Abstract: A method and system for determining optimum ignition times with regard to engine operation in which the engine is commanded, at regular, short-time intervals, to operate under conditions which cause knocking in order to be able to sense the knock limit. This is achieved, following the occurrence of a characteristic operating parameter in conjunction with a knock signal, at a frequency which is preferably significant, by storing an appropriately-corrected ignition-time value in a set of correction data, this ignition-time value lying somewhat beneath the knock limit. If the same characteristic operating parameter recurs, an optimum ignition time is accordingly indicated, which lies slightly beneath the knock limit. This procedure enables the engine to be operated under conditions which are optimum with regard to fuel consumption, without entering the knocking range with excessive frequency.

Abstract: A wheel suspension, especially a front wheel suspension for motor vehicles, in which the wheel carriers of mutually oppositely disposed wheels are connected each with a guide member, especially with a cross guide member which is pivotally connected at the body displaceable in the vertical direction by the interposition of a shock absorber. The cross guide member of each wheel is connected with the free end of a leaf spring, especially of a leaf spring of a fibrous material, which extends transversely to the vehicle longitudinal axis and is supported at the vehicle body. The free ends of the leaf spring are connected with the cross guide members at a distance with respect to the latter by way of interposed guide arms. The guide arms are retained in elastic bearings relatively movably and pivotally to the cross guide members and include at their ends opposite these bearings, clamping devices for clampingly fastening the leaf spring.

Abstract: A one-armed ejection lever of a coining press is adapted to be controlled in one end section directly by the coining ram by way of a connecting rod and in the other end section by an operating piston-cylinder unit. The center portion of the ejection lever is placed by way of a pressure bolt against the projecting end of an ejection rod. The abutment pressure is produced by the operating piston-cylinder unit whereby the ejection coining die is able to yield by way of the ejection rod, for example, in case two pieces to be coined are in the coining tool in order to avoid damages. For multiple coining, it is additionally possible to act upon the operating piston cylinder unit in the opposite direction and to effect therewith an intentional lifting-off of the pressure bolt from the ejection rod.

Abstract: A built-up piston in which the piston top (11) and piston bottom part (13) are clamped together by two necked-down bolts (15) by means of nuts (16). The nuts include an extension (21) having an external thread (22), by means of which they are screwed into the piston bottom part (13). An oil scraper ring (14) is arranged between piston top (11) and piston bottom part (13) so that leakage oil out of the cooling oil channel of the piston is conducted back into the crankcase by way of the oil discharge channels of the annular groove of the oil scraper ring.

Abstract: Tripping apparatus in vehicles for an occupant protection apparatus in impact restraining systems is provided with a test circuit which permits a testing of the evaluation circuit and of the switching stage of the tripping apparatus by means of an alternating voltage signal without interrupting the functional readiness of the apparatus. The test circuit consists of a series arrangement of a filter, a maximum value rectifier and an integrator and is inserted between the output of the switching stage and the input of the evaluation circuit.

Abstract: A punch which includes a notching tool and a separating which are adapted to punch at least one notch and a separating gap in each effective working stroke of the punch. A separating tool is formed by at least two independently disposed separating punches which are spaced from each other by a distance which is equal to or greater than a width of a web formed between two punched notches. Likewise, the notching tool may be in the form of two independent spaced notching punches.

Abstract: A drive system for a rotary-, pivot- and propelling-drive of a vehicle especially for an excavating machine with a planetary gear transmission and a brake installation that includes a brake disk with brake surfaces which are arranged between brake lamellae. A support of the brake lamellae takes place by way of teeth for the planet wheels of the transmission which are already present on the inside of the housing (in a ring gear) whereby the hub of the brake disk is axially displaceably retained in already present teeth of the sun gear of the transmission.

Abstract: With workpieces to be drawn, especially large-area body parts or sinks, the possibilities of tearing the walls, respectively, undulated surface structure exists within the area of the corner formation. The present invention is therefore predicated on the concept to match the support pressure to the shaping of the workpiece in the different abutment areas thereof. A number of pressure cylinders fixedly installed in the press table serve for that purpose, whose piston rods are adapted to be to displaced in the vertical direction by way of a pressure plate acting in unison on all piston rods. The piston rods acting on the other end of the support are lowerable under the ram movement against the controllable pressure differing in the pressure chambers by way of valves.

