Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing an enhanced navigation solution for cycling applications is described herein. The navigation solution is about a device within a platform, which is a cycling platform such as for example a bicycle, a tricycle, or a unicycle amongst others. The device can be in any orientation with respect to the platform (such as for example in any location or orientation on the body of the cyclist). The device includes a sensor assembly. The sensors in the device may be for example, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, barometer among others. The present method and apparatus can work whether in the presence or in the absence of navigational information updates (such as, for example, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or WiFi positioning).

Abstract: A traffic monitoring system (400) includes a network of geographically distributed sensors (401-403). The sensors (401-403) provide raw or preprocessed data to a processing system (405) based on received long range wireless signals (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, or 5.9 GHz spectrum). The processing system (405) can then implement any of various algorithms to calculate traffic parameters taking into account the range of communication between the source and the sensor. The inputs to these algorithms include a first contacts, last contacts, maximum range, minimum range, median of contacts, average of contacts, maximum strength, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A trajectory generation device includes a storage unit that stores a plurality of trajectories; a trajectory acquisition unit that acquires a trajectory, corresponding to an environment similar to a current environment, from the plurality of trajectories stored in the storage unit; and a trajectory generation unit that calculates a longest trajectory part, which is present in a moving object moving area in the trajectory acquired by the trajectory acquisition unit, and generates a trajectory by connecting both ends of the calculated longest trajectory part to a predetermined start point and a predetermined end point respectively.

Abstract: Providing real-time segment performance information is disclosed. In some embodiments, a segment associated with a user's current activity is determined based at least in part on at least a portion of location information recorded so far. In some embodiments, real-time segment performance information associated with the user's current activity on the segment is communicated.

Abstract: A computerized, on-road, vehicle service handling method involves, while a user is driving a vehicle between first and second locations, receiving a fault condition signal from an on-board diagnostic system; automatically transmitting information to multiple vehicle service locations ahead of the vehicle, including vehicle and fault information and an individual estimated time of arrival (ETA) based upon current location and speed; receiving individual service responses including at least a parts and labor cost estimate, and at least one appointment time after the ETA; receiving a selection by the user of at least two of the provided vehicle service locations and an order of preference thereof; sending payment information to the first vehicle service location; receiving a communication either accepting or rejecting, and, if accepted, automatically directing the user to the first vehicle service location, but if rejected, sending the payment information to a next preferred vehicle service location.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the secure transmission of an aircraft trajectory that is to be flown or that has been flown. A ground-referenced description of the trajectory of the aircraft expressed in ground-referenced parameters is converted, using a description of an imaginary atmospheric model describing imaginary atmospheric conditions along the trajectory, into an air-referenced description of the aircraft trajectory expressed in air-referenced parameters. For decryption, knowledge of the imaginary atmospheric conditions allows the air-referenced description of the aircraft trajectory to be converted back into the ground-referenced description of the aircraft trajectory. Thus, the ground-referenced trajectory may be though of as the plain text, the imaginary atmospheric model as the cipher key and the air-referenced trajectory as the cipher text.

Abstract: An approach for rendering one or more graphical elements associated with one or more content items recommended for consumption during travel based on travel times associated with one or more travel routes is described. A content item recommendation platform determines travel times associated with travel routes. The content item recommendation platform determines content recommendations, content items, or a combination thereof based, at least in part, on a comparison of the travel times and duration times associated with the content recommendations, the one or more content items, or a combination thereof. The content item recommendation platform further causes, at least in part, a rendering of a user interface depicting one or more icons, one or more markers, one or more graphical elements, or a combination thereof associated with the content recommendations, the content items, or a combination thereof along the travel routes based, at least in part, on the comparison.

Abstract: A travel time information providing apparatus includes a probability distribution storage unit configured to store first probability distribution data which expresses an embarkation waiting time for each location where the waiting time occurs and second probability distribution data which expresses a travel time for each location where the travel time occurs; a route acquiring unit configured to acquire a route connecting a point of origin and a destination; a travel time calculating unit configured to calculate a probability distribution of a total travel time by convoluting all probability distribution data corresponding to an embarkation waiting time which occurs on the route and a travel time which occurs on the route; and an information providing unit configured to determine an estimated travel time based on the calculated probability distribution, and output the estimated travel time.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an electronic device capable of providing route information and a control method thereof. An electronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a user input unit configured to receive destination information, a retrieval unit configured to retrieve an eco-driving route capable of minimizing the fuel consumption amount of a vehicle among driving routes for reaching a location corresponding to the destination information, and a controller configured to modify a prestored fuel table based on an actually consumed fuel amount while driving the vehicle, wherein the retrieval unit retrieves the eco-driving route using the modified fuel table.

