Abstract: A method for digital thermal monitoring assessment of vascular function comprising a temporary arterial occlusion using a pneumatic cuff positioned on a subject's upper limb, monitoring skin temperature at the fingertip of the occluded limb for a period of time before, during, and after the occlusion, calculating a Zero Reactivity Curve based on variables including start temperature, room temperature, and the slope of temperature decline during the occlusion, and assessing vascular function based on comparing the Zero Reactivity Curve and the observed temperature rebound after the occlusion is removed.

Abstract: A medical monitoring device for monitoring electrical signals from the body of a subject is described. The medical monitoring device monitors electrical signals originating from a cardiac cycle of the subject and associates each cardiac cycle with a time index. The medical monitoring device applies a forward computational procedure to generate a risk score indicative of hyperkalemia, hypokalemia or arrhythmia of the subject. The medical monitoring device can adjust the forward computational procedure based upon clinical data obtained from the subject.

Abstract: A monitoring system comprises sensors adapted to be worn by a user, and, a processor linked with the sensor. The processor receives sensor data and processes this data to determine user posture data including data indicative of vertical distance between level of the user's heart and ankle. Based on the posture data together with a value for degree of user chronic venous insufficiency and/or blood density, generate an estimate of user static venous pressure while the user is static, without calf muscle pump activity. The processor also processes the sensor data to determine if there is calf muscle pump activity, and generates an estimate of user active venous pressure according to the static venous pressure estimate, rate of calf muscle activity, and a value for degree of user chronic venous insufficiency. The processor may generate the venous pressure estimate in real time, and may control an NMES device accordingly.

Abstract: A patient care system has a medical pump for delivering a medicine to a patient, and a processor in communication with the pump. The pump is configured to receive a first input on whether the medicine is a critical medicine, and a second input on a trigger condition that triggers a fail-operate mode for the critical medicine. The processor controls the medical pump to operate in the fail-operate mode, where the fail-operate mode continues delivery of the critical medicine when the trigger condition is triggered.

Abstract: A probabilistic digital signal processor using data from multiple instruments is described. In one example, an analyzer is configured to: receive discrete first and second input data, related to a first and second sub-system of the system, from a first and second instrument, respectively. A system processor is used to fuse the first and second input data into fused data. The system processor optionally includes: (1) a probabilistic processor configured to convert the fused data into at least two probability distribution functions and (2) a dynamic state-space model, the dynamic state-space model including at least one probabilistic model configured to operate on the at least two probability distribution functions. The system processor iteratively circulates the at least two probability distribution functions in the dynamic state-space model in synchronization with receipt of updated input data, processes the probability distribution functions, and generates an output related to the state of the system.

Abstract: A system includes a sensor configured to sense physiological information from a subject, and a signal processor configured to process signals from the sensor into a serial data stream of physiological information and sensor performance information. An electronic device having a display is configured to receive the serial data stream and display the physiological information simultaneously with the sensor performance information via the display.

Abstract: A system for non-invasively measuring cardiac output, stroke volume, or both comprises a pulse oximeter, a data processor, and means for generating an output reporting measured one or more CO or SV values to a user. A method for non-invasively measuring cardiac output, stroke volume, or both comprises collecting plethysmographic waveform data of a patient, providing the plethysmographic waveform to a data processor, and calculating measured values for CO or SV. The data processor comprises a mathematical model of the cardiovascular system integrated in a dynamic state space model (DSSM).

Abstract: A biological information measuring apparatus includes a blood pressure pulse wave measuring unit configured to measure a blood pressure pulse wave of a subject, a unit pulse wave producing unit configured to produce unit pulse waves of a certain unit from the blood pressure pulse wave based on an analysis of heart beats of the subject, a unit pulse wave extracting unit configured to analyze the unit pulse waves produced by the unit pulse wave producing unit and to extract only necessary unit pulse waves in accordance with the analysis, and an output unit configured to perform an output based on the unit pulse waves extracted by the unit pulse wave extracting unit.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining bio-information of a target using an impulse radar are provided. The method may include generating a frame set by accumulating frames received at preset time intervals, determining a first magnitude spectrum of the frame set corresponding to a first frequency axis by performing a frequency conversion of frames included in the frame set in a sampler index axis direction, determining a second magnitude spectrum of the frame set corresponding to the first frequency axis and a second frequency axis by performing a frequency conversion of the first magnitude spectrum in a time axis direction, determining a third magnitude spectrum of the frame set by adding up values of the second magnitude spectrum for each second frequency, and determining a frequency indicating a peak in the third magnitude spectrum as a heartbeat frequency of the target.