Abstract: A front body structure for motor vehicles, with an end wall and with an equipment space which is arranged in front of the end wall in the engine space and is partitioned off from the latter and which is covered at the top by an engine hood, there being in the central region of the end wall and air-passage orifice for a blower located in the equipment space as part of a heating air-conditioning system. To ensure that sensitive built-in parts are accommodated so as to be protected and that, at the same time, the front body structure is reinforced, the invention proposes to divide the equipment space into three regions by means of longitudinal walls serving at the same time for stiffening, and to supplement the transverse wall of the central region, this transverse wall facing the engine space, with an attached half-shell, to form the hollow girder serving for guiding communicating lines such as electrical lines.

Abstract: A switch with a control element for a sliding-lifting-roof remotely actuated by an auxiliary force and installed into a vehicle roof, whereby the control element symbolically corresponds approximately to the shapes of the sliding-lifting-roof and is arranged in a part of the switch symbolically corresponding approximately to the shapes of the entire vehicle roof in plan view in such a manner that overall the vehicle roof with installed sliding-lifting-roof is symbolized thereby.

Abstract: The invention relates to a retarding conveyor for cargo with an outward-transfer station at one location at least, with a sectionally subdivided, drivable conveying apparatus carrying the pieces of cargo, each section being drivable by an intermediate roller driven by a constantly revolving traction device, this intermediate roller being adjustable from the driving position into an idling position employing a feeler extending into the path of motion of the cargo. Such a retarding conveyor is to be provided with a large stowing volume, as well as a large number of outward-transfer stations through which transfer-out additionally takes place at high velocity.

Abstract: A steering device for motor vehicles, which is adjustable along its longitudinal axis and whose steering column can be telescopically extended and retracted by means of a drive device, the steering column jacket being designed in several parts, one steering column jacket part being fixed to the body and one steering column jacket part being movable relative to the first, and in which adjustment can be introduced into the steering column jacket movable part by means of a coupling element with which a worm gear driven by a drive motor engages. The coupling element consists of a toothed rack located on the periphery of the steering column jacket movable part, a worm gear located with its axis parallel to the rack engaging with the rack and passing through a recess in the steering column jacket fixed part. The engagement angle of the worm gear is so dimensioned that self-locking occurs.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has means for stabilizing the position of a yoke and piston during the reciprocating movement. A pressure source transmits a force to one side of yoke to maintain the yoke in constant contact with a bearing surface on the wall of the crankcase, at the same time, the pressure source causes lubrication to be continually transmitted to a sliding block within the yoke at all positions of the crankshaft to lubricate the bearing between the crank throw and sliding block and the bearings between the sliding block and yoke to minimize wear during extended use. The yoke and piston are further stabilized in their reciprocating motion by a peg and ring configuration, one of which is mounted to the crankcase and the other mounted to the yoke. Twist of the yoke and piston about the cylinder axis is prevented by channels in the crankcase wall within which the yoke edges slide.

Abstract: An active switch for the intersection region of tracks for mechanically transversely or laterally guided vehicles having support wheels without flanges; the switch which is adapted to be forced open by the vehicle and includes only a single adjustable switch member in the form of a switch tongue pivotal about a fixed bearing in the switch frog, is bent into its end position by the vehicle itself by being pressed against abutments; the cross section of the switch tongue has an approximately constant bending stiffness over its length whereby the switch tongue in the unstressed condition preferably has a curvature that lies between the curvatures of the one and the other end position.

Abstract: A vehicle system for local public passenger transportation, in which a number of vehicle components are used to realize a vehicle system according to a building-block system. The vehicle components are so constructed that they can be assembled into vehicles or trains usable only with tracks, selectively with or without tracks, or only without tracks.

Abstract: A crank drive for an internal combustion engine whose crankshaft is connected with a flywheel, for purposes of minimizing the vibrations of the crank assembly, the vibrating mass of the flywheel is smaller in the crank plane of the crankshaft than in the normal plane.

Abstract: An air flow in the combustion space which swirls or rotates about the cylinder longitudinal axis is produced for the fine distribution of the fuel by a correspondingly constructed inlet channel controlled by two inlet valves in a supercharged four-cycle internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection. With a low air mass flow, the rotary movement of the air in the combustion space is only weak and therefore prone to disturbance. An improvement is achieved by a change of the air flow in the inlet channel system. The valve actuation contains, for that purpose, an adjusting mechanism consisting of a piston-cylinder-unit fed with pressure oil, which effects in one operating function an automatic valve clearance compensation and which enables in a second operating function together with a controllable closure device in the pressure oil feed line a stoppage of one of the two inlet valves actuated in unison by the valve actuation.