Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a memory system, a memory controller, and an operation method of a memory system. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the memory system, before updating a mapping table which includes mapping information between logical addresses and physical addresses, may assign a portion of a map cache area for caching a plurality of map segments in the mapping table as a map update area for updating the mapping table, and may load a subset of the plurality of map segments to the map update area. Accordingly, it is possible to quickly update a mapping table and to optimize update performance for a mapping table within a limit that guarantees caching performance to a predetermined level or higher.

Abstract: Systems and methods for computer memory management by a memory coordinator and a plurality of memory consumers. An urgency and memory quota of each memory consumer is initialized by the memory coordinator, which then adjusts the memory quota of each memory consumer such that the sum of the memory quota of each memory consumer does not exceed a finite amount of computer memory. Each memory consumer adjusts its memory usage in response to the quota input and urgency input from the memory coordinator.

Abstract: A computer includes a memory and a cache holding a part of data stored in the memory in any of a plurality of data regions. In a case of replacing first data of a first data size held in the cache with second data of a second data size larger than the first data size, allocation of data regions of the cache is changed in units of the second data size by referring to a first management list that includes a plurality of first entries that correspond to the plurality of data regions, respectively, for managing priorities of the data regions for each of the plurality of processes, and a second management list that includes a plurality of second entries corresponding to the first entries for a process that uses the first data size, for managing priorities of first data of the first data size held in the data regions.

Abstract: A storage control device, includes a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory and the processor configured to: when receiving a first response that includes first information from a control device, generate a second response that includes second information by converting the first response, transmit, to a host device, the second response, and when detecting that a first recording device is removed from a slot and a second recording device is mounted in the slot, update, by using the first information of the first recording device associated with the second information, the first information of the second recording device.

Abstract: An example method includes identifying, based on a request to write data to a volume provided by storage nodes in a storage node cluster, a cluster hierarchy associated with the storage node cluster, the cluster hierarchy identifying storage characteristics of the storage nodes, wherein the cluster hierarchy is based on data characterizing performance and storage capabilities of the storage nodes; based on the request, selecting a storage node for storing the data in the volume, the selecting being based, at least in part, on the storage characteristics identified by the cluster hierarchy and on one or more data distribution parameters associated with the storage volume; and transmitting the data to the storage node.

Abstract: A programmable semiconductor system includes a programmable integrated circuit (“PIC”) and storage capable of facilitating a multi-boot with backup default configuration (“MBC”) process. The PIC, in one embodiment, includes configurable logic blocks (“LBs”), routing connections, and a configuration memory for performing logic functions. The storage includes a first and a second memory. While the first memory stores a user configuration data representing user-defined logic functions, the second memory stores a backup default page (“BDP”) containing default configuration data (“DCD”) for programming or booting PIC to its default setting when the user configuration data fails to boot or program PIC. In one aspect, the user configuration data contains the address of the second memory containing DCD.

Abstract: A technique of managing virtual volumes includes receiving, by a storage system, instructions to create specified virtual volumes in the storage system, the instructions including virtual volume metadata that identifies virtual machines to which the specified virtual volumes are assigned, and providing a database that associates such virtual volumes with the virtual machines identified by the virtual volume metadata. The technique further includes performing a storage activity on a virtual machine by identifying, from the database, multiple virtual volumes that the database associates with the virtual machine and performing the storage activity on all of the identified virtual volumes together as a group.

Abstract: Systems and methods of mobile database management and sharing are provided which include at least one mobile database and a first electronic circuit in communication with the mobile database. The system segments the mobile database into a plurality of database segments and indexes the plurality of database segments. The system sends one or more of the plurality of database segments to a second electronic circuit over a private secured communication protocol. One or both of the first and second electronic circuit may be housed within one or more mobile devices. Disclosed systems and methods include processing a database sharing request received from at least one mobile device wherein the database sharing request requests sharing of one or more of the plurality of database segments. A mobile device containing a database management and sharing system is also provided which includes a shared mobile database and one or more proxy entities related to the shared mobile database.

