Abstract: Optical connection verification schemes that do not cause electromagnetic interference. An all-optical connection verification scheme exploits optical coding based on a standard color scale such as RGB (red, green, blue). An RGB LED source is used to launch a three-color optical signal where the relative (or absolute) magnitudes of the color components identify the connection. On the receiver end, an RGB photodiode measures the relative (or absolute) magnitudes of the color components to verify the connection. Alternatively, one end of the connection may transmit white light with the other end reflecting back a similar three-color signal by use of a color-coded panel reflector.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for monitoring oxygen saturation levels in tissue are disclosed. According to one aspect of the present invention, a sensor arrangement for use in an optical imaging system includes a first source structure, a second source structure, and a detector arrangement. The first source structure provides a first beam of light and the second source structure provides a second beam of light. The detector arrangement includes detector structures that have centerpoints, and receives the first and second beams of light after the first and second beams of light are reflected off of an external surface. The detector arrangement is arranged to define a first axis that passes through the centerpoint of each detector structure, and a distance from a centerpoint of the first source structure to the first axis is not equal to a distance from a centerpoint of the second source structure to the first axis.

Abstract: Fractional or fuzzy time stamp values are used during processing network traffic. Handling fractional time stamp values permits scaling down of time stamp values, so that fewer bits, and memory, are needed to store each fractional time stamp value. According to a specific technique, departure times are set based on a quantity X plus Y/Z, where X is an integer, Y is a numerator, and Z is a denominator. The departure times are synchronized with the ideal departure times after (Z*X+Y) time units. A technique is provided to reduce cell delay variation.

Abstract: A bi-directional configuration is employed to implement a hybrid ultra long haul (ULH)/long haul (LH) optical transmission system. The link carries ULH channels and LH channels in opposite directions in different bands. Raman amplification is employed for the ULH band while Erbium-doped fiber amplification (EDFA) is used for both the LH and ULH bands. Optical circulators are employed for multiplexing and demultiplexing. This solution does not incur the ripple penalty of prior art solutions based on interferential filters while providing excellent isolation between the ULH and LH channels and bi-directional communication within a single fiber.