Abstract: A navigation method for indoor escaping is executed by at least one processor of an electronic device. At least three message transmitters fixed in a building around the electronic device are connected with the electronic device. Messages are received from each message transmitter. The messages include location information of each message transmitter and a floor plan of the building. A current position of the electronic device is determined according to the location information of each message transmitter and signal strength of each connection between the electronic device and each message transmitter when receiving a fire alarm and a position of the fire. An optimal escape route is calculated according to the floor plan of the building, the position of the electronic device, and the position of the fire. Navigation is provided to a user of the electronic device to escape from the building.

Abstract: When a user enters, initializes, or otherwise starts using a navigation function, such as a navigation function on a mobile phone or a stand-alone device, a destination is automatically selected for route generation and production of a navigation output (e.g., an Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) at the destination). The destination can be selected based on current proximity to a location having an associated pre-defined destination. Such pre-defined destination can be associated with the location by the user. A time of day criteria can also be imposed. In one example, locations proximate a work place can be associated with home as a pre-defined destination, and vice versa. A time of day criteria can be imposed, such that even if proximate work and it is in the morning, a route and ETA to home will not be generated.

Abstract: A method, system, and device for to-do-list based navigation includes identifying a selection of tasks to be completed from the to-do-list. The selected tasks may be prioritized or ordered based on navigation data and context data associated with each of the selected tasks to develop a trip plan for completing the selected tasks. The context data may include attributes, such as constraint data, associated with one or more of the selected tasks. In some embodiments, a status update for the current task may be periodically or occasionally communicated to one or more mobile computing devices to inform a user of the mobile computing device of the status of completion of the current task.

Abstract: In accordance with some embodiments, multiple navigation changes to a navigation system may be managed. The navigation system may receive and first set of navigation changes. Then, the navigation system may establish communication with a user device. The navigation system may then receive a second set of navigation changes associated with the user device. As a result, the navigation system may merge the first set of navigation changes with the second set of navigation changes.

Abstract: An approach for rendering one or more graphical elements associated with one or more content items recommended for consumption during travel based on travel times associated with one or more travel routes is described. A content item recommendation platform determines travel times associated with travel routes. The content item recommendation platform determines content recommendations, content items, or a combination thereof based, at least in part, on a comparison of the travel times and duration times associated with the content recommendations, the one or more content items, or a combination thereof. The content item recommendation platform further causes, at least in part, a rendering of a user interface depicting one or more icons, one or more markers, one or more graphical elements, or a combination thereof associated with the content recommendations, the content items, or a combination thereof along the travel routes based, at least in part, on the comparison.

Abstract: A method of verifying and/or improving a message indicative of an event affecting traffic flow on at least a portion of one or more navigable segments is described. The method involves obtaining positional data relating to the movement of a plurality of devices along a navigable stretch including a navigable stretch identified by the message as being affected, and using the positional data to verify and/or improve the message. The positional data is live data and is used to obtain data relating to the speed of travel of the devices along the navigable stretch including the stretch identified by the message. The speed data can be used to determine a spatial extent of the affected stretch and/or an expected speed of travel along the stretch.

Abstract: Provided are methods, systems, and apparatuses for telematics navigation.

Abstract: The present embodiments provide methods and apparatuses for use in navigating through content. Some embodiments provide methods for use in navigating through content that receive an initial first directional control command, activate a seek mode upon receipt of the initial first directional control command comprising advancing over a first amount of content in a first direction from a first point in the content to a second point in the content, receive an initial second directional control command following the receipt of the initial first directional command, and activate a search mode upon receipt of the initial second directional control command, comprising advancing back over a second amount of the first amount of the content where the second amount is less than the first amount of the content.