Abstract: Approaches presented herein enable gathering time-annotated web interaction and sensor data of web pages to extrapolate responses to a web page and generating an aggregated map indicative of those responses for improving web page user experience. Specifically, time-annotated web page interaction data from an actual web page user is captured and recorded. Also, time-annotated biometric data related to the user's web page interaction is captured and recorded using one or more biometric sensors. An emotional state of the user when viewing defined web page sections is determined based on the time-annotated physical interaction data and biometric data. The emotional states of users over a period of time are aggregated for each web page section to augment the web page sections.

Abstract: A handheld device measures all vital signs and some hemodynamic parameters from the human body and transmits measured information wirelessly to a web-based system, where the information can be analyzed by a clinician to help diagnose a patient. The system utilizes our discovery that bio-impedance signals used to determine vital signs and hemodynamic parameters can be measured over a conduction pathway extending from the patient's wrist to a location on their thoracic cavity, e.g. their chest or navel. The device's form factor can include re-usable electrode materials to reduce costs. Measurements made by the handheld device, which use the belly button as a ‘fiducial’ marker, facilitate consistent, daily measurements, thereby reducing positioning errors that reduce accuracy of standard impedance measurements. In this and other ways, the handheld device provides an effective tool for characterizing patients with chronic diseases, such as heart failure, renal disease, and hypertension.

Abstract: A wearable or attachable device comprising a UV sensor configured to provide user-specific burn rate times providing an indication to the user when they are exposing themselves to harmful levels of UV radiation.

Abstract: A health and fitness management system that employs an algorithm to determine suggested recommended actions for a user to improve their health and fitness. The system obtains a user's weight from a scale. The user is never informed of their weight. Other data can be collected and included when calculating a health index number. Base line data, such as age, ideal age, initial weight, current weight, ideal weight, etc. can be considered in the algorithm. Examples include the user's environment, sleep habits, exercise routines, medical records, and the like. The health index number is used to determine recommended actions, which can include changes to environments, routines, activities, etc. Data collection, the algorithm, and other features of the system can be provided by an Application operating on a portable computing device. Features of the portable computing device can be employed to automatically acquire data for the algorithm.

Abstract: A touch panel apparatus for sensing a biosignal and a method of acquiring information about respiration of a user by the touch panel apparatus are provided. The touch panel apparatus includes a touch panel configured to sense a biosignal of a user based on a touch input through the touch panel; a detector configured to detect a respiratory signal from the biosignal; and a processor configured to acquire information about respiration of the user based on characteristics of the detected respiratory signal.

Abstract: Medical catheterization is carried out by receiving a plurality of analog bioelectric signals in respective channels and multiplexing the bioelectric signals in respective selection events. The selection events comprise making a first connection with a reference voltage, thereafter breaking the first connection and making a second connection with one of the bioelectric signals. The method is further carried out by outputting the multiplexed bioelectric signals to an analog-to-digital converter.

Abstract: The invention provides a neck-worn sensor (referred to herein as the ‘necklace’) that is a single, body-worn system that measures the following parameters from an ambulatory patient: heart rate, pulse rate, pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, temperature, thoracic fluid levels, stroke volume, cardiac output, and a parameter sensitive to blood pressure called pulse transit time. From stroke volume, a first algorithm employing a linear model can estimate the patient's pulse pressure. And from pulse pressure and pulse transit time, a second algorithm, also employing a linear algorithm, can estimate systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Thus, the necklace can measure all five vital signs along with hemodynamic parameters. It also includes a motion-detecting accelerometer, from which it can determine motion-related parameters such as posture, degree of motion, activity level, respiratory-induced heaving of the chest, and falls.

Abstract: Provided are embodiments of systems, computer medium and computer-implemented methods for sensing health characteristics of a user using a chair pad including a set of health sensors integrated therewith and including temperature sensors, body position sensors, and body fat sensors. A method for sensing health characteristics of a user including receiving, from the temperature sensors, temperature data corresponding to a sensed body temperature of the user, receiving, from the body position sensors, body position data corresponding to a sensed body position of the user, receiving, from the body fat sensors, body fat data corresponding to a sensed body fat of the user, and transmitting, to a computer workstation, health data corresponding to the temperature data, the body position data, and the body fat data for use in determining the body temperature, the body position, and the body fat of the user.

