Abstract: Accepts inputs via an input device and displays resulting power consumption for example in a color-coded format that enables a doctor or other programmer to observe how changes in one programming parameter affects power consumption. This enables the apparatus to accept input values and display the resulting power consumption that would occur if the input values were programmed into an implantable device in an intuitive graphical manner. In one or more embodiments programming parameters associated with power consumption may be set for electrical stimulation pulses, namely the voltage amplitude, the frequency of pulses per unit time and the pulse width of the pulses in units of time.

Abstract: A method and system is described for ensuring a state of an active implantable medical device based on the presence and persistence of a magnetic field. The output of a magnetic field sensor is monitored. The active implantable medical device is maintained in a first state, for so long as the presence of a magnetic field is detected by the magnetic field sensor, until a first interval is surpassed. If the first interval is surpassed, then a determination is made as to whether a second interval has been surpassed. If it is determined that the second interval has not been surpassed, then the active implantable medical device is transitioned into a second state. If it is determined that the second interval has been surpassed, then it is ensured that the active implantable medical device is in a predetermined one of the first and second states.

Abstract: A medical device, programmer, or other computing device may determine values of one or more activity and, in some embodiments, posture metrics for each therapy parameter set used by the medical device to deliver therapy. The metric values for a parameter set are determined based on signals generated by the sensors when that therapy parameter set was in use. Activity metric values may be associated with a postural category in addition to a therapy parameter set, and may indicate the duration and intensity of activity within one or more postural categories resulting from delivery of therapy according to a therapy parameter set. A posture metric for a therapy parameter set may indicate the fraction of time spent by the patient in various postures when the medical device used a therapy parameter set. The metric values may be used to evaluate the efficacy of the therapy parameter sets.

Abstract: Electrical crosstalk between two implantable medical devices or two different therapy modules of a common implantable medical device may be evaluated, and, in some examples, mitigated. In some examples, one of the implantable medical devices or therapy modules delivers electrical stimulation to a nonmyocardial tissue site or a nonvascular cardiac tissue site, and the other implantable medical device or therapy module delivers cardiac rhythm management therapy to a heart of the patient.

Abstract: Techniques for detecting and classifying a posture state of a patient are disclosed, wherein a posture state includes at least one of a posture and/or an activity state related to motion. In one embodiment, one or more signals indicative of at least one of posture and activity state of the patient may be sensed by a sensor. Control logic may be provided to process the one or more sensed signals in a selectable manner. This selectable manner may be based on current posture state data describing a posture state in which the patient has previously been classified. Alternatively or additionally, this current posture state data may describe a posture state transition previously undergone by the patient. The one or more signals that are so processed may then be used to classify a posture state of the patient.

Abstract: A device for keeping awake a person that is about to fall asleep is proposed, comprising a pair of glasses with a frame that has two arms, at least one sensor for detecting the movements of an eye blink, at least one battery, and at least one electrode for issuing an electric pulse.

Abstract: Interelectrode impedance or electric field potential measurements are used to determine the relative orientation of one lead to other leads in the spinal column or other body/tissue location. Interelectrode impedance is determined by measuring impedance vectors. The value of the impedance vector is due primarily to the electrode-electrolyte interface, and the bulk impedance between the electrodes. The bulk impedance between the electrodes is, in turn, made up of (1) the impedance of the tissue adjacent to the electrodes, and (2) the impedance of the tissue between the electrodes. In one embodiment, the present invention makes both monopolar and bipolar impedance measurements, and then corrects the bipolar impedance measurements using the monopolar measurements to eliminate the effect of the impedance of the tissue adjacent the electrodes. The orientation and position of the leads may be inferred from the relative minima of the corrected bipolar impedance values.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present subject matter provide an implantable medical device. In various embodiments, the device comprises a pulse generator, a first monitor and a controller. The pulse generator is adapted to generate a neural stimulation signal for a neural stimulation therapy. The neural stimulation signal has at least one adjustable parameter. The first monitor is adapted to detect an undesired effect. In some embodiments, the undesired effect is myocardial infarction. The controller is adapted to respond to the first monitor and automatically adjust the at least one adjustable parameter of the neural stimulation signal to avoid the undesired effect of the neural stimulation therapy. Other aspects are provided herein.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring the activity of a surgeon. At least one wireless sensing unit is provided for monitoring potential damage to a nerve and is located at a first location of a body being operated on by a surgeon. The wireless sensing unit senses a change in the body at the first location resulting from potential damage to the nerve occurring at a second location of the body remote from the first location. The wireless sensing unit produces a wireless sensed change output signal indicative of the change in the body which is received by a receiver and generates a corresponding received output signal. An analyzer unit receives and analyzes the received output signal to determine the change in the body. An indicator responsive to the output of said analyzer unit indicates the change in the body to indicate the potential damage to the nerve the surgeon.