Abstract: Technologies are generally disclosed for gathering path data from a massively multiplayer on-line role-playing game to determine a path through a mapping plane that may be a real-world or virtual-world representation.

Abstract: An improved system and method for defining an event based upon an object location and a user-defined zone and managing the conveyance of object location event information among computing devices where object location events are defined in terms of a condition based upon a relationship between user-defined zone information and object location information. One or more location information sources are associated with an object to provide the object location information. One or more user-defined zones are defined on a map and one or more object location events are defined. The occurrence of an object location event produces object location event information that is conveyed to users based on user identification codes. Accessibility to object location information, zone information, and object location event information is based upon an object location information access code, a zone information access code, and an object location event information access code, respectively.

Abstract: A traffic monitoring system includes one or more processors operable to collect location data from a third-party network having a mobile user, weight at least one element of the location data based on reliability, and generate traffic speed data at a roadway location based on the weighted data. The third-party network is one of a mobile communication network, a computer network, a television network, a radio network, and a road sign display network. The one or more processors are operable to deliver the traffic speed data at the roadway location to an alternate third-party network. The alternate third-party network is one of a mobile communication network, a computer network, a television network, a radio network, and a road sign display network.

Abstract: An electronic controller defining an autonomous mobile device includes a self-location estimation unit to estimate a self-location based on a local map that is created according to distance/angle information relative to an object in the vicinity and the travel distance of an omni wheel, an environmental map creation unit to create an environmental map of a mobile area based on the self-location and the local map during the guided travel with using a joystick, a registration switch to register the self-location of the autonomous mobile device as the position coordinate of the setting point when the autonomous mobile device reaches a predetermined setting point during the guided travel, a storage unit to store the environmental map and the setting point, a route planning unit to plan the travel route by using the setting point on the environmental map stored in the storage unit, and a travel control unit to control the autonomous mobile device to autonomously travel along the travel route.

Abstract: Methods and systems for determining one or more routes in a navigation system. A request comprising a first set of parameters corresponding to a trip is received. The first set of parameters comprise at least one an originating node for the trip, a destination node for the trip, a start time for the trip, or a set of preferences associated with the trip. The one or more routes between the originating node and the destination node are determined based on the first set of parameters. Each of the one or more routes comprises at least one public transportation sub-trip traversed by a public vehicle and a private transportation sub-trip traversed by a private vehicle. The one or more routes are ranked based on a trip score associated with the one or more routes. The trip score is determined based on the set of preferences.

Abstract: A system and method for identifying and analyzing a route using an inexpensive GPS system is provided. The system and method provides a location for storing GPS and vehicle operating data for at least one route, requiring a plurality of runs over the at least one route. Once a predetermined minimum number of runs have been reached, the system and method define a route segment, interpolate additional data points using the GPS and vehicle operating data, synchronize the data over the plurality of runs, and analyze the data. The analyzed data is then provided to a module capable of controlling the operation of an internal combustion engine. The analyzed data is forward-looking in that it permits anticipation of vehicle operation, and more particularly, engine and transmission operation.

Abstract: A radio communication device that communicates with other radio communication devices that become communication partners includes first detection means that detects moving states of said other radio communication devices; second detection means that detects a moving state of its own device; third detection means that detects a congestion level of communication between said other radio communication devices or a congestion level of communication between said other radio communication devices and said own device; transmission means that transmits a radio signal from said own device to said other communication devices; and control means that controls said transmission means to transmit the radio signal based on the moving states of said other radio communication devices, the moving state of said own device, and said congestion level.

Abstract: For a route server that generates route data for a route between a starting location and a destination location on a map, a method of compressing the route data that includes a maneuvering instruction for each of a plurality of junctures from the starting location to the destination location of the route is described. For a maneuvering instruction for each juncture of the route, the method determines whether the maneuvering instruction for the juncture is needed at a route client that is to receive the route data. When the maneuvering instruction for a particular juncture is determined not to be needed at the route client, the method modifies the route data by removing the maneuvering instruction for the particular juncture from the route data.

