manufacture of fuels such as gasoline and chemicals such as para-xylene. Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites having an effective pore size of greater than about 5 Angstrom units are useful catalysts.

Abstract: The conversion of less than 1 H.sub.2 /CO ratio syngas to high yield of C.sub.3 plus product is accomplished with a CO reducing catalyst comprising shift characteristics and the product of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is converted to premium gasoline and distillate fuels by contact with acidic ZSM-5 zeolite.The syngas conversion may be accomplished in any catalyst system permitting a very close temperature control on the exotherm encountered and the gasoline-distillate yield relationship may be varied as a function of temperature and pressure.

Abstract: Dialkyl disulfide waste, such as that formed in a caustic wash process for removing mercaptans from a hydrocarbon stream, is converted to hydrogen sulfide and valuable hydrocarbons by catalytic contact with a highly siliceous zeolite catalyst exemplified by ZSM-5. The hydrogen sulfide in turn is readily converted to marketable sulfur, thus alleviating the waste disposal problem.

Abstract: Water-soluble oxygenates of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis separated from water and acids are sequentially upgraded by a dehydration catalyst and a special zeolite catalyst to produce gasoline, LPG and light fuel oil.

Abstract: Novel crystalline silicates which in dehydrated form have the composition in terms of moles of the oxides: (1.0.+-.0.3)(R).sub.2/n O.[aFe.sub.2 O.sub.3.bAl.sub.2 O.sub.3.cGa.sub.2 O.sub.3.y(dSiO.sub.2.eGeO.sub.2)], wherein R is one or more mono- or bivalent cations and a, b, c, d, e, y and n are as defined hereinafter are disclosed. The thermally stable silicates are suitably employed as extracting agents, drying agents, ion exchange agents, catalysts and catalyst carriers.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the conversion of certain difficultly converted aliphatic oxygen-containing hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons by contacting them in low concentrations with certain other aliphatic oxygen-containing hydrocarbons over certain crystalline silicates containing iron in their structure.

Abstract: A method and means for disposing of undesired heat in the conversion of lower alcohols and their derivatives to higher boiling gasoline hydrocarbons in a crystalline zeolite fluidized bed.

Abstract: An improved process using a rare earth-containing catalyst is provided. The catalyst comprises a composite of matrix and rare earth or of zeolite, rare earth and matrix, usually alumina. The rare earth can be a single metal or a mixture of rare earth metals. The process involved is the conversion of alcohols or ethers to gasoline boiling range hydrocarbons.