Abstract: Provided is relative multifactor authentication for interactions between users and one or more entities. Relative multifactor authentication includes monitoring a set of attributes associated with a user during an interaction between the user and the entity. The set of attributes include at least two of a behavioral attribute, a health attribute, a geospatial attribute, and a device attribute. Relative multifactor authentication also include comparing respective parameters of attributes of the set of attributes with expected parameters and determining an authentication status based on the comparison and weighted values assigned to respective attributes of the set of attributes. The user is selectively authenticated to begin to continue the interaction based on the authentication status.

Abstract: Technology for a wearable heart rate monitoring device is disclosed. The wearable heart rate monitoring device can include a heart rate sensor operable to collect sensor data, a modulator operable to generate a modulated signal that includes the sensor data, a housing configured to engage a body feature or surface in a manner that allows for heart rate detection, and a communication module configured to transmit the sensor data in the modulated signal to a mobile computing device via a wired connection that is power limited. The mobile computing device is typically configured to demodulate the modulated signal in order to extract the sensor data.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for a drowsiness detection system that alerts the user to potentially drowsiness. The drowsiness detection system includes a sensor configured to detect a heart rate of a user. The drowsiness detection system includes an indicator configured to alert the user before the user becomes drowsy and a processor that is connected to the sensor and the indicator. The processor is configured to obtain the heart rate of the user and measure the heart rate of the user. The processor is configured to calculate at least one of a heart rate variability or a heart rate interval of the user based on the measured heart rate. The processor is configured to determine that the at least one of the heart rate variability or the heart rate interval of the user indicates that the user is becoming drowsy and activate the indicator to alert the user before the user becomes drowsy.

Abstract: A fetal movement monitoring method that limits the ultrasound radiation to safe levels and conforms to the ALARA principle is disclosed. The disclosed method of monitoring fetal movements by Doppler ultrasound comprises accumulating the time for which ultrasound is radiated into a subject, comparing the accumulated time with a first reference total time, counting the number of fetal movements in the subject, comparing the number of movements with a reference number, deciding at least one of a further action of the device and an action to be recommended to the subject and conveying at least one of a further action of the device, an information to the subject about the counted fetal movements and an action recommended to the subject. A Doppler ultrasound device for monitoring fetal movements in a subject is also disclosed.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments include a calorie optimization respiratory exchange fat macro utilization metabolic system, comprising a computer-readable storage media having stored thereon computer-executable instructions; a processor for executing the computer-executable instructions, wherein the computer-executable instructions include instructions for receiving user profile data from a user, wherein the user profile data includes age, sex, height, weight, diet, fitness information; and if available, five specific metabolic data points from individual respiratory exchange testing; otherwise, calculating five specific metabolic points versus heart rate; generating an individualized metabolic profile for the user based on the five metabolic points; determining for the user an individualized target exercise heart rate zone as a percentage of maximum heart rate from the metabolic profile, and determining a nutritional guideline from the metabolic profile, measuring user compliance to facilitate machine learning pro

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for determining the frequency of a cardiovascular pulse based on a photoplethysmographic measurement of blood in a portion of subsurface vasculature. A plurality of samples of the photoplethysmographic signal are obtained and a frequency spectrum determined based on a first set of the plurality of samples. A frequency is determined based on a maximum frequency component of the frequency spectrum. Further, a confidence level of the determined frequency of the maximum frequency component is determined based on the magnitude of the maximum frequency component and the overall energy in the frequency spectrum. A pulse rate is then determined by updating a predicted pulse rate of a second, earlier set of the plurality of samples based on the frequency of the maximum frequency component and the determined confidence level.

Abstract: A detection apparatus according to an embodiment includes a first output control unit and a living body detection unit. The first output control unit performs controlling to output first output information in a first output form for giving a stimulus to a sense other than a sense of sight, and the first output information is made according to an action for a subject to make after closing of an eye. The living body detection unit detects whether the subject included in a first captured image captured after the first output information is output is a living body.