Abstract: Techniques for managing a storage system involve flushing a target page in a cache device to a persistent storage device of the storage system. The techniques further involve releasing a resource storing a page descriptor of the target page to a resource pool. The resource pool is configured to provide resources to store page descriptors of pages to be flushed in the cache device. The techniques further involve: if it is determined that an auxiliary descriptor of the target page is located at a tail of a queue of auxiliary descriptors of the pages to be flushed, removing the auxiliary descriptor of the target page from the queue. The auxiliary descriptors of the pages to be flushed are configured to describe the page descriptors of the pages to be flushed. Accordingly, the page flushing performance of the storage system can be improved, thereby improving the input/output performance.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for initialization techniques for memory devices are described. A memory system may include a memory array on a first die and a controller on a second die, where the second die is coupled with the first die. The controller may perform an initialization procedure based on operating instructions stored within the memory system. For example, the controller may read a first set of operating instructions from read-only memory on the second die. The controller may obtain a second set of operating instructions stored at a memory block of the memory array on the first die, with the memory block indicated by the first set of operating instructions. The controller may complete or at least further the initialization procedure based on the second set of operating instructions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a memory system including: a memory device including a plurality of memory blocks; an address management component suitable for generating an address map table by sequentially mapping a logical address of write data to physical addresses of the memory blocks, in response to a write command; and a read/write control component suitable for writing the write data to a super memory block including pages of each of the memory blocks, based on the address map table, wherein the address management component maps a logical address of invalidation data which is designated by a host, to a physical address of a first memory block of the memory blocks in the address map table.

Abstract: An operating method of a host includes receiving a request for secure deletion of a first file stored in a storage system, providing an invalidation command to the storage system for invalidating data of the first file, providing an erase command to the storage system for erasing invalidated data included in the storage system, and performing a deletion operation, which is executable on an operating system of the host, on the first file which is deleted by the erase command.

Abstract: A map-reduce compatible distributed file system that consists of successive component layers that each provide the basis on which the next layer is built provides transactional read-write-update semantics with file chunk replication and huge file-create rates. Containers provide the fundamental basis for data replication, relocation, and transactional updates. A container location database allows containers to be found among all file servers, as well as defining precedence among replicas of containers to organize transactional updates of container contents. Volumes facilitate control of data placement, creation of snapshots and mirrors, and retention of a variety of control and policy information. Also addressed is the use of distributed transactions in a map-reduce system; the use of local and distributed snapshots; replication, including techniques for reconciling the divergence of replicated data after a crash; and mirroring.

Abstract: An operation method of a storage device includes, when receiving a write request for a first namespace among a plurality of namespaces logically divided and recognized by an external host device, determining whether an available space of the first namespace is insufficient; when it is determined that the available space of the first namespace is insufficient, allocating a portion of an available space of a second namespace different from the first namespace from among the plurality of namespaces to a temporary space for the first namespace; transmitting information about a lack of the available space of the first namespace and information about the allocation of the temporary space of the second namespace to the external host device; and storing data corresponding to the write request for the first namespace in the temporary space of the second namespace.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a first memory, a second memory, and a processor configured to: change a data write destination from the first memory to the second memory when a write speed of data on the first memory becomes less than a speed threshold value; and perform an optimization process on the first memory in a state where the data write destination is the second memory, the optimization process optimizing a state of the first memory in such a manner as to restore the write speed of data on the first memory.

Abstract: Systems and methods for garbage collection are disclosed. A garbage collection is triggered in a memory allocation based on a free list and selected amount of free space in an inner closed feedback loop. The free list is determined from a selected memory load and a current memory load as generated from the garbage collection in an outer feedback loop.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for orchestrating operations between a storage environment and a computing environment hosting virtual machines. A virtual machine proxy, associated with a computing environment hosting a virtual machine, is accessed by an orchestrator to identify the virtual machine and properties of the virtual machine. A storage proxy, associated with a storage environment comprising a volume within which snapshots of the virtual machine are to be stored, is accessed by the orchestrator to initialize a backup procedure. The orchestrator utilizes the virtual machine proxy to create a snapshot of the virtual machine. The orchestrator utilizes the storage proxy to back up the snapshot to the volume using the backup procedure.

Abstract: A system detects a request for an access operation relating to an address of a component of a memory sub-system, determines a number of access operations pertaining to the particular address using at least one of a plurality of counters. The plurality of counters comprises an extended counter corresponding to an extended period of time and a recent counter corresponding to a recent period of time. The system assigns an access frequency classification to at least one of the address or the component of the memory sub-system based on the number of access operations pertaining to the particular address.

