Abstract: Embodiments of this invention generally relate to ophthalmic laser procedures and, more particularly, to systems and methods for creating synchronized three-dimensional laser incisions. In an embodiment, an ophthalmic surgical laser system comprises a laser delivery system for delivering a pulsed laser beam to a target in a subject's eye, an XY-scan device to deflect the pulsed laser beam, a Z-scan device to modify a depth of a focus of the pulsed laser beam, and a controller configured to synchronize an oscillation of the XY-scan device and an oscillation of the Z-device to form an angled three-dimensional laser tissue dissection.

Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems for reprofiling a surface of a cornea of an eye ablate a portion of the cornea to create an ablation zone with an optically correct central optical zone disposed in a central portion of the cornea, and a blend zone disposed peripherally to the central optical zone and at least partially within an optical zone of the eye. The blend zone can have an optical power that gradually diminishes with increasing radius from the central optical zone.

Abstract: A method of reversibly separating an imaging assembly from an optical path in a laser surgical system includes generating an electromagnetic beam, propagating the electromagnetic beam from the beam source to a scanner along an optical path, the optical path comprising a first optical element that attenuates the electromagnetic beam, reversibly inserting a confocal bypass assembly into the optical path, diverting the electromagnetic beam along a diversion optical path around the first optical element, wherein the confocal bypass assembly automatically exits the optical path when a power loss occurs to one or more components of the system.

Abstract: A system and method of treating target tissue in a patient's eye, which includes generating a light beam, deflecting the light beam using a scanner to form first and second treatment patterns, delivering the first treatment pattern to the target tissue to form an incision that provides access to an eye chamber of the patient's eye, and delivering the second treatment pattern to the target tissue to form a relaxation incision along or near limbus tissue or along corneal tissue anterior to the limbus tissue of the patient's eye to reduce astigmatism thereof.

Abstract: An ophthalmic stimulator for temporarily constricting a pupil of an eye comprises an irradiation control system, to generate an irradiation control signal, an irradiation source, coupled to the irradiation control system, to generate an irradiation, and an irradiation delivery system, coupled to the irradiation control system, to receive the irradiation from the irradiation source, and to deliver a patterned irradiation to an iris of the eye, wherein the irradiation control system controls at least one of the irradiation source and the irradiation delivery system with the irradiation control signal so that the patterned irradiation causes a temporary constriction of the pupil of the eye, without causing a permanent constriction of the pupil.

Abstract: Ultra-short pulsed laser radiation is applied to a patient's eye to create a row of bubbles oriented perpendicular to the axis of vision. The row of bubbles leads to a region of the eye to be ablated. In a second step, a femtosecond laser beam guided through the row of bubbles converts it to a channel perpendicular to the axis of vision. In a third step, a femtosecond laser beam is guided through the channel to ablate a portion of the eye. Using a femtosecond laser with intensity in the range of 1011-1015 W/cm2 for the second and third steps facilitates multi-photon ablation that is practically devoid of eye tissue heating. Creating bubbles in the first step increases the speed of channel creation and channel diameter uniformity, thereby increasing the precision of the subsequent multi-photon ablation.

Abstract: A method for temporarily constricting a pupil of an eye by an ophthalmic stimulator comprises generating an irradiation control signal by an irradiation control system, generating an irradiation by an irradiation source, coupled to the irradiation control system, receiving the irradiation and delivering a patterned irradiation to an iris of the eye with an irradiation delivery system, and controlling at least one of the irradiation source and the irradiation delivery system by the irradiation control signal of the irradiation control system so that the patterned irradiation is causing a temporary constriction of the pupil of the eye, without causing a permanent constriction of the pupil.

Abstract: A compact system for performing laser ophthalmic surgery is disclosed. The systems and methods may be used to measure corneal thickness or other anatomy to prepare a treatment plan for any of numerous treatments, such as LASIK, PRK, intra stromal lenticular lens incisions, cornea replacement, or any other treatment. By using a reduced power femtosecond laser backscatter may be measured to calculate distances such as distances between an interior boundary and an exterior boundary of a cornea or other tissue.

Abstract: A corneal young's modulus algorithm and system using the same is provided, comprising a tonometer and a computation unit. The computation unit comprises an algorithm for calculating young's modulus. The algorithm comprises: (S1) read at least one parameter measured by a tonometer; (S2) apply the at least one parameter and an initial value of Young's modulus to a first equation to obtain an inner deformation amount and an outer deformation amount; (S3) apply the inner deformation amount and the outer deformation amount to a second equation to obtain a calculated deformation amount; (S4) determine if an error value between the calculated deformation amount and the actual deformation amount is minimal; and (S5) obtain Young's modulus.