Abstract: One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for treating body organ aging in a mammal. One step of the method includes identifying at least one target organ in need of a therapy signal. Next, a therapy delivery device is placed into electrical communication with an autonomic nervous system (ANS) nerve target and/or a central nervous system (CNS) nerve target associated with the at least one target organ. The therapy delivery device is then activated to deliver the therapy signal to the ANS nerve target and/or the CNS nerve target in an amount and for a time sufficient to effect a change in sympathetic and/or parasympathetic activity associated with the at least one target organ.

Abstract: A neuromodulation system comprises a sensor configured for sensing a blood pressure of a patient, modulation output circuitry configured for conveying electrical modulation energy to at least one electrode, and a controller/processor coupled to the sensor and the modulation output circuitry. The controller/processor is configured for comparing the blood pressure sensed by the sensor to a first threshold blood pressure, and instructing the modulation output circuitry to convey the electrical modulation energy to the at least one electrode if the sensed blood pressure is greater than the first threshold blood pressure. A method for treating chronic hypertension comprises applying electrical modulation energy to a neural target site, thereby modulating an afferent nerve innervating a patient's kidney, thereby treating the chronic hypertension.

Abstract: Non-invasive electrical nerve stimulation devices and magnetic stimulation devices are disclosed, along with methods of treating medical disorders using energy that is delivered noninvasively by such devices. The disorders comprise migraine and other primary headaches such as cluster headaches, including sinus symptoms that resemble an immune-mediated response (“sinus” headaches), irrespective of whether those symptoms arise from an allergy that is co-morbid with the headache. The disclosed methods may also be used to treat other disorders that may be co-morbid with migraine headaches, such as anxiety disorders. In preferred embodiments of the disclosed methods, one or both of the patient's vagus nerves are stimulated non-invasively. In other embodiments, parts of the sympathetic nervous system and/or the adrenal glands are stimulated.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an implantable neurostimulator comprises a pulse generator that generates an electrical pulse signal to stimulate a neural structure in a patient, a stimulation lead assembly coupled to the pulse generator for delivering the electrical pulse signal to the neural structure, a plurality of sensors coupled to the pulse generator, and sensor select logic. Each sensor is individually selectable and the sensor select logic selects any two or more of the plurality of sensors for sensing a voltage difference between the selected sensors. In other embodiments, two or more physiologic parameters are sensed. In yet another embodiment, a method comprises sensing intrinsic electrical activity on a person's nerve and stimulating the nerve based on the sensed intrinsic electrical activity of the nerve.

Abstract: Methods of treating acute heart failure in a patient in need thereof. Methods include inserting a therapy delivery device into a pulmonary artery of the patient and applying a therapy signal to autonomic cardiopulmonary fibers surrounding the pulmonary artery. The therapy signal affects heart contractility more than heart rate. Specifically, the application of the therapy signal increases heart contractility and treats the acute heart failure in the patient. The therapy signal can include electrical or chemical modulation.

Abstract: A system includes a stimulation generator, a sensing module, and a processing module. The stimulation generator is configured to generate electrical stimulation. The sensing module is configured to sense electrical physiological signals generated by a patient via a plurality of electrodes. The processing module is configured to determine a power value for each of the plurality of electrodes. Each power value indicates the power of the electrical physiological signals within a frequency band. The processing module is further configured to control the delivery of electrical stimulation to the patient based on the power values.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a system that displays an indicator of patient posture state that changes according to posture state data. The posture state data may be transmitted from a medical device, for example, in or near real-time. In some examples, the disclosure relates to a method comprising receiving posture state data for a patient from a medical device; and presenting an indicator indicative of two or more of posture states based on the received posture state data, wherein each posture state of the two or more posture states is determined based on different detection criteria.

Abstract: One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for treating a circadian rhythm disorder in a mammal. One step of the method includes placing a therapy delivery device into electrical communication with an autonomic nervous system (ANS) nerve target associated with the circadian rhythm disorder. Next, the therapy delivery device is activated to deliver a therapy signal to the ANS nerve target in an amount and for a time sufficient to effect a change in sympathetic and/or parasympathetic activity in the mammal and thereby treat the circadian rhythm disorder.

