Abstract: Apparatus for C-arm calibration for 3D reconstruction in an imaging system comprising an imaging source and an imaging plane, and utilizing a planar transformation for relating voxels in a voxel space and pixels in the imaging plane, comprises data storage apparatus for storing a definition of a source coordinate system in reference to the imaging source; data storage apparatus for storing a definition of a normal plane in the voxel space, not including the origin of the source coordinate system and being substantially normal to an optical axis from the source to the imaging plane; data storage apparatus for storing a definition of a relationship between the source coordinate system and another coordinate system, herein referred to as a world coordinate system, by transformation parameters; apparatus for identifying pixel location coordinates for a respective pixel corresponding to each voxel in the normal plane by utilizing planar to planar transformation parameters; data storage apparatus for storing a valu

Abstract: A C-arm calibration method for 3D reconstruction in an imaging system comprising an imaging source and an imaging plane, utilizes a planar transformation for relating voxels in a voxel space and pixels in the imaging plane, and comprises the steps of defining a source coordinate system in reference to the imaging source; defining first and second normal planes in the voxel space, the planes being parallel to one another, neither including the origin of the source coordinate system and being substantially normal to an optical axis from the source to the imaging plane; defining a relationship between the source coordinate system and another coordinate system, herein referred to as a world coordinate system, by a rotation parameter, identifying pixel location coordinates for a respective pixel corresponding to each voxel in each of the first and second normal planes by utilizing the rotation parameter, storing a value of a filtered image at the respective pixel location; and accumulating contributions correspond

Abstract: A DRAM unit cell is disclosed which comprises a trench capacitor having a signal electrode, a bit line, a planar active word line overlapping the trench capacitor and a planar FET having a main conducting path coupled between the signal electrode of the trench capacitor and the bit line and a gate electrode formed by the active word line.

Abstract: In the manufacture of CMOS devices, the n+ gate is partially counterdoped with boron to produce a modified p-type FET that has improved short channel effects, reduced gate induced drain leakage and gate oxide fields for improved reliability. A doped polysilicon layer is formed over a silicon or silicon oxide substrate, and is counterdoped with boron to a level of about 1.times.10.sup.13 /cm.sup.2 to 5.times.10.sup.16 /cm.sup.2 to adjust the work function but without changing the essentially n-type character of the gate electrode. This single counterdoping step achieves improved results for sub-micron devices at low cost. For CMOS device manufacturing, the alternating n-type and p-type devices are made in similar manner but reversing the n-type and p-type dopants.

Abstract: A method for the detection and localization of a surgical tool in a radiographic image, including an image of a surgical device and an anatomical background image, includes the steps of generating a radiographic reference image, including an image of a surgical device and an anatomical background image and applying an oscillating movement to the device. The method further includes the steps of generating a number k of radiographic images during the oscillating movement; subtracting each image from the reference image, so as to generate a difference image; and deriving the mathematical intersection of all of the reference images, whereby a resulting image results including only the image of the device on the radiographic reference image and substantially without the anatomical background image.

Abstract: Apparatus for calibrating an intra-operative X-ray system having an X-ray source and a detector includes an optical camera associated with the X-ray source; an optical camera associated with the detector; an X-ray phantom placed within a field of view of the X-ray system during an off-line process; an optical phantom placed within a field of view of the optical cameras during the off-line process as well as the on-line process (called the patient run); and apparatus for computing a respective projection matrix from an image provided by any of the X-ray source and detector, and the optical cameras. A method to obtain the projection matrices characterizing the X-ray imaging geometry during the patient run, using the projection matrices associated to X-ray geometry as well as the optical cameras computed during an off-line process, and the projection matrices associated to the optical cameras during the patient run.

Abstract: A reflective rotund lens is positioned for projecting a panoramic picture of its horizontal surroundings at a given elevation onto a CCD array, for converting the picture into "pixel form" or an image signal. The image signal is digitized via an A/D converter circuit. A digital signal processor system is programmed for extracting a strip of pixel locations representative of an image ring mapped to pixel locations via superimposition upon the image, whereby all pixel locations outside of the image ring are eliminated by passing the pixels thereof through said A/D converter circuit at a rate higher than the conversion rate of the A/D converter circuit.

Abstract: A method for automated generation of tests for software comprises the steps of establishing a set of formal generative requirements; establishing a set of formal constraining requirements; developing information from a test case structure and encoding the structure as a context free grammar; and applying the generative requirements and the constraining requirements to indicate tests to be included in a test suite.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting activation signals in functional MRI images comprises MRI apparatus for deriving MRI volume data temporal signals for voxels in image slices, the data being grouped in segments respectively corresponding to active and inactive periods.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for facilitating World Wide Web Searches and like database searches by combining search result documents, as provided by separate search engines in response to a query, into one single integrated list so as to produce a single document with a ranked list of pages, by forming a set of selected queries, the queries including respective terms, for which selected queries relevance data from past data is known, herein referred to as training queries, in a vector space comprising all training queries, the relevance data comprising judgments by a user as to whether a page is appropriate for a query which retrieved it.