Abstract: A laser eye surgery system includes a laser to generate a laser beam. A spatial measurement system generates a measurement beam and measure a spatial disposition of an eye. A processor is coupled to the laser and the spatial measurement system, the processor comprising a tangible medium embodying instructions to determine a spatial model of the eye in an eye coordinate reference system based on the measurement beam. The spatial model is mapped from the eye coordinate reference system to a machine coordinate reference system. A laser fragmentation pattern is determined based on a plurality of laser fragmentation parameters. The laser fragmentation pattern and the spatial model is rotated by a first rotation angle such that the spatial model is aligned with the reference axis of the machine coordinate reference system and the rotated laser fragmentation pattern is aligned with the corneal incision.

Abstract: Systems are provided for delivering a calibrated ultraviolet radiation pulse at a treatment plane during a laser-ablation treatment of a patient's eye. Exemplary systems include an ultraviolet radiation source, and a fluorescent plate positioned to receive an initial ultraviolet radiation pulse produced by the ultraviolet radiation source. The fluorescent plate generates a visible light pulse in response to the initial ultraviolet radiation pulse.

Abstract: An ophthalmic instrument for the application of laser radiation in a patient's eye, particularly for the examination and/or surgical laser treatment of the cornea and the lens of the eye, includes a femtosecond laser, an objective and optical assemblies. The optical assemblies are arranged in front of the objective, and selectively vary the focus position in the coordinate direction X, Y and Z either within the region of the cornea or within the region of the lens of the eye. The objective or at least one lens group is movable relative to the eye. The variation of the position of the lens group objective shifts the focus position from the cornea to the lens of the eye and vice versa.

Abstract: An apparatus to treat a patient comprises a laser beam, a measurement module, a scanner and a curved patient interface lens. The curved patient interface is measured with a pattern so as to determine a plurality of distances of the curved surface at a plurality of measurement locations. The measurement pattern may comprise the plurality of measurement locations distributed about a central measurement axis corresponding to the laser treatment axis. The plurality of measurement locations of the curved surface may correspond to a portion of a planned treatment profile, such that the measured distances correspond to alignment of the planned treatment. The plurality of distances can be used to determine an apex of the curved surface of the patient interface and to align the laser treatment axis with the apex of the curved surface.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a Laser therapy system and a method for a treatment of a cornea and/or sclera of an eye to correct its refractive system, comprising: a dispenser for a photosensitizer agent; a 3D imaging unit; an image processing unit adapted to recognize a first collagen tissue structure and a first orientation of respective collagen fibers therein; a UVA light source adapted to a crosslinking within the collagen tissue structure; an optical system for deflecting and focusing the UVA light on a focus point behind an aperture within the imaging volume; and a processing and control unit adapted to receive data relating to a refractive error of the eye, to determine a second collagen tissue structure with new corrective collagen crosslinks, such as to achieve a minimized refractive error of the eye and a UVA light energy to induce the new corrective collagen crosslinks.

Abstract: In certain embodiments, marking a lenticule includes controlling a focus of pulsed laser radiation having ultrashort pulses. A lenticule marking is created in a cornea of an eye with the pulsed laser radiation to mark the lenticule. The lenticule is then created in the cornea with the pulsed laser radiation.

Abstract: A device for producing control data for a laser device for the surgical correction of defective vision. The device produces the control data such that the laser emits the laser radiation such that a volume in the cornea is isolated. The device calculates a radius of curvature RCV* to determine the control data, the cornea reduced by the volume having the radius of curvature RCV* and the radius of curvature being site-specific and satisfying the following equation: RCV*(r,?)=1/((1/RCV(r,?))+BCOR(r,?)/(nc?1))+F, wherein RCV(r,?) is the local radius of curvature of the cornea before the volume is removed, nc is the refractive index of the material of the cornea, F is a coefficient, and BCOR(r,?) is the local change in refractive force required for the desired correction of defective vision in a plane lying in the vertex of the cornea, and at least two radii r1 and r2 satisfy the equation BCOR(r=r1,?)?BCOR(r=r2,?).

