Abstract: Mechanical presses adapted for forming processes. In one implementation the mechanical press includes two dies adapted for forming a piece, a motor, a crankshaft attached to the motor, a crank-connecting rod mechanism that attaches one of the dies to the crankshaft, and at least one lubricating bearing fixed to the crank-connecting rod mechanism. In one implementation the lubricating bearing comprises on an inner surface, a first area adapted for lubricating the crankshaft in a hydrostatic and a second area arranged substantially opposite to the first area adapted for lubricating the lubricating bearing in a hydrodynamic mode.

Abstract: A method of making a compensation shaft (1) out of a drop-forged shaft blank (11) is provided. The compensation shaft includes a shaft section (5) with a base body (16) and a rib (15) with a height H starting from the base body. The method includes separating the forging ridges (14) formed in the die (9, 10) by trimming the forged shaft blank into a shape close to the final contour of the base body at trimming points, with the distance S2 between these trimming points being substantially smaller than the distance S1 between the forging ridges prior to separation.

Abstract: A die apparatus for forging a steering rack from a bar. The die apparatus comprises a first and a second bolster movable towards each other, and at least one gripper adapted to grip the bar as the rack is forged. The gripper comprises first and second gripper halves carried by, and movable relative to, the first and second bolsters respectively. A gripper bias means biases the gripper halves towards each other. As the bolsters move towards each other to forge the rack, the first gripper half abuts against the first bolster, and the second gripper half abuts the second bolster.

Abstract: A mold for plastic forming having excellent seizure resistance controlled by adjusting its surface properties. In addition, a process producing the mold, that includes: roughening a surface of a base material by a shot blast method to adjust its arithmetic averaged roughness Ra: higher than 1 ?m but 2 ?m or lower; polishing the surface of the base material to adjust its skewness Rsk to 0 or lower while retaining Ra: 0.3 ?m or higher; and forming a hard film on the surface of the base material where the surface of the hard film has an arithmetic averaged roughness Ra: 0.3 ?m or higher but 2 ?m or lower and skewness Rsk: 0 or lower. Adjusting the surface of the mold to have a non-concave-biased configuration, limits the capacity for concaves to accumulate lubricant, such that the lubricant is sufficiently deposited on the surfaces of the convexes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a brazing preform. The preform is made utilizing a brazing preform member having a first shaped end and a second shaped end. The first and second shaped ends are mated in a friction fit without any welding to provide the brazing preform.

Abstract: A tool for rammer die-cutting an annular part is disclosed. The tool includes a lower insert holder with a lower die cooperating with an upper insert holder and an upper die. Both dies include a die-cutting annular recess. The tool further includes a guiding device for guiding the part, restricting side shifts of the part while the part is lifted from the lower die. More particularly, the guiding device includes a column projecting from the lower die. The tool enables one to control the rebounding of a part and prevents it from turning upside down.

Abstract: After a rod-like titanium material 20 is accommodated in a generally linear-shaped groove 13 of a first mold 7, a first guide portion 15 of a second mold 8 is fitted to the groove 13. Thereafter, the first mold 7 is moved along an arrow A direction relative to the second mold 8 fixed to an anchor block, by which the titanium material 20 substantially immovably retained in the groove 13 of the first mold 7 is bent and pushed into a through hole 24 of the second mold 8 by the first guide portion 15, thus being plastically deformed.

Abstract: A method of forming a bimetallic forging includes providing a blank comprising at least a first element and a second element of a first metal, and an insert of a second metal. A blank is configured such that the insert may be substantially encapsulated by a shell defined by the first element and the second element. The blank is forged to form a bimetallic forging including an outer portion defined by the shell, an inner portion defined by the insert, and an interface layer therebetween. In a non-limiting example, the first metal is substantially comprised of aluminum and the second metal is substantially comprised of magnesium. In a non-limiting example, the blank may be forged to form a vehicle wheel including an aluminum skin substantially encapsulating a magnesium inner portion, providing wheel with a high strength to weight ratio and improved corrosion performance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mixer bar for a stabilizer/recycler, having an attachment side that comprises an attachment surface for mounting on a drum surface, and having a tool holder receptacle. A mixer bar of this kind can be configured in wear- and strength-optimized fashion, with little production outlay, if provision is made that the mixer bar is embodied as a forged part and has a cross-sectional profile that varies at least locally transversely to the tool feed direction.

