Abstract: A fabrication method of nanoparticles is provided. A substrate having a plurality of pillar structures is provided and then a plurality of ring structures is formed to surround the plurality of the pillar structures. The inner wall of each ring structure surrounds the sidewall of each pillar structure. A portion of each pillar structure is removed to reduce the height of each pillar structure and to expose the inner wall of each ring structure. The ring structures are separated from the pillar structures to form a plurality of nanoparticles. Surface modifications are applied to the ring structures before the ring structures are separated from the pillar structures on the substrate.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, and method are provided for a lateral two-terminal nanotube device configured to capture and generate energy, to store electrical energy, and to integrate these functions with power management circuitry. The lateral nanotube device can include a substrate, an anodic oxide material disposed on the substrate, and a column disposed in the anodic oxide material extending from one distal end of the anodic oxide material to another end of the anodic oxide material. The lateral nanotube device further can include a first material disposed within the column, and a second material disposed within the column. The first material fills a distal end of the column and gradiently decreases towards another distal end of the column along inner walls of the column. The second material fills the another distal end of the column and gradiently decreases towards the distal end of the column within the first material.

Abstract: A method of culturing tissue comprises growing tissue forming cells whilst subjecting the tissue forming cells to mechanical stresses which are generated magnetically.

Abstract: A substrate for promoting growth of chondrocytes to repair articular cartilage is disclosed. The substrate comprises a polymeric material comprising aligned and nano-sized surface structures. An associated method is disclosed.

Abstract: A chromonic compound represented by one of the following general structures: wherein each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of electron donating groups, electron withdrawing groups, and electron neutral groups, R3 is selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted heteroaromatic rings and substituted and unsubstituted heterocyclic rings, said rings being linked to the triazine group through a nitrogen atom within the ring of R3, and M+ is a noble or transition metal cation.