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally describe systems, devices, and methods for directly measuring pulse profiles during pulse delivery. In some embodiment, the pulse profiles may be measured while the pulse is delivered to ablate a material. Embodiments, may calculate ablation spot parameters based on the pulse profiles and may refine one or more subsequent laser pulses based on deviations from the calculated ablation spot parameters from desired ablation spot parameters. In some embodiments, a fluence profiler is provided. The fluence profiler may measure a pulse profile of a laser pulse from a portion of the laser pulse. The fluence profiler may utilize a UV radiation energy sensor device and a camera-based imager. The measurements from the UV radiation energy sensor device and the camera-based imager may be combined and scaled to provide a measured pulse profile that corresponds to the delivered pulse.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for making improved surgical incisions in corrective eye surgery are provided. It was observed that a uniform elongated AK (or LRI) incision provides a non-uniform corrective effect due to non-uniform post-surgical relaxation of ophthalmic tissue. The method and apparatus leverage this observation to provide for creation of a surgical incision that is structured to be non-uniform along its length in such a manner as to at least partially counteract an expected variation in ophthalmic tissue relaxation to provide overall increased uniformity of corrective effect. An automated laser surgery system includes a laser control system configured to control laser delivery to cause selective ablation of ophthalmic tissue to provide an elongated structured incision that varies along its length in at least one of a depth, a profile, a width, and an angle of attack relative to a surface of the ophthalmic tissue.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described which guide a surgeon in performing a reconstructive or cosmetic procedure. The apparatus and methods utilize three dimensional presentations of the target surgical site incorporating one or more virtual surgical guides which help attain proper alignment and orientation of the post surgical outcome.

Abstract: Ultra-short pulsed laser radiation is applied to a patient's eye to create a row of bubbles oriented perpendicular to the axis of vision. The row of bubbles leads to a region of the eye to be ablated. In a second step, a femtosecond laser beam guided through the row of bubbles converts it to a channel perpendicular to the axis of vision. In a third step, a femtosecond laser beam is guided through the channel to ablate a portion of the eye. Using a femtosecond laser with intensity in the range of 1011-1015 W/cm2 for the second and third steps facilitates multi-photon ablation that is practically devoid of eye tissue heating. Creating bubbles in the first step increases the speed of channel creation and channel diameter uniformity, thereby increasing the precision of the subsequent multi-photon ablation.

Abstract: Methods and systems for correcting presbyopia using a surgical excimer laser include activating the laser once and transmitting a pre-defined three dimensional ablation profile to treat presbyopia based on the single activating step.

Abstract: An ophthalmic laser surgical apparatus includes an XY scan unit, a light guiding optical element, an objective lens, and a Z scan unit. The XY scan unit includes a deflecting device for deflecting the pulsed laser beam, and scans the pulsed laser beam in a direction crossing an optical axis. The light guiding optical element is provided downstream of the deflecting device on the optical path of the pulsed laser beam. The light guiding optical element has refractive power, and guides the pulsed laser beam. The objective lens causes the pulsed laser beam through the XY scan unit and the light guiding optical element to converge in a tissue of a patient's eye. The Z scan unit varies the optical path length between the light guiding optical element and the objective lens while the objective lens is fixed in position on the optical path.

Abstract: An optical system for eye tracking is disclosed. The system includes a light guiding prism that guides light from an ocular object to an imaging system through multiple internal reflections. The light guiding prism may include one or more freeform surfaces having optical power.

Abstract: An apparatus for LASIK is equipped with the following: a first laser radiation source for generating first laser radiation pulses; first means for guiding and shaping the first laser radiation pulses; a second laser radiation source for generating second laser radiation pulses; second means for guiding and shaping the second laser radiation pulses; a controller with: a first treatment program for controlling the first means and the first laser radiation pulses for the purpose of producing an incision in the cornea, the first treatment program generating regular corneal surface structures; a second treatment program for controlling the second means and the second laser radiation pulses for the purpose of reshaping the cornea and changing its imaging properties; and a third treatment program which controls the second means and the second laser radiation pulses for the purpose of removing the aforementioned regular structures.

Abstract: Software for calculating an astigmatism treatment is operable upon execution to perform the following steps: receiving an initial primary incision position; determining a power and orientation for a toric intraocular lens (IOL) to treat an astigmatism of an eye based on the initial primary incision position; determining an adjusted primary incision position based on the power and the orientation for the toric IOL to further reduce the astigmatism; and generating an output comprising the adjusted primary incision position.