Abstract: A forging tool for precision forging of components of intermetallic or high-temperature stable phases with high yield stresses and shapeable at temperatures up to 1400° C. is made of graphite with a low-melting metal or a low-melting metal alloy infiltrated into its open-pored cavities, where metal carbides are created by heat treatment and form with the graphite a two-phase material hardened by subsequent quenching. The tool features high strength thanks to the yield stress increasing as the temperature increases at forging temperatures up to 1400° C., and is oxidation-resistant. It is electrically conductive, and has a low heat capacity, so that rapid inductive heating of the tool involving only low energy expenditure, short forging cycles and an inexpensive isothermic shaping process are possible. It has good lubrication properties, low wear and low manufacturing costs.

Abstract: The invention relates to a forming tool, in particular a kneading tool, which has a base body (12?), in which at least one forming element (21) is disposed, inclined at a first angle of inclination (?1) to a central axis (M) of the deformation tool (12), which results in the determination of an inlet chamfer (S) of the forming element (12).

Abstract: A gear device which has a shaft member including a gear portion and a shaft portion formed consecutively and integrally with the gear portion; and a fitting member that may be fitted into the shaft portion of the shaft member, wherein, in the shaft member, at least the gear portion may be formed by a plastic working, a guard portion protruding from a addendum circle of the gear portion to an outer side in the radial direction may be formed in an end portion of a shaft portion side of an axial direction of the gear portion, and the movement in the axial direction of the fitting member may be restricted by the guard portion.

Abstract: A hoist ring assembly includes an anchor subassembly with bushing, retainer and threaded fastener elements, and a loop subassembly with a lifting loop and pair of pin elements. The assembly is adapted such that the lifting loop is rotatable through a 360-degree angle about a major axis, and pivotable through at least 180-degree angle about a minor axis. The assembly can be rapidly assembled or disassembled, and incorporates one or more components which may be substantially fabricated by way of forging operation, particularly the retainer member.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a diffuser comprises a first process of forming a first molded component, by gradually forging a cylindrical solid material having fiber flow extending in an axial direction from an axial direction thereof, the first molded component including a flange section having a central hole section, and a bottomed cylindrical section having a communication hole leading to one end, in the axial direction, of the flange, and communicating with the hole section, and having fiber flow that is flowing substantially in the axial direction without being cut, and a second process of forming a second molded component, by split molding a peripheral groove using split dies at the outer periphery of the bottomed cylindrical section of the first molded component, including a flange having a central hole section, and a bottomed cylindrical section having a communication hole leading to one end, in the axial direction, of the flange, and communicating with the hole section, and having the peripheral groove

Abstract: Provided is a swaging apparatus for smoothly swaging a can of a rechargeable battery by absorbing excessive load above a predetermined level between a rod of a driving part and a collet of a driven part. A swaging apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment includes a collet housing for swaging a can including an electrode assembly, a collet for swaging an opening of the can inserted in the collet housing, a shock-absorbing part disposed in the collet housing and connected to the collet, and a rod connected to the shock-absorbing part to transmit a swaging load to the collet through the shock-absorbing part.

Abstract: A ball joint 10 includes a first member 12 having a ball section 14 and a second member 15 having a socket 16. Ball section 14 is accommodated and supported inside socket 16. A pair of dies 20, 30 sandwich a wall 18 surrounding an opening 17 of the socket 16, and are configured to approach each other gradually, utilizing small repetitive vibrations that include an approaching and separating action, thereby intermittently pressing the wall in an inward radial direction. During each interval of the intermittent pressing action, a supporting and rotating device 40 rotates socket 16 (second member 15) in small increments about a central axis C2 of socket 16. Consequently, dies 20 and 30 successively press against a multitude of points on the circumference of the outer surface of wall 18 of the socket, thereby bending wall 18 inward so as to reduce the diameter thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of magnesium and magnesium alloy processing, and discloses a use of aluminum-zirconium-carbon (Al—Zr—C) intermediate alloy in wrought processing of magnesium and magnesium alloys, wherein the aluminum-zirconium-carbon intermediate alloy has a chemical composition of: 0.01% to 10% Zr, 0.01% to 0.3% C, and Al in balance, based on weight percentage; the wrought processing is plastic molding; and the use is to refine the grains of magnesium or magnesium alloys. The present invention further discloses the method for using the aluminum-zirconium-carbon (Al—Zr—C) intermediate alloy in casting and rolling magnesium and magnesium alloys. The present invention provides an aluminum-zirconium-carbon (Al—Zr—C) intermediate alloy and the use thereof in the plastic wrought processing of magnesium or magnesium alloys as a grain refiner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of magnesium and magnesium alloy processing, and discloses the use of aluminum-zirconium-titanium-carbon (Al—Zr—Ti—C) intermediate alloy in wrought processing of magnesium and magnesium alloys, wherein the aluminum-zirconium-titanium-carbon intermediate alloy has a chemical composition of: 0.01% to 10% Zr, 0.01% to 10% Ti, 0.01% to 0.3% C, and Al in balance, based on weight percentage; the wrought processing is plastic molding; and the use is to refine the grains of magnesium or magnesium alloys. The present invention further discloses the method for using the aluminum-zirconium-titanium-carbon (Al—Zr—Ti—C) intermediate alloy in casting and rolling magnesium and magnesium alloys. The present invention provides an aluminum-zirconium-titanium-carbon (Al—Zr—Ti—C) intermediate alloy and the use thereof in the plastic wrought processing of magnesium or magnesium alloys as a grain refiner.