Abstract: A method implemented on a computer for facilitating World Wide Web Searches and like database searches by combining search result documents, as provided by separate search engines in response to a query, into one single integrated list so as to produce a single document with a ranked list of pages, includes the steps of: (a) training the computer for each search engine by clustering training queries and building cluster centroids; (b) Assign weights to each cluster reflecting the number of relevant pages expected to be obtained by this search engine for queries similar to those in that cluster; (c) processing an incoming query by selecting, for each search engine, that cluster centroid that is most similar to the incoming query and returning the weight associated with the selected cluster as the weight of the current search engine; and (d) apportioning the N slots in the retrieved set according to the weights returned by each search engine.

Abstract: Analysis, planning and interrelated modifications of a software system across modular architectural, language and documentation levels are automated and facilitated by use of the Change Assistant (CA). CA automatically analyzes the impact of the intended change on all levels, identifying related changes that may be needed to achieve the programmer's goal. When the plan is finalized and approved, CA automatically performs the change, modifying the code, as needed, to make it consistent with the changed architecture. Thereby, the need for human intervention in maintaining software is significantly reduced and the possibility of error minimized.

Abstract: In the manufacture of semiconductor devices on a single substrate, said devices comprising a source region, a drain region and a gate therebetween, forming an isolation region after formation of the gate between said devices, thereby reducing required tolerances between devices and rows of devices and minimizing space requirements on the substrate for the array. A conventional isolation region between adjacent devices can be formed first, the layers comprising the gate deposited, the gate formed by etching through the layers, and a second isolation region between rows of devices formed after the gate etch. This reduces the built-in tolerances required between rows of devices, and reduces the spacing requirements between the rows.

Abstract: A three-dimensional image registration method also uses an algorithm and applies it to the solution of such problems in 3D CT DSA. The method can deal with incomplete or partial volumetric data in registration and correct patient global motion prior to subtraction even when it is coupled with local unconscious/nonrigid movements. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm on several clinical spiral CT data.

Abstract: A graphical user interface provides a real-time information display for a supervising engineer in charge of turbine operation so that critical parameter values and undesirable combinations of operating conditions are readily observed and deviations are made apparent so that corrective action can be initiated rapidly. An overview of the operating situation is made more readily apparent by representing the operating expansion and compression processes by lines on a Mollier enthalpy/entropy chart. In combination, real-time parameter values and parameter trends are also presented. Using the Mollier chart information in conjunction with trend and real-time information, the supervising engineer can more quickly identify and correct undesirable and potentially troublesome operation conditions.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting a cut in a video comprises arrangements for acquiring video images from a source, for deriving from the video images a pixel-based difference metric, for deriving from the video images a distribution-based difference metric, and for measuring video content of the video images to provide up-to-date test criteria. Arrangements are included for combining the pixel-based difference metric and the distribution-based difference metric, taking into account the up-to-date test criteria provided so as to derive a scene change candidate signal and for filtering the scene change candidate signal so as to generate a scene change frame list.

Abstract: Calibration apparatus for X-ray geometry, for use in conjunction with a portion of a patient's body to be X-rayed, an X-ray source, and imaging arrangement for forming an image, wherein the imaging arrangement is at a given orientation and distance from the portion of a patient's body, comprises a calibration ring adapted for being fastened to a portion of a patient's body, such as a patient's head. The ring exhibits a first degree of transparency to X-rays.

Abstract: A compensated opto-electronic gas sensor system comprises active apparatus utilizing electromagnetic radiation for sensing gas and sealed apparatus utilizing electromagnetic radiation for sensing gas. The sealed apparatus exhibits matched characteristics to the active apparatus and exhibits a sensing sensitivity dependent upon the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation. The system further includes tunable wavelength source respectively coupled to the apparatus for sensing gas for supplying it with electromagnetic radiation of a selectable wavelength. A computer coupled to at least the sealed apparatus for sensing gas and is responsive to an output thereof for controlling the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation such that the sealed apparatus for sensing gas exhibits an optimal sensitivity.

Abstract: A method for blade temp estimation in a steam turbine utilizes measurement values including pressure and temperature at locations other than directly at the blades, principally at the input and output stages. Initially, blade temperature is simulated by using a water/steam cycle analysis program as well as by directed experiments. An artificial neural network (ANN) is trained by presenting the measurement values and the blade temp values. In a hybrid approach, 5 measured values are utilized. A subset of 4 parameter values is used for training the ANN and another subset of 3 values is used for performing a calculation for another intermediate parameter. Using the intermediate parameter and one of the 5 measured values, a blade temperature is calculated.

Abstract: A system for X-ray geometry calibration comprises a calibration frame adapted for mounting proximate to at least a portion of a patient's body, such as a patient's head. An X-ray source cooperates with a target at a given orientation and distance from the portion of a patient's body for forming an image of the portion of a patient's body and of at least an associated portion of the calibration frame. The calibration frame includes encoding arrangement for uniquely determining correspondence between the image of the associated portion of the calibration frame and the calibration frame such that the orientation and distance can be determined uniquely from the image of the associated portion of the calibration frame.