Abstract: Providing neuroprotective therapy for glaucoma includes generating a micropulsed laser light beam having parameters and characteristics, including pulse length, power, and duty cycle, selected to create a therapeutic effect with no visible laser lesions or tissue damage to the retina. The laser light beam is applied to retinal and/or foveal tissue of an eye having glaucoma or a risk of glaucoma to create a therapeutic effect to the retinal and/or foveal tissue exposed to the laser light beam without destroying or permanently damaging the retinal and/or foveal tissue and improve function or condition of an optic nerve and/or retinal ganglion cells of the eye.

Abstract: A method of correcting wavefront aberrations of an eye includes determining a high precision conventional intrastromal corneal ablation profile based on a direct removal of the intrastromal corneal tissue. An expanded ablation volume profile is constructed based on the direct tissue removal profile and the expanded tissue volume is to be ablated instead to correct to the wavefront aberrations. The thickness of the ablated profile of a conventional ablation profile is expanded by an expansion factor (Nc?1)/(Nm?Nc), Nc is the index of refraction of the cornea and Nm the index of fill material. An expanded ablation volume filled with the fill material produces the effect of correcting wavefront aberrations as if a much smaller tissue volume were ablated without the fill material.

Abstract: The design of a corrective lens combines the measured aberration with decentration and rotation of the lens to design customized optical surface profiles to reliably achieve vision correction.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to a technique for centering an application field for an ophthalmic device or a method. More specifically, and without limitation, the disclosure relates to a device and a method for centering an application field relative to the cornea of a human eye responsive to movement of the eye tracked in real-time during the ophthalmic application based on a pupil center. An ophthalmic device or method allows performing one or more procedures with respect to an eye of a patient, such as a surgical, therapeutic and diagnostic procedure, e.g., including and not limited to Laser-Assisted in-situ Keratomileusis (LASIK), Epi-LASIK, PRK, lenticule extraction or keratoplasty.

Abstract: A device for generating at least one continuous slit-like incision (42) from the posterior surface (48) as far as the anterior surface (46) of the cornea (44) of an eye, comprising a laser device for generating at least one part of the incision with focused pulsed laser radiation, the laser device including controllable components for setting the location of the focus, a control computer for controlling these components, and also a control program for the control computer. The control program contains instructions that are designed to bring about, upon execution by the control computer, the generation of at least one part of the incision (42) originating from the posterior surface (48) of the cornea, the cross-sectional contour of the incision—when observed in the direction from the anterior surface to the posterior surface—deviating from a straight line (60) perpendicular to the surface of the eye.

Abstract: System and method of photoaltering a region of an eye using a high resolution digital image of the eye. The system includes a laser assembly for outputting a pulsed laser beam, an imaging system for capturing a real-time high resolution digital image of the eye and displaying the digital image of the eye, a user interface receiving at least one laser parameter input, and a controller coupled to the laser assembly, imaging system, and user interface. The controller directs the laser assembly to output the pulsed laser beam to the region of the eye based on the laser parameter input.

Abstract: A method for forming an incision in an eye, the method including performing a first pass of a first laser beam along a path within an eye, wherein after completion of the first pass there exists a residual uncut layer at an anterior surface of a cornea of the eye. The method further including performing a second pass of a second laser beam only along a portion of the path that contains the residual uncut layer, wherein after completion of the second pass, the residual uncut layer is transformed into a full complete through surface incision.

Abstract: There may be provided a laser unit including a display configured to display one or both of electric power consumed by the laser unit and electric energy consumed by the laser unit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a femtosecond laser ophthalmological apparatus and method that creates a flap on the cornea for LASIK refractive surgery or for other applications that require removal of corneal and lens tissue at specific locations, such as in corneal transplants, stromal tunnels, corneal lenticular extraction and cataract surgery. The femtosecond laser is transferred from the main cabinet to a hand piece module via a rotating mirror set module. In the hand piece, the femtosecond laser beam is scanned and guided to the patient's eye. The ablation pattern is based on dividing the area of the ablation area into a matrix grid made up of cells. Predetermined ablation pattern is completed in an individual cell before moving on to the next cell until ablation is complete in the entire matrix grid mapped on the ablation area.