Abstract: One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for modulating uterine function in a mammal. One step of the method includes placing a therapy delivery device into direct contact with a spinal cord target associated with uterine function. Next, the therapy delivery device is activated to deliver a therapy signal to the spinal cord target in an amount and for a time sufficient to effect a change in sympathetic and/or parasympathetic activity in the mammal and thereby modulate uterine function.

Abstract: A system and method for selecting leadwire stimulation parameters includes a processor iteratively performing, for each of a plurality of values for a particular stimulation parameter, each value corresponding to a respective current field: (a) shifting the current field longitudinally and/or rotationally to a respective plurality of locations about the leadwire; and (b) for each of the respective plurality of locations, obtaining clinical effect information regarding a respective stimulation of the patient tissue produced by the respective current field at the respective location; and displaying a graph plotting the clinical effect information against values for the particular stimulation parameter and locations about the leadwire, and/or based on the obtained clinical effect information, identifying an optimal combination of a selected value for the particular stimulation parameter and selected location about the leadwire at which to perform a stimulation using the selected value.

Abstract: An implantable neural stimulator method for modulating excitable tissue in a patient including: implanting a neural stimulator within the body of the patient such that one or more electrodes of the neural stimulator are positioned at a target site adjacent to or near excitable tissue; generating an input signal with a controller module located outside of, and spaced away from, the patient's body; transmitting the input signal to the neural stimulator through electrical radiative coupling; converting the input signal to electrical pulses within the neural stimulator; and applying the electrical pulses to the excitable tissue sufficient to modulate said excitable tissue.

Abstract: Provided is an electroencephalogram activation apparatus, including: an electroencephalogram acquisition unit configured to acquire brain waves of a user; an electrical stimulation unit configured to apply transcranial electrical stimulation to the scalp of the user; and a control unit configured to control the electrical stimulation unit based on the brain waves acquired by the electroencephalogram acquisition unit.

Abstract: A power scheme for an implant on a human or animal body comprises: a charging circuit to provide power to deliver controlled stimulation currents to a body tissue; a capacitive storage arrangement connected with the charging circuit and charged by the charging circuit; a shunting arrangement to limit voltage on the capacitive storage arrangement; a driver array configured to transfer charges from the capacitive storage arrangement to the tissue; and an electrode array connected with the driver array and the tissue.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for updating a morphology template used to discriminate abnormal cardiac rhythms. In one example, a non-weighted candidate morphology template is generated based on far-field R-wave morphology. A weighted candidate morphology template is generated based on an ensemble average of the non-weighted candidate morphology template and a previous (i.e. active) morphology template. The previous morphology template is then selectively updated based on a comparison of additional R-waves against both the non-weighted and the weighted candidate templates. Thereafter, abnormal cardiac rhythms such as ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia are discriminated using the updated morphology template based on newly-detected far-field R-waves. These techniques provide a method for updating the morphology discrimination template in response to long-term changes in morphology due to cardiac remodeling or cardiac disease progression.

Abstract: Methods for treating a renal associated condition in a subject are provided. Aspects of the subject methods include paradoxically enhancing renal sympathetic bias in the subject in a manner effective to treat the renal associated condition. Also provided are compositions, kits and systems for practicing the subject methods.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment of ischemic diseases, and more particularly, to treatment of diabetic retinopathy and ischemia of the retinal and choroidal tissues. The treatment, which will work in vitrectomized eyes as well as non-vitrectomized eyes, is based on selective and fractional electrolysis of the vitreous humor to produce oxygen and optionally active chlorine while simultaneously controlling pH. Oxygen or active chlorine can suppress or reverse the onset of diabetic retinopathy, other retinovascular diseases, and choroidal neovascularization.