Abstract: The present technology relates to an electronic device. A memory device having improved metadata management performance according to the present technology includes a training operation controller configured to perform the training operation with a memory controller that controls the memory device, when power is supplied to the memory device, a training buffer configured to store training data used by the training operation controller during the training operation, and a normal operation controller configured to perform the normal operation under control of the memory controller, when the training operation is completed. The normal operation controller outputs the training data stored in the training buffer to the memory controller according to a request of the memory controller during the normal operation.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for dynamic channel mapping for a memory system are described. In one example, the memory system may include a memory device having a first set of pins that are associated with a channel, and a host device, coupled with the memory device, having a second set of pins that are associated with the channel. The host device may include a controller configured to receive signaling from the memory device for a channel mapping operation, determine a channel mapping (e.g., a mapping of pins, a mapping between pins of the channel and information positions of the channel) based at least in part on the received signaling, and communicate information with the memory device via the channel based at least in part on the determined channel mapping.

Abstract: Multipath hosts with the ability to detect path latency, report latency values on paths between the Latency Detecting (LD) host and a set of storage systems. The detected latency values are used by the storage system to create a data structure correlating path information with the detected latency values. When hosts without the ability to detect path latencies (non-LD hosts) connect to the storage systems, the path information about paths used by the non-LD hosts is used to determine reported latency values for paths with similar path information, to generate presumed latency values for the paths used by the non-LD hosts. Where paths used by non-LD hosts have higher latency values, the storage system sets a path attribute value, such as an ALUA state for the path, to signal non-LD hosts to preferentially use paths with lower presumed latency values.

Abstract: A data storage device includes a memory device and a controller coupled to the memory device. The memory device includes a plurality of super devices. The controller is configured to set a free space threshold value for amount of free space that each super device of the plurality of super devices can have, determine that at least one super device of the plurality of super devices is at or above the free space threshold, determine that cold zones are disposed in more than one super device of the plurality of super devices, move data from the cold zones to a first super device of the plurality of super devices wherein after moving the data, all super devices are below the free space threshold, and allocate all new super blocks among the plurality of super devices without allocating any new super blocks to the first super device.

Abstract: A method of performing a migration of a physical extent in a redundant array of independent disks (RAID) storage system with a protection pool of storage units includes identifying a first physical extent of a first physical disk to be migrated to a second physical disk, wherein the first physical extent is associated with an array of physical extents distributed across physical disks of a storage cluster. The method further includes assigning a second physical extent from the second physical disk to the array to replace the first physical extent and migrating data from the first physical extent of the first physical disk to the second physical extent of the second physical disk.

Abstract: An efficient cloning mechanism is provided for a distributed storage environment, where, for example, a private cloud computing environment and a public cloud computing environment are included in a hybrid cloud computing environment (on-premise object storage to off-premise computation resources), to improve computation workloads. The disclosed algorithm forms an efficient cloning mechanism in a hybrid storage environment where the read/write speed of data from the disk is not limited by its angular velocity.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems, methods, and computer-readable media for virtualizing storage resources on non-volatile memory in a way that enables virtual machines on a computing device to efficiently access computing resources across multiple partitions of multiple non-volatile memory devices. For example, systems disclosed herein facilitate establishing a binding (e.g., a physical function, such as a single root input/output virtualization (SR-IOV) or a multi-physical function (MPF)) between the virtual machine(s) and solid state drive (SSD) devices. The systems disclosed herein further involve using a virtual volume manager on an operating system of the virtual machine(s) to implement features and functionality of the virtual machine(s) in accordance with configuration data unique to the virtual machine(s).

Abstract: According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, a computer implemented method includes receiving a query for an amount of storage in memory of a computer system to be donated to a secure interface control of the computer system. The secure interface control can determine the amount of storage to be donated based on a plurality of secure entities supported by the secure interface control as a plurality of predetermined values. The secure interface control can return a response to the query indicative of the amount of storage as a response to the query. A donation of storage to secure for use by the secure interface control can be received based on the response to the query.