Abstract: Systems and methods use cameras to provide autonomous navigation features. In one implementation, a driver assist navigation system is provided for a primary vehicle. The system may include at least one image capture device configured to acquire a plurality of images of an area in a vicinity of the primary vehicle; a data interface; and at least one processing device. The at least one processing device may be configured to: locate in the plurality of images a leading vehicle; determine, based on the plurality of images, at least one action taken by the leading vehicle; and cause the primary vehicle to mimic the at least one action of the leading vehicle.

Abstract: An estimated fuel consumption may be determined for a route for a vehicle. At least in part based on the estimated fuel consumption, it may be determined that an amount of fuel in the vehicle is insufficient for the vehicle to traverse the route and/or one or more waypoints may be identified within a predetermined distance of the route, e.g., waypoints for refueling the vehicle. The estimated fuel consumption may be determined in a computer system included in the vehicle.

Abstract: Method and system for ordering, loading and using tickets ordered from a reservation center through transmission of order data that includes a number assigned to a mobile communications terminal. The ordered ticket is received via a mobile radio network at the mobile communications terminal, and the ticket is stored. A reading device receives ticket information contactlessly from the mobile communications terminal, and an authorization of a user of the mobile communications terminal is decided based on the ticket information.

Abstract: An approach that detects locations of hazardous conditions within an infrastructure is provided. This approach uses satellite imagery, GIS data, automatic image processing, and predictive modeling to determine the location of the hazards automatically, thus optimizing infrastructure management. Specifically, a hazard detection tool provides this capability. The hazard detection tool comprises a detection component configured to: receive visual media containing asset location data about a set of physical assets, and hazard location data about potential hazards within a vicinity of each of the set of physical assets. The detection component further receives graphical information system (GIS) data containing asset location data about each of the set of physical assets.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining a trajectory for a vehicle can include: identifying a starting position (p0) and desired terminal position (P) for the vehicle; linearly approximating dynamics of the vehicle; and using the starting position (p0), terminal position (P), and linear approximation, determining the trajectory; wherein the linear approximation can be constrained by a requirement (e.g., specification) that the vehicle may not travel in a region; a center point of the region is at a distance from a predetermined point on the vehicle substantially equal to a minimum turn radius of the vehicle, in a direction substantially perpendicular to a velocity of the vehicle; and a distance from the center point of the region to a point on a perimeter of the region is greater than or substantially equal to the minimum turn radius of the vehicle.

Abstract: A route search device capable of searching for a route with the lowest energy cost at a high speed even if the distance between start and end points is long. The route search device includes: a long distance search attribute calculation section for calculating, as an attribute of one long distance search link, the sum of upslope elevation differences of a plurality of short distance search links and the sum of downslope elevation differences of the short distance search links corresponding to the one long distance search link; and a link cost calculation section for calculating, based on the attribute of the long distance search link and vehicle characteristics, a link cost that is an energy consumption at a time when a vehicle travels in the long distance search link.

Abstract: According to a navigation server (1) of the present invention, in a mileage matrix containing elements which denote a mileage and are defined by respective mileage factors, a first element of the elements in the mileage matrix which is defined by recognized mileage factors is determined on the basis of the mileage of the recognized mileage of a first vehicle. A second element of the elements in the mileage matrix which is defined by unrecognized mileage factors is determined on the basis of the first element. According thereto, even when the mileage factors of a second vehicle are used to define the second element but not the first element, the previous mileage of the second vehicle can be evaluated with high accuracy in consideration of a relationship between the mileage and the mileage factors of the first vehicle estimated according to the known relationship therebetween.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, can be used to dynamically generate electronic maps with highlighted entity boundaries. In one aspect, a method includes receiving a request for an electronic map segment for a geographic region, with the request identifying a geographic entity to be highlighted in the requested electronic map segment. A plurality of layers of map data associated with the geographic region and data defining a boundary of the identified geographic entity are retrieved in response to the request. The electronic map segment is rendered based on the retrieved plurality of layers of map data and the data defining the boundary of the geographic entity, with one or more of the retrieved layers are rendered over a rendering of a highlighted boundary of the geographic entity. The rendered electronic map segment is transmitted in response to the request.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing a quick search of a path display terminal are provided. The quick search device of a path display terminal comprises: a vehicle position display unit for displaying a position of a vehicle on a map generated based on map data; a quick search display unit for displaying a quick search area for inputting a search word in a portion of the map; a search unit for searching for a destination corresponding to the search word; and a path display unit for generating and displaying a path from the vehicle position to the destination.