Abstract: An electrode device is configured to be coupled to a parasympathetic site of a subject. A control unit is configured to drive the electrode device to apply a current in bursts of one or more pulses, during “on” periods that alternate with low stimulation periods, wherein at least one of the low stimulation periods immediately following the at least one of the “on” periods has a low stimulation duration equal to at least 50% of the “on” duration; set the current applied on average during the low stimulation periods to be less than 20% of the current applied on average during the “on” periods; and ramp a number of pulses per burst during a commencement of the at least one of the “on” periods and/or a conclusion of the at least one of the “on” periods.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for applying a transcutaneous electrical stimulation stimulus to the surface of a section of the human ear, which comprises a retaining element which is mountable on or in the ear and a number of electrodes which are arranged on or in an electrode carrier, wherein the device comprises a control apparatus which controls or regulates the generation of a potential difference between the electrodes. In order to permit an improved and safer transcutaneous stimulation the invention proposes that at least three electrodes are arranged on or in the electrode carrier, wherein the at least three electrodes are located in one plane, wherein the position of at least one of the at least three electrodes is adjustable on the electrode carrier and wherein the at least one electrode of which the position is adjustable is mounted such as to be displaceable in a translational manner in the plane. Furthermore, the invention relates a method for the operation of such a device.

Abstract: A device and a method for working in the presence of electromagnetic fields, in particular fields occurring in cautery applications. Also relates to a partially implanted medical device (IMD), having a unit for detecting electromagnetic interference fields, at least one control unit, a timer, and a detection unit for electrical measured variables and/or a stimulation unit, at least one electrode line having an electrode at one end which is brought into contact with bodily tissue, and which either extends inside the body and/or is situated on the surface of an implant, wherein when nonphysiological signals and/or electromagnetic interference fields are detected and the unit for electromagnetic interference fields evaluates the detected signals as nonphysiological signals for a first specifiable time period, and/or for a second specified time period the stimulation unit is placed in an asynchronous operating state in which the wearer of the IMD is asynchronously stimulated.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides an apparatus for the detection and treatment of atrial arrhythmia comprising an electrical lead having proximal and distal portions. The distal portion is positionable in an atrial chamber and the end of the proximal portion is configured to be coupled to a pacemaker. The lead comprises a plurality of conductive wires clad with an insulative coating and has sufficient flexibility to be positioned in the atria from a percutaneous introductory site. The conductive wires are coupled to a plurality of pairs of bipolar electrodes positioned on a membrane attachable to an endocardial wall. The electrode pairs are distributed in a pattern defining an area for detecting a location of a foci of aberrant electrical activity located within or adjacent the area and sending a pacing signal to that location to prevent or stop an occurrence of atrial fibrillation caused by that foci.

Abstract: Some embodiments of the disclosure may include a device for wirelessly powering an implant unit in a body of a subject from a location outside of the body of the subject, wherein the implant unit includes a secondary antenna for wirelessly receiving energy. The device may include a primary antenna configured to be located external to the body of the subject, a circuit electrically connected to the primary antenna, and at least one processor electrically connected to the primary antenna and the circuit. The at least one processor may determine a resonant frequency mismatch between a first resonant frequency associated with the primary antenna and a second resonant frequency associated with the secondary antenna associated with the implant unit; and apply an adjustment to at least one component of the circuit to cause a change in the first resonant frequency associated with the primary antenna and a reduction in the resonant frequency mismatch.

Abstract: A device for powering an implant within a body of a subject from a location external to the subject, wherein the implant requires a threshold rate of power increase in order to operate in at least one mode, may include an antenna configured to wirelessly transmit energy to the implant. The device may also include a power storage unit configured to store energy from a power source incapable of delivering the threshold rate of power increase to enable the implant unit to operate in the at least one mode and a power release unit configured to release a pulse of energy from the power storage unit to the antenna after the power storage unit collects an amount of energy sufficient to enable the implant unit to operate in the at least one mode.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a control unit for cooperating with an adhesive patch to convey power from a location external to a subject to a location within the subject. The control unit may include a housing configured for selective mounting on the adhesive patch and may further include at least one processor within the housing. The at least one processor may be configured to activate when the housing is mounted on the adhesive patch and to delay, for a predetermined amount of time following activation of the at least one processor, generation of therapeutic control signals for modulating at least one nerve in the subject's body.