Abstract: This disclosure describes techniques that include implementing network-efficient data durability or data reliability coding on a network. In one example, this disclosure describes a method that includes generating a plurality of data fragments from a set of data to enable reconstruction of the set of data from a subset of the plurality of data fragments; storing, across a plurality of nodes in a network, the plurality of data fragments, wherein storing the plurality of data fragments includes storing the first fragment at a first node and the second fragment at a second node; and generating, by the first node, a plurality of secondary fragments derived from the first fragment to enable reconstruction of the first fragment from a subset of the plurality of secondary fragments; and storing the plurality of secondary fragments from the first fragment across a plurality of storage devices included within the first node.

Abstract: A method and system for requesting information from a server are provided. The method may include sending, by a client to a server, an HTTP GET request to retrieve at least a portion of at least one derived data file, the at least one derived data file being dynamically generated by the server in response to the request using a data file virtualization policy and at least a portion of a data file. The data file virtualization policy and the data file may be stored in a storage accessible by the server, and the dynamic generation may comprise an aligned unbuffered direct read operation from the stored data file of a data size that is aligned to an integer multiple of the storage's block size. The at least the portion of the at least one derived data file may then be received by the client from the server.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a processing device configured to initiate, in response to a designated event, monitoring of memory allocation and de-allocation operations associated with a given application, to maintain a memory allocation operation data structure comprising entries each corresponding to a memory allocation operation not having an associated memory de-allocation operation, and to determine whether memory usage of the given application corresponds to any of a set of anomalous memory usage pattern rules based on the memory allocation operation data structure. The processing device is also configured to identify the given application as being a cause of a memory leak responsive to determining that the memory usage of the given application corresponds to one or more of the anomalous memory usage pattern rules, and to perform remedial action for preventing or resolving the memory leak responsive to identifying the given application as being the cause of the memory leak.

Abstract: Occupancy data over time is received for each of several spaces within a building from occupancy sensors that are disposed within each of the spaces. An occupancy value is determined for each of at least some of the several spaces based on the received occupancy data, each occupancy value representative of a percent of time that the respective space was occupied over an identified period of time. The space that had a highest occupancy value over the identified period of time is identified. A utilization value is determined for each of the spaces, wherein the utilization value is representative of a ratio of the occupancy value of the respective space and the highest occupancy value. An operation of the building is changed based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces.

Abstract: A booting method of a computing system, which includes a memory module including a processing device connected to a plurality of memory devices, including: powering up the computing system; after powering up the computing system, performing first memory training on the plurality of memory devices by the processing device in the memory module, and generating a module ready signal indicating completion of the first memory training; after powering up the computing system, performing a first booting sequence by a host device, the host device executing basic input/output system (BIOS) code of a BIOS memory included in the computing system; waiting for the module ready signal to be received from the memory module in the host device after performing the first booting sequence; and receiving the module ready signal in the host device, and performing a second booting sequence based on the module ready signal.

Abstract: An integrated circuit in a transmitter includes a multi-lane interface, N signal generating circuits, a lane selection circuit and a control circuit. The multi-lane interface has N lanes. M of the N signal generating circuits are configured to generate M clock signals respectively. (N-M) of the N signal generating circuits are configured to generate (N-M) data signals respectively. The lane selection circuit is configured to select M of the N lanes as M clock lanes by coupling the M clock signals to the M clock lanes respectively, and couple one of the (N-M) data signals to one of remaining (N-M) lanes, serving as (N-M) data lanes, according to a data select signal. The control circuit is configured to generate a data select signal according to a lane identifier of the one of the (N-M) lanes. The data select signal has a signal value mapping to the lane identifier.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a connected car big data acquisition device, and connected car big data collecting system and method using the device. A connected car big data acquisition device includes: an interface configured to communicate with a device associated with a data production layer and a device associated with a service using layer; a storage configured to store data; and a controller configured to generate preprocessed data based on raw data related to connected cars received from a device associated with a data production layer through a preprocessing process using an integrated platform and to control the preprocessed data to be stored in the storage based on a memory availability ratio of the storage.

Abstract: A data memory system is described, where there may be an asymmetry in the time needed to write or erase data and the time needed to read data. The data may be stored using a RAID data storage arrangement and the reading, writing and erasing operations on the modules arranged such that the erasing and writing operations may be performed without significant latency for performing a read operation. Where a failure of a memory module in the memory system occurs, methods for recovering the data of the failed module are disclosed which may selected in accordance with policies that may relate to the minimizing the possibility of irretrievable data loss, or degradation of latency performance.