Abstract: Provided is a manufacturing method for a tripod type constant velocity universal joint including: an outer joint member having an inner peripheral surface provided with: three track grooves extending in an axial direction; and roller-guide surfaces extending in the axial direction on both sides of each of the three track grooves; a tripod member including three journals each projected into a radial direction; and a roller unit supported rotatably around each of the three journals of the tripod member and inserted rollably in each of the three track grooves of the outer joint member, the manufacturing method including, when forging a raw-shaped material corresponding to each of the three journals into a journal shape with use of a molding surface of a die, under a state in which a relief portion is provided on a raw-shaped-material-leading-end-side of the die, molding an outer peripheral surface of the raw-shaped material into a projected round shape with use of a tapered surface formed on the molding surface

Abstract: A method and apparatus for manufacturing a legged annular member. In one aspect, a work member is formed from a ring-like raw material, and has an annular part and an outer wall part, which is formed from a leg part and a connecting part. The connecting part is removed from the work member to form an intermediate legged annular member having an annular part and a leg part. An inner diameter of the leg part of the intermediate legged annular member is expanded while a burr is removed to form a carrier, which serves as a legged annular member. Therefore, the number of manufacturing processes until completion of the carrier can be reduced, compared to performing separate processes to expand the diameter of the leg part and remove the burr. Thus, it is possible to shorten the period of time needed for completion of the carrier.

Abstract: A system is configured for forming a flange at an end of a tube. The system includes a collar configured to receive the tube. A first roller engages the collar and a second roller is configured to cooperate with the first roller to rotate the collar and the tube. A rotatable cam is disposed about the second roller and includes a cam surface configured to bend the end of the tube to thereby form the flange. The collar may be configured to restrict axial movement of the tube relative to the collar. Additionally or alternatively, the collar may be configured to restrict rotational movement of the tube relative to the collar.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including an apparatus that is a rail anchor comprising a head, a tail, and a belly section. The belly section comprises a top surface, a bottom surface, and two side surfaces. Each side surface comprises a contact-bearing surface area. The head comprises a bend along a length of the head. The tail comprises a notch. Each contact-bearing surface area has a surface area of at least 3 square inches and is adapted to extend at least 1.5 inches downward from the top of a railroad track crosstie along a side of the railroad track crosstie.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for forming golf club head using metal injection molding and the resulting golf club head. The method of the invention allows for a lower volume of powdered metal than current metal injection molding processes thereby decreasing overall production cost.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for radially expanding a container body, comprising the steps of: i) providing a cylindrical container body having a longitudinal weld seam; ii) providing the container body at least one end with a flange; iii) clamping the container body circumferentially at the flange in a suspended state; and iv) radially expanding the suspended and clamped body from the clamped body end towards the suspended body end, to an apparatus therefore and to the container body and container.

Abstract: The present invention is a press forging method by which porosities in a raw material are removed and mechanical properties such as ductility and toughness of a steel product are at a required level in a case that a steel ingot is treated as a raw material in press forging. A cylindrical steel ingot (a so-called “round billet”) is set onto a die as a raw material, and, a forging process is applied to the steel ingot so that buckling of the steel is not generated during the forging process and that a reduction ratio and a forging ratio are more than predetermined values, respectively.