Abstract: System and methods for adjusting electrical therapy based on impedance changes are disclosed herein. A method in accordance with a particular embodiment includes applying a therapeutic electrical signal to a patient via an implanted portion of a patient stimulation system that includes a signal delivery device in electrical communication with a target neural population of the patient. The electrical signal is delivered in accordance with a signal delivery parameter having a first value. Using the implanted portion of the patient stimulation system, a change in an impedance of an electrical circuit that includes the signal delivery device is detected. Based at least in part on the detected impedance change, the method can further include automatically adjusting the value of the signal delivery parameter from the first value to a second value different from the first, without human intervention.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus and methods that provide the ability to electrical stimulate a physical system, and actively eliminate interference with signal acquisition (artifacts) that arises from the stimulation. The technique implemented in the circuits and methods for eliminating interference connects a discharge path to a physical interface to the system to remove charge that is built-up during stimulation. By placing the discharge path in a feedback loop that includes a recording preamplifier and AC-coupling circuitry, the physical interface is brought back to its pre-stimulation offset voltage. The disclosed apparatus and methods may be used with piezoelectric transducers, ultrasound devices, optical diodes, and polarizable and non-polarizable electrodes. The disclosed apparatus can be employed in implantable devices, in vitro or in vivo setups with vertebrate and invertebrate neural tissue, muscle fibers, pancreatic islet cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bacteria, algae, fungi, protists, and plants.

Abstract: A neural stimulation system controls the delivery of neural stimulation using a respiratory signal as a therapy feedback input. The respiratory signal is used to increase the effectiveness of the neural stimulation, such as vagal nerve stimulation, while decreasing potentially adverse side effects in respiratory functions. In one embodiment, the neural stimulation system synchronizes the delivery of the neural stimulation pulses to the respiratory cycles using a respiratory fiducial point in the respiratory signal and a delay interval. In another embodiment, the neural stimulation system detects a respiratory disorder and, in response, adjusts the delivery of the neural stimulation pulses and/or delivers a respiratory therapy treating the detected respiratory disorder.

Abstract: A method and apparatus can be used to guide or navigate an instrument relative to a body. Various types of information can be used to assist in the navigation, such as MRI data, diffusion tensor image data, and the like. The information can assist in identifying the portions of the body.

Abstract: A neural stimulation system automatically corrects or adjusts the stimulus magnitude (stimulation energy) in order to maintain a comfortable and effective stimulation therapy. Because the changes in impedance associated with the electrode-tissue interface can indicate obstruction of current flow and positional lead displacement, lead impedance can indicate the quantity of electrical stimulation energy that should be delivered to the target neural tissue to provide corrective adjustment. Hence, a change in impedance or morphology of an impedance curve may be used in a feedback loop to indicate that the stimulation energy needs to be adjusted and the system can effectively auto correct the magnitude of stimulation energy to maintain a desired therapeutic effect.

Abstract: An electrical neuromodulation system and method of treating an ailment of a patient using a neuromodulation device. Electrical modulation energy is delivered at a first frequency from the neuromodulation device to a first set of electrodes having a first combined electrode impedance. A second set of electrodes having a second combined electrode impedance less than the first combined electrode impedance is automatically selected. The electrical modulation energy is delivered at a second frequency to the second set of electrodes, wherein the second frequency is greater than the first frequency.

Abstract: A medical system including an implantable medical device having at least first and second bores, the first bore configured to receive a first lead, the first lead configured to deliver a first therapy, the second bore configured to receive a second lead, the second lead configured to deliver a second therapy, and a lead reversal detection circuit connected to the at least first and second bores, for detecting insertion of the first or second leads into the wrong bore.

Abstract: Various method embodiments detect a concurrent therapy, where the concurrent therapy includes a plurality of therapy pulses. Detecting the concurrent therapy includes detecting at least one electrical pulse, extracting at least one characteristic from the at least one electrical pulse, comparing the at least one characteristic of the detected pulse to at least one characteristic of therapy pulses, and detecting that the concurrent therapy is being applied if the at least one characteristic of the detected pulse favorably compares to the at least one characteristic of the therapy pulses.

Abstract: A neuromodulation system and method of providing therapy to a patient. A plurality of individual electrical pulse trains is generated at a respective plurality of individual pulse rates. The plurality of individual electrical pulse trains are concurrently respectively from a plurality of electrodes to a common electrode via tissue of the patient, thereby creating a combined electrical pulse train having an average pulse rate equal to or greater than 1 KHz.

Abstract: A non-invasive, wireless, portable device is applicable to the finger in order to reduce the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome and to reduce the risk of apnea, slower heart rate, and heart arrest in all age groups. The device is placed tightly on the distal end of a user's finger. As it is placed on the finger, this device may be inside a fabric cap attached to a glove of different sizes. This device measures blood oxygen saturation and heart rate through a sensor that is preferably a pulse oximeter. When any of these parameters falls below certain user-predetermined thresholds, an electric discharge is delivered to stimulate the user's reaction and a local and/or remote alarm is fired. In certain applications, the device is adequate to make the sleeping user react, and in others to prevent the user from falling asleep.