Abstract: The invention relates to medicine. The inventive method for non-evasively determining an endothelial function consists in reducing a transmural pressure in a limb, recording the amplitude of plethysmographic signals at different pressures, determining the pressure of a maximum plethysmographic signal amplitude, reducing the pressure to a value corresponding to the specified percentage of the maximum amplitude, carrying out an occlusion sample in the course of which a pressure higher by at least 50 mm Hg than the systolic pressure of a tested patient is produced in a cuff arranged proximally to the located limb area, wherein the occlusion is carried out during at least 5 minutes.

Abstract: A method to identify feature points associated with the heart valve movement, heart contraction or cardiac hemodynamics is revealed. The mechanocardiography (MCG) is a technology that makes use of vibrational waveforms acquired using at least one gravity sensor attached on one of the four heart valve auscultation sites on the body surface. The data of the electrocardiography (ECG) is recorded simultaneously with the MCG. The feature points are identified by comparing P, R and T points of synchronized ECG with the MCG spectrum. By the time sequences and amplitudes of the feature points, the method provides additional clinical information of cardiac cycle abnormalities for diagnosis.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments include a calorie optimization respiratory exchange metabolic system comprising a computer-readable storage media having stored thereon computer-executable instructions; a processor for executing the computer-executable instructions, wherein the computer-executable instructions include instructions for receiving user profile data of a user, wherein the user profile data includes age, height, weight, diet, and fitness information; determining five metabolic points versus heart rate; generating an individualized metabolic profile for the user based on the five metabolic points; determining for the user an individualized nutritional guideline from the metabolic profile, wherein the individualized nutritional guideline is determined by percent fat, percent protein and percent carbohydrate to optimize fat metabolism for weight loss, maintenance, and endurance exercise enhancement; and determining an individualized exercise heart rate profile as a percentage of maximum heart rate from the

Abstract: Various methods and systems for blood pressure monitoring are provided. A device for monitoring blood pressure may include a memory storing instructions for receiving one or more signals representative of one or more patient parameters, wherein at least one of the one or more signals comprises a plethysmography signal. The memory also stores instructions for determining a change in a pulse shape metric of the plethysmography signal and determining a change in a blood pressure signal over a period of time based on the one or more signals. The memory also stores instructions for determining a confidence level of the blood pressure signal based at least in part on a correlation between the change in the blood pressure signal and the change in the pulse shape metric over the period of time. The device also includes a processor configured to execute the instructions.

Abstract: A device for monitoring the physical activity of a living being is disclosed. In one aspect, there is a data input module configured to receive information about the living being's heart beat rate value, motion intensity and anthropometric characteristics. Further, there is an activity recognition and storage module configured to detect, from information received about the living being's motion intensity, the living being's activity and to store information about the living being's heart beat rate value and the motion intensity associated with that detected activity. Further, there is a heart beat rate analysis module configured to determine, from a plurality of heart beat rate values associated with each detected activity, statistics of the distribution of heart beat rate values for each activity or a subset of activities.

Abstract: Provided is a smart bed for monitoring a state of a user. The smart bed includes a mattress including at least one flexible tactile sensor configured to sense a state of a user lying on the bed and a bed frame configured to support the mattress. The flexible tactile sensor is positioned below a specific portion of the user.

Abstract: The invention provides systems and methods for monitoring the wellbeing of a fetus by the non-invasive detection and analysis of fetal cardiac activity data, utilizing a plurality of acoustic sensors.

Abstract: A device (100) for monitoring a subject's breathing rate is disclosed. A transducer (107) radiates energy towards the chest of a subject and receives the reflected energy. An analyzer (105) receives a signal corresponding to the reflected energy. The reflected energy would have undergone Doppler frequency shifts due to the motion of the chest of the subject due to breathing, with reference to the transducer. The analyzer (105) analyzes the signal to calculate the breathing rate by measuring at least one of a periodicity of the signal and a number of cycles per unit time of the signal. In a preferred embodiment the transducer (107) is disposed in or on a sphygmomanometer cuff to radiate energy towards the chest of the subject and receive the energy reflected by the chest of the subject.

Abstract: A medical monitoring device for monitoring electrical signals from the body of a subject is described. The medical monitoring device monitors electrical signals originating from a cardiac cycle of the subject and associates each cardiac cycle with a time index. The medical monitoring device applies a forward computational procedure to generate a risk score indicative of hyperkalemia, hypokalemia or arrhythmia of the subject. The medical monitoring device can adjust the forward computational procedure based upon clinical data obtained from the subject.