Abstract: A forging method and forging apparatus able to improve a dimensional precision of a forged article and able to reduce the machining processes to a minimum and thereby reduce costs are provided. That is, a forging method placing a workpiece inside of a die, pressing the workpiece by a top part of the die in the axial direction toward the bottom part side of the die, and making the material of the end face of the workpiece flow to form the end face of the workpiece into a recessed/projecting shape, which forging method characterized by using independent pressing and holding means for pressing and holding the workpiece in the axial direction independent for the top part and the bottom part at the time of the press forming.

Abstract: A Moineau style stator includes a stator tube having a plurality of rigid helical lobes formed on an inner surface thereof. The helical lobes define a major internal tube diameter that is greater than a pass through diameter of the tube such that the major diameter undercuts the pass through diameter of the tube. A major liner diameter may also be less than the pass through diameter so as to provide a suitable interference fit between rotor and stator.

Abstract: There are provided a wheel having excellent mechanical strength in spite of being lightweight, and a method of manufacturing the wheel. The present invention provides a wheel (100) including a disk portion (6), an outer rim portion (7), and an inner rim portion (8). The wheel (100) includes an aluminum portion (22) made of an aluminum alloy and a magnesium portion (21) made of a magnesium alloy, with the aluminum portion and magnesium portion being integrated by joining utilizing forging.

Abstract: A sputtering target manufactured by die forging is provided. It is characterized in that an average crystal grain size D at a portion where an average crystal grain size is the largest and an average crystal grain size d at a portion where an average crystal grain size is the smallest are related as 1.0<D/d<2.0. Further provided is a method capable of constantly manufacturing a sputtering target excellent in characteristics by improving and elaborating forging and heat treatment processes to render a crystal size fine and uniform, and a sputtering target excellent in quality obtained by this method.

Abstract: Provided are a forging method, a forged-product molding apparatus, and a tripod type constant velocity universal joint which contribute to reduction of shear drop and avoidance of an increase in processing load generated through contact of a leading end surface of a shaft portion and dies even when an excessively-heavy raw material is mixed so that a life of the die can be prolonged. After molding a product-to-be-preliminarily-molded to form a preliminarily molded product (20A) as a material, the preliminarily molded product (20A) is put into a full-enclosed forging die (30) so that a product is molded with the full-enclosed forging die (30).

Abstract: Provided are a forging method and a full-enclosed forging die which contribute to alleviation of an enclosing force applied to dies and in which a relatively small enclosing apparatus can be used even with respect to larger-sized products. Further, provided is a tripod type constant velocity universal joint using a tripod member molded with such a full-enclosed forging die. Using a full-enclosed forging die including openable/closable dies (11, 12) and punches (14, 15) for pressing a material between the dies (11, 12), a product (tripod member) (16) including a boss portion (18) and shaft portions (17) protruded radially from the boss portion (18) is molded.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a tubular member having a non-constant thickness by ironing at least a portion of the tubular material. The ironing apparatus can have a punch and a die, and the die can have a convex and concave side surface opposing the punch. The method can include bending an axial end portion of the tubular material to form a bent portion. The tubular material can then axially engage the die at the bent portion, and then the punch can be moved relative to the die to iron at least a portion of the tubular material.

Abstract: A flanged housing member is formed using a forming method and a forming device from a forming material having a pre-flanged forming portion 2 is disposed at one end of a trunk portion 1. The entire external surface of the flanged housing member can be ironed with a sufficient degree of precision without mechanical machining. The forming material is held on one of a first die having an external forming surface and a second die having an internal forming surface. A sizing process is performed to at least form an internal surface of the trunk portion using the first and second dies. The pre-flanged forming portion is sandwiched and pressed between the first die and a flange-forming die to form a flange portion on the end of the trunk portion.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a bipolar plate includes a wall area and a landing area defining a fluid flow channel, and a plurality of wires extending from at least one of the landing area and the wall area. In another embodiment, an electrochemical cell includes the aforementioned bipolar plate and a gas diffusion layer (GDL) adjacent the bipolar plate and contacting at least a portion of the plurality of wires.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) for forming an article by forging. The apparatus comprises at least one die (12) having a die cavity (14) to receive material, said material (16) being at least partially molten, and at least one punch (20) adapted to slidably engage the die cavity and to exert a forming pressure on material disposed in the cavity. There is also at least one pin (24) for forming an article feature. The pin is adapted to slidably engage the die and to contact the material, the pin being further adapted to recede upon exertion of the forming pressure and to exert a feature forming pressure when receded and thereby form the article (30) having the article feature when the material solidifies under the forming pressure.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a steel plate-shaped component which can increase the yield and the working efficiency. When a steel plate-shaped component (1) such as a pole parking is manufactured, a steel disk-shaped initial material (10) is vertically placed in a cavity (41) of a dice (40) of a cold forging die so that the thickness direction of the initial material (10) is perpendicular to a pressing direction. The initial material (10) is pressed through cold forging against the peripheral side portion (11) by a punch (42) while the initial thickness of the initial material (10) is maintained substantially as it is, whereby an approximate component (20) approximating the plate-shaped component (1) is obtained. Subsequently, a margin portion (25) of the approximate component (20) is removed, whereby a half-finished product (30) is obtained.