Abstract: Examples include selectively adjusting I/O Q-connections between an NVMe controller and a storage device in an NVMe system. In some examples, a utilization time of a host port in an NVMe controller is determined. In response to determining that the utilization time of the host port is lower than a host port utilization threshold and a number of I/O Q-connections at the storage device is less than an I/O Q-connection threshold for the storage device, a candidate list of storage devices is created, each storage devices included in the candidate list having an average service time greater than or equal to an average service time of a host port associated with the storage device. For each storage device included in the candidate list, processing time and I/O block size of I/O requests at the storage device is determined and a number of I/O Q-connections at the storage device is selectively adjusted based on the processing time and I/O block size of I/O requests at the storage device.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a processor includes an instruction decoder to decode a first instruction to gather data elements from memory, the first instruction having a first operand specifying a first storage location and a second operand specifying a first memory address storing a plurality of data elements. The processor further includes an execution unit coupled to the instruction decoder, in response to the first instruction, to read contiguous a first and a second of the data elements from a memory location based on the first memory address indicated by the second operand, and to store the first data element in a first entry of the first storage location and a second data element in a second entry of a second storage location corresponding to the first entry of the first storage location.

Abstract: By way of example, a data storage system may comprise, a non-transitory storage device storing data blocks in chunks, and a storage logic coupled to the non-transitory storage device that manages storage of data on the storage device. The storage logic is executable to receive a data stream for storage in a non-transitory storage device, the data stream including one or more data blocks, analyze the data stream to determine a domain, retrieve a pre-configured reference set based on the domain, and deduplicate the one or more data blocks of the data stream using the pre-configured reference set.

Abstract: A data storage system includes non-volatile data storage including a container partition and a browsable partition and control circuitry configured to backup a file in the non-volatile data storage at least in part by receiving the file from a host, the file including a plurality of chunks of data, storing the plurality of chunks of data in the browsable partition of the non-volatile data storage, determining that one or more of the plurality of chunks has been modified, storing the one or more modified chunks in a container partition of the non-volatile data storage, determining a new chunk associated with each of the one or more modified chunks, and storing the one or more new chunks in the browsable partition of the non-volatile data storage.

Abstract: Features are disclosed for forecasting a usage of a block storage volume with a first configuration by a user. A computing device can forecast the usage of the block storage volume based on the historical usage of the block storage volume by the user. The computing device can determine additional potential configurations of the block storage volume. The computing device can further simulate the additional potential configurations of the block storage volume based on the forecasted usage of the block storage volume. The additional potential configurations may include a volume type, a volume size, or other volume characteristics. Based on the simulations of the additional potential configurations, the computing device may determine a recommended configuration. The computing device can dynamically modify the block storage volume based on the recommended configuration of the block storage volume.

Abstract: Techniques for differential overbooking on a cloud database. These techniques may include determining a reservation amount of a multi-tenant resource for a first service of a based upon an overbooking characteristic of the first service, and determining that a total usage value of the multi-tenant resource by a plurality of services is greater than a threshold value. In addition, the techniques may include determining a service usage value of the multi-tenant resource by the first service, determining a first overage value of the first service based on the service usage value and the reservation amount, and performing a resource reclamation process over the multi-tenant resource based on the first overage value of the first service.

Abstract: Techniques to manage storage spaces involve: determining an allocation rate of a storage pool based on a size of a storage space of the storage pool and sizes of allocated spaces for file systems from the storage space; determining a threshold allocation rate of the storage pool based on the size of the storage space of the storage pool; in accordance with a determination that the allocation rate of the storage pool is greater than the threshold allocation rate, determining a target file system from the file systems based on sizes of unused portions of the allocated spaces for the file systems; and releasing an unused portion of an allocated space for the target file system. Accordingly, the efficiency of space release of a storage system can be improved and the adverse impact of the space release process on the performance of the storage system can be reduced.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for storage management comprising: receiving capacity information within a predetermined time period from a plurality of storage in a first appliance pool and a second appliance pool, each having a plurality of storage systems; tracking a first capacity limit of the first storage system in the first appliance pool based on the capacity information; performing a first capacity prediction of the first storage system based on the tacked result of the first storage system, wherein the first capacity prediction indicating when the first storage system will be out of space based on the capacity information and the tracked result; generating a first recommendation indicating when an extra capacity of the first storage system should be added based on one or more attributes including the first capacity prediction; and presenting the first recommendation with one or more options.