Abstract: A device for obtaining physiological information of a medical patient and wirelessly transmitting the obtained physiological information to a wireless receiver.

Abstract: A power supply manageable wearable device includes: a power management module connected to the microphone interface, a control module and a function module that are connected to the power management module respectively; wherein the control module monitors whether a user instruction includes a voice communication instruction; if the user instruction includes the voice communication instruction, the power management module is enabled to supply power to a microphone and output a first voltage to supply power to the control module; or otherwise, the power management module is enabled to cut off power supply to the microphone and output a second voltage to supply power to the control module and the function module, or output a first voltage to supply power to the control module and output a second voltage to supply power to the function module. The wearable device has the advantages of convenient use and low cost.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods that use a tunable laser during optical thin-film fabrication. One disclosed system includes a tunable laser capable of generating electromagnetic radiation, one or more thin-film devices arranged to receive the electromagnetic radiation, each thin-film device including one or more optical layers deposited on a corresponding substrate and configured to generate optically interacted radiation upon receiving the electromagnetic radiation, and an optical transducer arranged to receive the optically interacted radiation from each of the one or more thin-film devices and configured to generate output signals corresponding to the optically interacted radiation received from each of the one or more thin-film devices.

Abstract: The invention provides systems and methods for monitoring the wellbeing of a fetus by the non-invasive detection and analysis of fetal cardiac electrical activity data.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting abnormal masses such as breast cancer includes a measurement sensor configured to obtain a voltage at a first area of a first breast of a subject; a reference sensor configured to obtain a voltage at a second area of a second breast of the subject, a position of the first area corresponding to a position of the second area; and a detector, wherein the detector includes a differential amplifier configured to amplify a voltage input from the at least one of the measurement sensor and the reference sensor; an active low pass filter configured to pass a signal frequency of a low frequency band among signals transmitted from the differential amplifier; a driver amplifier configured to amplify a signal passed through the active low pass filter; and an analog-to-digital (AD) converter configured to convert the signal amplified by the driver amplifier into a digital signal.

Abstract: A surgical instrument assembly has (i) a surgical instrument including a handpiece and a probe or horn attached to the handpiece, (ii) a source of ultrasonic vibratory energy operatively connected to the probe or horn, (iii) a source of electrical current operatively connected to deliver electrical current to organic tissues of a patient at a surgical site contacted by a distal end of the probe or horn, and (iv) a sensor of electrical potential disposable in contact with the patient at a desired distance from the surgical site. The sensor is operatively connected to the source of ultrasonic vibratory energy to automatically attenuate an output thereof in response to a detected potential of a predetermined magnitude.

Abstract: Reflective surfaces for the apertures of PPG optical components in PPG systems is disclosed. In a PPG system or device, the addition of reflective surfaces around, under, or near the apertures of the optical components can enhance the amount of light received by the light detector. As a result, the measured PPG signal strength can be higher and more accurate compared to the same PPG device without reflective surfaces. The reflective surfaces can reflect and/or recycle light that is incident upon the reflective surfaces back into the skin for eventual capture of the light by the light detectors. In some examples, the reflective surfaces can be diffuse or specular reflectors and/or can be configured to selectively reflect one or more wavelengths of light. In some examples, the back crystal and/or component mounting plane of the PPG system can be made of the same material as the reflective surfaces.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining information on a cardiovascular system based exclusively on measurements between two limbs and effected with a pair of distal electrodes on each limb. The measurement is made by causing an alternating current to flow between one electrode of each limb and measuring the potential difference between the other two electrodes, one also on each limb. This potential difference has a low frequency component which is an electrocardiogram (ECG) and another component having a frequency of the injected alternating current and from which an impedance plethysmogram (IPG) is extracted. The cardiovascular information is determined by measuring the time interval between any predefined characteristic element of the ECG and IPG.

Abstract: Provided are embodiments of systems, computer medium and computer-implemented methods for sensing health characteristics of a user using a chair pad including a set of health sensors integrated therewith and including temperature sensors, body position sensors, and body fat sensors. A method for sensing health characteristics of a user including receiving, from the temperature sensors, temperature data corresponding to a sensed body temperature of the user, receiving, from the body position sensors, body position data corresponding to a sensed body position of the user, receiving, from the body fat sensors, body fat data corresponding to a sensed body fat of the user, and transmitting, to a computer workstation, health data corresponding to the temperature data, the body position data, and the body fat data for use in determining the body temperature, the body position, and the body fat of the user.