Abstract: The invention describes a method of compacting the surface of a sintered part (2), whereby a sintered part (2) is moved in a die (1) along an axis (3) in a pressing direction (20) through several die portions (7, 8, 9) from a first die portion (7) at a first die orifice (6) into a last die portion (9), and a wall surface (16) of each die portion (7, 8, 9) forms at least one pressing surface (18) against which a contact surface (17) formed by an external surface (12) of the sintered part (2) is pressed, and an internal contour (25) defined by the pressing surface (18) lying in a cross-section by reference to the axis (3) at least approximately corresponds to an external contour (26) defined by the contact surface (17).

Abstract: Oxygen gas passage forming grooves are formed on a positive electrode-side separator. A pair of side walls are formed integrally with each flat wall of the separator. The side walls extend from the side edges of the flat wall. The side walls extend such that the space in between the side walls decreases toward the positive electrode layer. Bottom walls are formed integrally with the flat walls such that each bottom wall connects the upper ends of adjacent side walls to each other. The bottom walls contact the positive electrode layer. A belt-like groove is formed in the inner surface of each flat wall that faces the oxygen gas passage forming grooves. The belt-like groove is located in the center of the widthwise direction of the flat wall. When the belt-like grooves are formed, the width of each flat wall is increased so that the corresponding side walls are inclined relative to the flat wall. The belt-like groove increases the volume of the oxygen gas passage forming groove.

Abstract: A top cap is provided for a bicycle handlebar stem. The top cap includes a cap body, which has a lower portion forming a fitting cylinder of a reduced diameter and a radially expanding circumferential shoulder atop the fitting cylinder. A barrel extends from a bottom of the fitting cylinder. The barrel forms a downward-facing hollow blind hole. The cap body forms a bolt head hole extending therethrough and coaxial with and communicating the blind hole. The barrel forms slits, which define a tightening section.

Abstract: A method for producing a piston for internal combustion engines includes the following steps: a first part is pre-fabricated by hot forging and a recess which has an undercut is formed in the first part during pre-fabrication by forming on the first part a projection, to which projection a lateral force is applied to form the undercut; a second part is pre-fabricated by hot forging and a projection is formed on this second part whose dimensions are matched to the dimensions of the recess; the two parts are joined together so that the projection on one part engages in the recess in the other part; and a compressive force is applied to the two parts which is sufficiently large and so aligned that the material of the projection on one part flows into the recess in the other part and completely fills it to connect the parts by positive fit.

Abstract: A method of making a multiple alloy, multi-section welded turbine rotor includes providing a forged multiple alloy rotor section having an integral microstructure, the rotor section comprising a first alloy having a first alloy composition and second alloy having a second alloy composition, a first weld face comprising the first alloy on a first end and an a second weld face comprising the second alloy on an opposed second end. The method also includes providing a first rotor section comprising the first alloy composition and a second rotor section comprising the second alloy composition. The method also includes welding the first rotor section to the first weld face and welding the second rotor section to the second weld face.

Abstract: A cutting wheel for a grinder pump includes in one embodiment a monolithic disc-shaped base portion having a bottom surface having a plurality of integrally formed spaced-apart, downwardly-depending cutting elements disposed adjacent the peripheral edge of the disc-shaped based portion. In another embodiment, a cutting wheel for a grinder pump includes a monolithic disc-shaped base portion having a bottom surface having a plurality of integrally formed spaced-apart, downwardly-depending cutting elements disposed adjacent the peripheral edge of the disc-shaped based portion, and a plurality of integrally formed downwardly-depending paddle elements spaced-apart from the cutting elements.