Abstract: A control system that makes adjustments, such as limiting the maximum speed or maximum torque in a vehicle, is provided. These adjustments can be based on knowledge about the vehicle and trip, and on the estimated energy remaining. The control system is applicable to a wide range of vehicles, including ground, air, water, and sea vehicles, as well as vehicles powered by battery, electricity, compressed natural gas, or even liquid fuel propulsion systems. The control system may be used to adjust vehicle operation in route to assure the vehicle reaches a destination and to inform or counteract a human vehicle operator. Control system can also be used in racing applications to calculate the fastest-possible race speed and drive torque for a given race length; or alternatively, in endurance racing or delivery applications to optimize the vehicle speed and/or drive torque for a given race length or route.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a mapping application that provides routing information to third-party applications on a device. The mapping application receives route data that includes first and second locations. Based on the route data, the mapping application provides a set of routing applications that provide navigation information. The mapping application receives a selection of a routing application in the set of routing applications. The mapping application passes the route data to the selected routing application in order for the routing application to provide navigation information.

Abstract: There is a provided a method for car navigating using traffic signal data. The method for car navigating is characterized of providing an optimized route for the earliest arrival to destinations by using signal system data of one or more traffic signals existing on a certain route.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a navigation system provides predictive natural guidance utilizing a mobile landmark based on location data. The location data may be a schedule. A controller receives data of a schedule of a mobile landmark. The location data could be collected in real time or estimated. The mobile landmark may be a vehicle or a celestial body. The controller correlates a route from an origin location to a destination location and the location of the mobile landmark. The controller generates a message based on the correlation. The message is output during presentation of the route and references the mobile landmark.

Abstract: Devices, methods and systems are disclosed herein to describe a range marker for a navigation system. The range marker may delineate a bounded area within a navigation map that a vehicle may travel based on the amount of fuel remaining. As the fuel continues to decrease during operation of the vehicle, the range marker may become smaller and smaller indicating a shrinking range since the fuel remaining decreases, thereby allowing the driver to easily identify which gas stations may be within a range of the vehicle (based on a current vehicle fuel level) and which gas stations might not be within the range of the vehicle.

Abstract: A mobile device can obtain wireless network signal strength map data that indicates, for various nearby geographical regions, the wireless network signal strength in each such region. A mobile device can transmit that data to a vehicular navigation system responsible for automatically selecting a high-quality route of vehicular travel between a specified source and destination. The system can take the wireless network signal map data into account when selecting that route. When selecting from among multiple different routes of vehicular travel between a specified source and destination, the system may employ an algorithm that considers wireless network signal strengths along those routes, in addition to the other factors. Consequently, the system can select a longer route having better signal strength over a shorter route having worse signal strength. The system can present the selected route within a set of suggested routes, potentially along with reasons for each route's suggestion.

Abstract: A vehicle navigation method comprises determining a present location of a host vehicle, including a road on which the host vehicle is traveling, determining a navigation route based on a destination and the present location of the vehicle, and determining a next navigation maneuver based on the navigation route and the present location of the host vehicle. The method further comprises capturing road information pertaining to the road, determining a present lane of the road in which the host vehicle is traveling based on the captured road information, determining a traffic condition on the road, and operating a computer to modify the next navigation maneuver based on the navigation route, the present lane and the traffic condition.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for mitigating the risks associated with driving by assigning risk values to road segments and using those risk values to select less risky travel routes. Various approaches to helping users mitigate risk are presented. A computing device is configured to generate a database of risk values. That device may receive accident information, geographic information, vehicle information, and other information from one or more data sources and calculate a risk value for the associated road segment. Subsequently, the computing device may provide the associated risk value to other devices. Furthermore, a personal navigation device may receive travel route information and use that information to retrieve risk values for the road segments in the travel route. An insurance company may use this information to determine whether to adjust a quote or premium of an insurance policy.

Abstract: Ground-based devices are provided which each have a transceiver apparatus and a data memory. Route data are stored in the data memory. This route data can be transmitted in a wireless fashion from the ground-based device to motor vehicles so that information relating to such a route is made available in the motor vehicles which are located outside the sensing range of a sensing apparatus of the motor vehicle.