Abstract: Provided are embodiments of systems, computer medium and computer-implemented methods for sensing health characteristics of a user using a floor mat including a set of health sensors integrated therewith. The set of health sensors including temperature sensors, body position sensors, and body fat sensors. A method including receiving, from the temperature sensors, temperature data corresponding to a sensed body temperature of the user, receiving, from the body position sensors, body position data corresponding to a sensed body position of the user, receiving, from the body fat sensors, body fat data corresponding to a sensed body fat of the user, and transmitting, to a computer workstation, health data corresponding to the temperature data, the body position data, and the body fat data for use in determining the body temperature, the body position, and the body fat of the user.

Abstract: A portable medical device for communication of medical data information has a medical device part that includes a first processor and first storage means, and means for executing one or more medical related functions, a communication device part comprising a second processor, second storage means, and communication means. The medical device part and the communication device part are connected allowing for exchange of data information according to a predetermined protocol. The exchange of communication may be under the control of the medical device part, but the functionalities of each device part otherwise is separated providing for easy interchangeability of the communication device part or the medical device part. Also disclosed is a method for communication of medical data information.

Abstract: A parameter quantifying deviation from Gaussianity distribution of a patient's sounds, in the form of a non-Gaussianity distribution index, may be used to assist in diagnosis of sleep dysfunction such as OSAHS. A method for diagnosing a sleeping disorder of a subject includes processing a digitized audio signal from the subject with at least one electronic processor. The processing includes estimating a parameter quantifying deviation from Gaussianity distribution of the audio signal. in the form of a non-Gaussianity Index (NGI). The NGI value is then applied to a diagnostic model. The presence of a sleeping disorder is then indicated based on the output of the diagnostic model.

Abstract: Intravascular devices, systems, and methods are disclosed. In some embodiments, the intravascular devices include at least one mounting structure within a distal portion of the device. In that regard, one or more electronic, optical, and/or electro-optical component is coupled to the mounting structure. In some instances, the mounting structure is formed of a plurality of material layers. In some embodiments, the material layers have substantially constant thicknesses. Methods of making and/or assembling such intravascular devices/systems are also provided.

Abstract: A respiratory waveform analyzer, operable to analyze a respiratory waveform, which is generated based on a temporal change of a concentration of a component in respiratory gas of a subject, includes: a respiratory gas concentration generator which generates a concentration signal based on an output signal from a sensor that is placed to measure the concentration of the component; a flatness calculator which calculates a flatness indicative of flat degree of the respiratory waveform based on a temporal change of the concentration signal; and a reliability calculator which calculates a reliability of the respiratory waveform based on the flatness and the concentration signal.

Abstract: Provided are embodiments of systems for sensing health characteristics of a user using a floor mat including a set of health sensors integrated therewith. The set of health sensors including temperature sensors, body position sensors, and body fat sensors. A method including receiving, from the temperature sensors, temperature data corresponding to a sensed body temperature of the user, receiving, from the body position sensors, body position data corresponding to a sensed body position of the user, receiving, from the body fat sensors, body fat data corresponding to a sensed body fat of the user, and transmitting, to a computer workstation, health data corresponding to the temperature data, the body position data, and the body fat data for use in determining the body temperature, the body position, and the body fat of the user.

Abstract: A first medical device can receive a physiological parameter value from a second medical device. The second physiological parameter value may be formatted according to a protocol not used by the first medical device such that the first medical device is not able to process the second physiological parameter value to produce a displayable output value. The first medical device can pass the physiological parameter data from the first medical device to a separate translation module and receive translated parameter data from the translation module at the first medical device. The translated parameter data can be processed for display by the first medical device. The first medical device can output a value from the translated parameter data for display on the first medical device or an auxiliary device.

Abstract: One method for measuring variability between direct heartbeat data and indirect heartbeat data includes: receiving first heartbeat data from an electrocardiogram over a period of time; receiving second heartbeat data from an indirect measure of heartbeat data over at least a portion of the period of time; calculating, by a computing device, a difference between the first heartbeat data and the second heartbeat data; and comparing the difference to determine a variation.