Abstract: An implantable medical device capable of being placed between a first operational mode and a second operational mode. The medical device comprises a magnetic field sensing device configured for outputting a signal in response to sensing a magnetic field. The medical device further comprises a logic circuit configured for continuously asserting the signal during a time period when the neurostimulation device is in the first operational mode, and intermittently asserting the signal during at least one time period when the neurostimulation device is in the second operational mode. The medical device further comprises a delay circuit configured for introducing a time delay into the asserted signal, the time delay being less than the time period, but greater than each of the at least one time period. The medical device further comprises control circuitry configured for performing a function in response to receiving the delayed signal at a first input terminal.

Abstract: Detecting patterns in sensed implantable medical device (IMD) data is described. One implementation involves an IMD that includes a data-driven pattern detection network embodied on the IMD to detect a pattern from sensed patient data. The IMD also includes one or more algorithms embodied on the IMD to utilize the pattern to effect patient therapy.

Abstract: A method of modifying tissue behavior, comprising: determining a desired modification of tissue behavior for at least one of treatment of a disease, short or long term modification of tissue behavior, assessing tissue state and assessing tissue response to stimulation; selecting an electric field having an expected effect of modifying protein activity of at least one protein as an immediate response of a tissue to the field, said expected effect correlated with said desired modification; and applying said field to said tissue.

Abstract: A neurostimulation system can include a memory, a playback system, a stimulation electrode, and a controller. The memory can store data for first and second input waveforms. The playback system can provides first and second output waveforms, based on the first and second input waveforms in the memory, respectively, to form composite patterns of stimulation or waveforms. The first output waveform can be different than the second output waveform. The second output waveform can be periodically superimposed on the first output waveform. The controller can be in communication with the stimulation electrode. The controller can be configured to control application of the composite pattern of stimulation or waveform to a target site in a body of a subject suffering from a medical condition.

Abstract: Aspects of the present invention relate to a device and method for examining and using an electrical field in a magnetic gradient field, containing magnetic particles in an examination area of an object under examination, including introducing magnetic particles into at least part of the examination area of the object under examination; generating an electrical field at least in part of the examination area; generating a magnetic field having a spatial magnetic field strength profile with a first sub-zone with a low magnetic field strength and a second sub-zone with a higher magnetic field strength in the examination area; varying a spatial position of the two sub-zones in the examination area such that a magnetization of the particles changes locally; detecting signals which depend on the magnetization in the examination area influenced by this variation; evaluating the signals to obtain information about the spatial distribution of the magnetic particles in the examination area; and determining a conductivi

Abstract: An apparatus and method are disclosed for providing efficient stimulation. As an example, a switched mode power supply can be configured to generate a dynamic compliance voltage based on a stimulus waveform that can be non-rectangular. An output stimulation signal can be supplied to one or more outputs based on the compliance voltage.

Abstract: Devices and methods of use for identification, treatment and/or management of heart failure and/or associated conditions. An exemplary device may include a first sensor configured to monitor a parameter indicative of a fluid level in a pulmonary circulation of a patient, a second sensor configured to monitor a parameter indicative of a fluid level in a non-pulmonary circulation of a patient, and a control system coupled to the first sensor and second sensor. The control system is configured to provide a baroreflex therapy to the patient based at least in part on the parameter indicative of a fluid level in a pulmonary circulation and the parameter indicative of a fluid level in a non-pulmonary circulation. The baroreflex therapy adjusts at least one of the fluid level in the pulmonary circulation and the fluid level in the non-pulmonary circulation.

Abstract: Gastric apparatus is provided, including one or more sensors, adapted to generate respective sensor signals responsive to activity of a gastrointestinal tract of a subject. A control unit is configured with an eating detection threshold selected from the group consisting of: a predetermined threshold, and a threshold determined during a calibration procedure. The control unit is adapted to receive and analyze the sensor signals, and identify an aspect of at least one of the sensor signals indicative of periodic activity of the gastrointestinal tract. The control unit modifies the eating detection threshold responsive to identifying the aspect of the signals that is indicative of the periodic activity, and determines that an eating event has occurred responsive to the modified eating detection threshold and at least one of the analyzed sensor signals. Other embodiments are also described.