Abstract: Systems and methods for removing an epithelial layer disposed over a stromal layer in a cornea irradiate a region of the epithelial layer with a pulsed beam of ablative radiation. The ablative radiation is scanned to vary the location of the beam within the region in accordance with a pulse sequence. The pulse sequence is arranged to enhance optical feedback based on a tissue fluorescence of the epithelial layer. The penetration of the epithelial layer is detected in response to the optical feedback. The use of scanning with the pulse sequence arranged to enhance optical feedback allows large areas of the epithelium to be ablated such penetration of the epithelial layer can be detected.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlled healing of ocular erosions is described. The apparatus comprising; an optical surface comprising an energizable controller capable of being programmed to transmit energy from an energy source onto/into an ocular surface, through the use of a current generator in electrical connection with energy emitting contacts capable of transmitting an electric field. The controller, current generator and energy emitting contacts are biocompatible or encapsulated by a conductive biocompatible layer to allow positioning of said apparatus in an ocular surface.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are provided for interfacing an ophthalmic surgical laser with an eye using a patient interface (PI). The PI may include a closed, fluid-filled bladder having fiducials that contacts and deforms to the eye. Or, the PI may have an applanation lens with an outer ring portion and an inner concave portion for receiving the apex of the cornea. Another PI features a suction ring with a flexible skirt for contacting the sclera that is non-circular and/or non-planar. A system for injecting an index matching fluid into the area above the eye may also be incorporated. An integrated system includes a co-molded lens cone and attachment ring, with a lens window at the bottom of the lens cone which provides a sealed volume for vacuum-attaching a laser delivery system above the lens cone.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a laser machining device 10 for machining a workpiece 13. The laser machining device 10 has a laser 11 for generating a laser beam 12, which is deflected by way of a deflecting device 15 in accordance with a pattern defined by a control unit 14 and is directed onto a workpiece surface 17 of a workpiece 13, which surface is to be machined. The point of impingement 18 of the deflected laser beam 12b on the workpiece surface 17 is guided along at least one spiral path within a circular hatched area 16. The spiral path 19 is characterized by spiral path parameters. One spiral path parameter is the line spacing a between neighboring points of intersection P of the spiral path 19 with an axis running through the center point M of the spiral path 19.

Abstract: An eye movement-based methodology and assessment tool may be used to quantify many aspects of human dynamic visual processing using a relatively simple and short oculomotor task, noninvasive video-based eye tracking, and validated oculometric analysis techniques. By examining the eye movement responses to a task including a radially-organized appropriately randomized sequence of Rashbass-like step-ramp pursuit-tracking trials, distinct performance measurements may be generated that may be associated with, for example, pursuit initiation (e.g., latency and open-loop pursuit acceleration), steady-state tracking (e.g., gain, catch-up saccade amplitude, and the proportion of the steady-state response consisting of smooth movement), direction tuning (e.g., oblique effect amplitude, horizontal-vertical asymmetry, and direction noise), and speed tuning (e.g., speed responsiveness and noise). This quantitative approach may provide fast and results (e.g.

Abstract: Embodiments generally describe systems, devices, and methods for focusing and calibrating beam profilers. A test object is provided that may include an internal housing rotatable within an external housing. The internal housing may house a light source, a collimator, a filter, and/or a diffuser. A plate may be mounted to the internal housing and may include a plurality of markings. In some embodiments, to focus a beam profiler, the test object may be positioned adjacent the converter plate of a beam profiler. Marker images may be captured and a focus quality may be assessed therefrom. A position of the converter, objective, and/or camera of the beam profiler may be adjusted based on the focus quality. To calibrate, images of the markings in several rotational positions may be captured and used for calibration. The markings may be rotated to several positions by rotating the internal housing relative to the external housing.

Abstract: Techniques are generally described for particles with a surface including an adhesion material. The adhesion material may be selectively activated in response to radiation. The particles may be distributed proximate to a target through a fluid system. Radiation may be emitted toward the target causing the adhesion material to activate. The activated adhesive material on the surface of the particles may adhere to the target providing a fiducial mark or reference point. The fiducial mark may be visible through a medical imaging technique. In some examples, the particles may be nanoparticles. In some examples, the radiation may be infrared radiation.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention encompass systems and methods for generating a vision treatment target for an eye of a patient. Exemplary techniques can involve obtaining a wavefront measurement for the eye of the patient, processing the wavefront measurement, using a low pass filter, to obtain an ocular wavefront, and generating the vision treatment target based on the ocular wavefront. In some cases, the wavefront is processed by applying a Fourier transform to the wavefront measurement to obtain a Fourier spectrum of the wavefront, convolving, in the Fourier domain, the Fourier spectrum of the wavefront and the low pass filter to obtain a Fourier spectrum convolution result, and applying an inverse transform to the convolution result to obtain the ocular wavefront. The ocular wavefront can represent a low pass filtered version of the wavefront measurement, such that high spatial frequency features present in the wavefront measurement are not present in the ocular wavefront.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to apparatus and processes for preventing or delaying cataract. More particularly, the present invention relates to processes and apparatus for ablating epithelial cells in the germinative zone or the pregerminative zone of the crystalline lens of the eye so that onset or progression of cataract or one or more symptoms is delayed or prevented.