Abstract: A housing for electronic device, comprising: a metal substrate, the substrate having a bonding surface, a peripheral edge, and a ridge protruding from the peripheral edge and surrounding the bonding surface; a soft layer soft to the touch, the soft layer having an edge; and an adhesive layer located between the bonding surface of the substrate and the soft layer, thereby bonding the soft layer to the substrate, the ridge of the substrate blocking the edge of the soft layer. A method for making the present housing is also provided.

Abstract: The invention is to provide a method for planishing a sealed end of a pipe body for making a heat pipe. According to a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, the sealed end of the pipe body is fixed within a female mold. Then, a male mold is inserted into the pipe body. By use of the male mold, the sealed end of the pipe body with respect to the female mold is stamped to form a planished surface at the sealed end of the pipe body. Whereby after the heat pipe is finished, an electronic device is capable of being mounted on the planished surface at the sealed end of the heat pipe.

Abstract: In a method or system for simultaneously forging parts, a forging die is provided with a bottom part and a top part, the forging die having a first forging cavity, a second forging cavity surrounding the first forging cavity, and a connecting opening between the first forging cavity and the second forging cavity. A billet is placed in a lower portion of at least one of the first forging cavity, the second forging cavity, and the connecting opening, and then with a forging press, the forging die is closed so that the die bottom part and die upper part approach one another to cause material of the billet to spread throughout the first forging cavity, the connecting opening, and the second forging cavity. The forging die is opened and a resulting unified forging part is removed formed of a first forging part, a second forging part, and a connecting region. The first forging part and the second forging part are separated at the connecting region.

Abstract: A hardmetal composite used as wear-resistant surfaces and inlays in earth-engaging equipment includes more than one hardphase. At least one hardphase has a high average particle size, for example, from 100 ?m to 2000 ?m. The hardphases vary in terms of particle size, hardness, and binder content, and at least one hardphase includes a particulate constituent capable of plastic deformation that comprises at least 1% residual porosity.

Abstract: A method for imaging an implantable device is described. The method may include positioning an implantable device within a patient. Ultrasonic energy may be transmitted toward the implantable device. The returning ultrasonic energy may be analyzed to determine a first characteristic of the implantable device. A method for manufacturing an implantable device is also described. The method may include selecting a first size dimension for a plurality of ultrasonically visible portions. The method may further include selecting a first spacing dimension for the plurality of ultrasonically visible portions. An implantable device may be formed. The plurality of ultrasonically visible portions may be formed into the first outer surface. An implantable device is also described. The implantable device may include a first outer surface. The first outer surface may include a first ultrasonically visible portion having a first size dimension.

Abstract: A double closed hydraulic mould stand is provided, which includes an up bottom plate (1), a down bottom plate (21), an up mould plate (8), a down mould plate (20), four guide sleeves (42), four guide columns (45), and a four mechanical linkage velocity ratio mechanism. The four guide sleeves (42) and the four guide columns (45) are distributed symmetrically and slidingly fit each other. An up piston cylinder, a down piston cylinder, an up bed piece (11), a down bed piece (31), an up concave mould seat (15), a down concave mould seat, an up concave mould (16), and a down concave mould (33) are fixed at the up bottom plate and the down bottom plate. An up pin-lift (3), a down pin-lift (24), an up punch pin seat (4), a down punch pin seat (22), an up punch pin (38), and a down punch pin (36) form an up piston and a down piston respectively. The up piston cylinder and the down piston cylinder have a split combined structure, which is convenient for manufacturing, installation, and maintenance.

Abstract: A method for forming a patterned modified metal layer is disclosed, which comprises the following steps: (A) providing a metal base which is in the form of either a bulk metal or a metal coated substrate, and a mold with patterns; (B) applying the mold onto the metal base to transfer the patterns of the mold to the metal surface; (C) removing the mold; and (D) modifying the whole metal base or the, surface and a certain depth beneath the surface of metal base to form a modified metal layer with designated patterns.

Abstract: A method for forming a stepped shaft includes: forming a billet of a predetermined mass; heating the billet; cross-wedge rolling the billet to form an intermediate workpiece having a first cylindrical portion and a second cylindrical portion that are axially spaced apart by a neck that is smaller in diameter than the first and second cylindrical portions; and performing at least one upset forging operation on the end of the intermediate workpiece to enlarge the first cylindrical portion such that in at least one location its diameter is larger than a diameter of any other portion of the stepped shaft and larger than a diameter of the billet.