Abstract: An alert content reception apparatus comprises a communications interface (229) compatible with a data broadcast service and capable of receiving, when in use, a broadcast data message comprising reference data concerning alert content. The apparatus also comprises a processing resource (202) arranged to analyze, when in use, the broadcast data message and acquire the alert content associated with the reference data in response to determining that the alert content associated with the reference data has not previously been acquired. The communications interface (229) is compatible with a bidirectional data communications service, the processing resource (202) also being arranged to cooperate with the communications interface (229) in order to retrieve the alert content via the bidirectional data communications service.

Abstract: An autonomous vehicle configured to determine the heading of an object-of-interest based on a point cloud. An example computer-implemented method involves: (a) receiving spatial-point data indicating a set of spatial points, each spatial point representing a point in three dimensions, where the set of spatial points corresponds to an object-of-interest; (b) determining, for each spatial point, an associated projected point, each projected point representing a point in two dimensions; (c) determining a set of line segments based on the determined projected points, where each respective line segment connects at least two determined projected points; (d) determining an orientation of at least one determined line segment from the set of line segments; and (e) determining a heading of the object-of-interest based on at least the determined orientation.

Abstract: A route planning system comprises a receiver component that receives a request for directions between a beginning point and a destination point. An analysis component analyzes a traffic system representation that varies as context varies and outputs expected amounts of travel time between the beginning point and the destination point for multiple contexts based at least in part upon the analysis. A method is described herein that includes techniques for searching over routes and trip start times simultaneously so as to identity start times and routes associated with maximal expected value, or equivalently minimum expected cost, given preferences encoded about one or more of the leaving time, the travel time, and the arrival time.

Abstract: In some aspects, a processor may receive a starting point and an ending point from a runner. The processor may receive calorie information from the runner. The processor may receive pace information from the runner. The processor may receive a mile marker input from the runner. The processor may display a he route based on the starting point and the ending point. The processor may display the number of calories burned based on the route and the calorie information. The processor may display a pace of running the route based on the route and the calorie information. The processor may display a mile marker on the route in response to the first mile marker input.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to identifying and displaying traffic lanes that are available for autonomous driving. This information may be displayed to a driver of a vehicle having an autonomous driving mode, in order to inform the driver of where he or she can use the autonomous driving mode. In one example, the display may visually distinguishing between lanes that are available for auto-drive from those that are not. The display may also include an indicator of the position of a lane (autodrive or not) currently occupied by the vehicle. In addition, if that lane is an autodrive lane the display may include information indicating how much further the vehicle may continue in the autonomous driving mode in that particular lane. The display may also display information indicating the remaining autodrive distance in other lanes as well as the lane with the greatest remaining autodrive distance.

Abstract: A present novel and non-trivial system, device, and method for presenting instrument approach procedure (“IAP”) advisory information to a pilot of an aircraft are disclosed. An advisory generator (“AG”) is programmed to retrieve or receive flight information representative of the current position of the aircraft, a designated airport, and at least one published IAP; weather minima data corresponding to each IAP; and one or more IAP suitability factors from a weather data source, a NOTAM data source, and/or an aircraft performance data source. The AG determines the suitability or availability of each published IAP, disables the pilot's selectability of each unsuitable or unavailable published IAP, and generates advisory data representative of information advising the pilot of the unsuitable or unavailable published IAP(s). Additionally, the AG is programmed to receive a pilot's override of an unsuitable or unavailable published IAP and enable the overridden unsuitable or unavailable IAP.

Abstract: A location of a mobile device in a venue can be estimated by using a state space estimator to determine candidate locations of the mobile device at a first time point based on previous candidate positions conditioned upon an observation of one or more environmental variables. A second observation is received at a second time point, and the state space estimator performs a propagation step to determine the candidate locations at the second time point based on the candidate locations at the first time point and the second observation. The propagation step includes a plurality of sub-propagation steps in which a time length between the sub-propagation steps is a fraction of the time length between the first and second time points, and at each sub-propagation step each candidate location is propagated according to a stochastic process. The location of the mobile device at the second time point is determined based on the candidate locations at the second time point.