Abstract: Embodiments of this invention generally relate to systems and methods for optical treatment and more particularly to non-invasive refractive treatment method based on sub wavelength particle implantation. In an embodiment, a method for optical treatment identifies an optical aberration of an eye, determines a dopant delivery device configuration in response to the optical aberration of the eye, wherein the determined dopant delivery device is configured to impose a desired correction to the eye to mitigate the identified optical aberration of the eye by applying a doping pattern to the eye so as to locally change a refractive index of the eye.

Abstract: A comprehensive multi-mode system for performing ophthalmic laser surgery on selected tissue inside an eye includes a laser unit for generating and focusing a laser beam to perform Laser Induced Optical Breakdown (LIOB) at a focal point in selected tissue. Also included is a selector for defining an operational mode according to characteristics of the tissue to be altered by LIOB. In combination, the operational mode specifies value ranges for configuration parameters for a pulsed femtosecond laser beam, establishes a base reference datum in the eye, and identifies a scanning procedure for the focal point of the laser beam to customize the system for a particular surgical procedure. A computer that is connected to the laser unit is responsive to the selector for implementing the operational mode.

Abstract: A laser can produce pulses of light energy to eject a volume of the tissue, and the energy can be delivered to a treatment site through a waveguide, such as a fiber optic waveguide. The incident laser energy can be absorbed within a volume of the target tissue with a tissue penetration depth and pulse direction such that the propagation of the energy from the tissue volume is inhibited and such that the target tissue within the volume reaches the spinodal threshold of decomposition and ejects the volume, for example without substantial damage to tissue adjacent the ejected volume.

Abstract: An imaging-based laser system can include a laser-beam system, configured to generate and scan a beam of laser pulses with an adjustable laser-power parameter to points of a scan-pattern in an eye, and an imaging-based laser-controller, configured to image a layer in the eye, to control the scanning of the beam of laser pulses to the points of the scan-pattern, and to control a laser-power parameter of the laser pulses according to the distance of the points of the scan-pattern from the imaged layer.

Abstract: Embodiments of this invention generally relate to systems and methods for optical treatment and more particularly to non-invasive refractive treatment method based on sub wavelength particle implantation. In an embodiment, a method for optical treatment identifies an optical aberration of an eye, determines a dopant delivery device configuration in response to the optical aberration of the eye, wherein the determined dopant delivery device is configured to impose a desired correction to the eye to mitigate the identified optical aberration of the eye by applying a doping pattern to the eye so as to locally change a refractive index of the eye.

Abstract: A system and method for performing a femto-fragmentation procedure on tissue in the crystalline lens of an eye requires that a laser beam be directed and focused to a focal point in the crystalline lens of the eye. The focal point is then guided, relative to an axis defined by the eye, to create a segment cluster by causing Laser Induced Optical Breakdown (LIOB) of tissue in the crystalline lens. The resultant segment cluster includes a plurality of contiguous, elongated segments in the crystalline lens that are individually tapered from an anterior end-area to a posterior end-area. Specifically, this is done to facilitate the removal of individual segments from the segment cluster in the crystalline lens.

Abstract: Embodiments generally describe systems, devices, and methods for focusing and calibrating beam profilers. A test object is provided that may include an internal housing rotatable within an external housing. The internal housing may house a light source, a collimator, a filter, and/or a diffuser. A plate may be mounted to the internal housing and may include a plurality of markings. In some embodiments, to focus a beam profiler, the test object may be positioned adjacent the converter plate of a beam profiler. Marker images may be captured and a focus quality may be assessed therefrom. A position of the converter, objective, and/or camera of the beam profiler may be adjusted based on the focus quality. To calibrate, images of the markings in several rotational positions may be captured and used for calibration. The markings may be rotated to several positions by rotating the internal housing relative to the external housing.