Abstract: A memory controller includes: a block manager for allocating a plurality of partial super blocks each including partial blocks in different memory blocks; and an operation controller for controlling a plurality of memory devices to perform, in parallel, a program operation of sequentially storing data in physical pages in each of the partial blocks in a partial super block selected from the plurality of partial super blocks. Each of the plurality of partial super blocks includes partial blocks in memory blocks having different numbers of physical pages having an erase state.

Abstract: Techniques for cache management involve accessing, when a first data block to be accessed is missing in a first cache, the first data block from a storage device storing the first data block; selecting, when the first cache is full and based on a plurality of parameters associated with a plurality of eviction policies, an eviction policy for evicting a data block in the first cache from the plurality of eviction policies, the plurality of parameters indicating corresponding possibilities that the plurality of eviction policies are selected; evicting a second data block in the first cache to a second cache based on the selected eviction policy, the second cache being configured to record the data block evicted from the first cache; and caching the accessed first data block in the first cache. Such techniques can improve the cache hit rate, thereby improving the access performance of a system.

Abstract: Systems and methods for replacing and testing a data storage device are disclosed. In disclosed embodiments, a system including a data storage array (DSA) including a plurality of data storage devices (DSDs) in an enclosure. The system further includes an I/O server coupling the DSA to a client node and configured to provide data access between the client node and the DSA. The system further includes a management server coupled to the DSA, configured to detect a failed DSD in the DSA, detect a replacement DSD in the enclosure that replaces the failed DSD, and add the replacement DSD to a logical path of the DSA. The management server is further configured to display an indication of a state of the DSA based on the comparing.

Abstract: A computer device reads an indicator from a configuration file that identifies a granularity of units of data at which to track validity. The granularity is one of a plurality of granularities ranging from one unit of data to many units of data. The computer device generates a machine-readable file configured to cause a processing device of a memory system to track validity at the identified granularity using a plurality of data validity counters with each data validity counter in the plurality of data validity counters tracking validity of a group of units of data at the identified granularity. The computer device transfers the machine-readable file to a memory of the memory system.

Abstract: A pre-training apparatus and method for reinforcement learning based on a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is provided. GAN includes a generator and a discriminator. The method comprising receiving training data from a real environment where the training data includes a data slice corresponding to a first state-reward pair and a first state-action pair, training the GAN using the training data, training a relations network to extract a latent relationship of the first state-action pair with the first state-reward pair in a reinforcement learning context, causing the generator trained with training data to generate first synthetic data, processing a portion of the first synthetic data in the relations network to generate a resulting data slice, merging the second state-action pair portion of the first synthetic data with the second state-reward pair from the relations network to generate second synthetic data to update a policy for interaction with the real environment.

Abstract: A memory system uses a dynamic RAID scheme to dynamically encode RAID address space geometries. The dynamic RAID scheme solves issues with the algorithmic layout approach and flat virtual address space used in conventional RAID systems. The dynamic RAID scheme can be used for any RAID algorithm and does not require static mapping. In other words, there is no requirement that each strip be located in the same relative location in memory devices and there is no requirement that stripes use the same combination of memory devices.

Abstract: A method is used in managing deduplication characteristics in a storage system. Deduplication entries stored in a deduplication cache are categorized into a set of deduplication groups based on a data deduplication probability associated with the deduplication entries. A machine learning system is used to dynamically adjust deduplication characteristics associated with the set of deduplication groups based on an I/O workload associated with the storage system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of a device for resource management by using a hierarchy of resource management techniques with dynamic resource policies is described. The device terminates several misbehaving application programs when available memory on the device is running low. Each of those misbehaving application programs consumes more memory space than a memory consumption limit assigned to the application program. If available memory on the device is still low after terminating those misbehaving application programs, the device further sends memory pressure notifications to all application programs. If available memory on the device is still running low after sending the memory pressure notifications, the device further terminates background, idle, and suspended application programs. The device further terminates foreground application programs when available memory on the device is still low after terminating the background, idle, and suspended application programs.