Abstract: This apparatus removes individual sheets of paper or the like from a stack regardless of the thickness of each sheet. A sheet supply stack support is journaled in a housing in see-saw fashion. A first set of sheet separating rollers is arranged above the downstream end of the support as viewed in the direction of sheet movement. A spring urges the downstream end of the support upwardly and thus sheets on the support against a separating roller. A table is located substantially adjacent the downstream end of a sheet and for cooperation with a pair of sheet separating and transport rollers. Two sheet guides are arranged upstream and downstream, for example, of a platen. The supply stack is arranged upstream of the first sheet guide. The sheet receiving stack is arranged downstream of the platen and so that an upper sheet guide member forms part of a sheet receiving stack tray located substantially above the sheet supply stack.

Abstract: The present method relates to finish boring of prebored bores in a work piece such that an operative fit with a counterpart or further work piece is achieved. The finishing of the bore may be accomplished independently of the instantaneous temperature of the work piece and of the counterpart by operating a tool carriage, for example, on a lathe, with a stepping motor controlled by a correction value computer which generates a control signal in response to a temperature difference between the work piece temperature and a reference temperature. The reference temperature may be that of the further work piece.

Abstract: A parking apparatus is used for enabling the driver to move the rear end of a vehicle laterally out of a row of vehicles into a parking spot. For this purpose the vehicle is equipped with a lifting mechanism on auxiliary wheels so arranged that the rear end of the vehicle may be lifted off the ground with its ordinary wheels. The engine power may be used for this lifting of the vehicle. Once the ordinary rear wheels are off the ground the vehicle may be shifted in a direction extending substantially perpendicularly to its longitudinal axis without maneuvering as is normally required for so-called parallel parking between two vehicles spaced from each other longitudinally. The front wheels would be sharply turned in the direction toward the parking spot.

Abstract: A heat imaging apparatus is used to detect and display heat radiation from target. For this purpose the apparatus has optical components with a diffusion circle of a given dimension and heat detector elements each of which has a size smaller than said given dimension of said diffusion circle, whereby the geometric resolution and hence also the target recognition range are substantially improved.

Abstract: A continuously operating centrifugal or centrifuge for centrifuging sugar massecuites and for remashing the centrifuged sugar, comprises a ring conduit with nozzles for mixing liquid directed at the upper wide end of the centrifugal basket. The ring conduit is arranged in a housing having a cover, above a frustum-shaped centrifugal basket equipped with screens and rotating about a vertical axis of rotation. A conical baffle member is arranged radially outside of the upper edge of the centrifugal basket for intercepting the sugar crystals. A cover ring is mounted at the upper end of the centrifugal basket at a small distance from the ring conduit. The radial width of the cover ring corresponds at least to the spraying range of the nozzles for the mixing liquid. The conical baffle member is shaped like a frustum and opens upwardly. The centrifuge includes a mixing compartment enclosed by smooth walls.

Abstract: Solid components such as dust particles having a lighter density are sepaed from a flowing medium, such as a gas, wherein the dust is suspended. The gas has the lightest density. For this purpose, the flowing medium which includes the gas and the solid components suspended therein, is detoured in a bent channel and partially introduced into a whirling chamber, which contacts the bent channel along its entire axial height to communicate with the channel along its inner bent portion, whereby the flow produces a centrifugal field in said whirling chamber. Two immersion pipes extend coaxially into the chamber, one pipe from each end. The pipes are connected to suction means, such as fans, for sucking the lighter component out of the whirling chamber. These pipes extend deep enough into the central region of the chamber so that the sucking of the lighter component out of the chamber takes place at said central region of the whirling chamber.

Abstract: The present method provides a determination of physical characteristics of materials. For example, the granulometry of a falling or flowing stream of disperse material may be analytically determined by a heat image camera cooperating with a memory such as a screen type image storage, a monitor, and a process computer such as a microcomputer which compares the measured values with a reference value to provide a control signal. A control apparatus regulates the flow rate of the material stream, such as aggregate, in response to said control signal. The present method may be used to determine, for example, the size of falling liquid droplets or the size of the particles of granular material which is stationary in a measuring zone or space.

Abstract: The performance of an eddy current brake is controlled by controlling the magnetic flux in its housing by changing the energizing voltage of the energizing coil of the brake in accordance with a signal obtained by comparing a signal representative of the desired brake performance with a signal representative of the actual magnetic flux measured in the housing at a location of substantially homogeneous flux distribution. The desired performance signal may be a signal representative of the difference between a desired rotational speed signal and the actual rotational speed signal, or it may be a signal representative of the difference between a desired torque signal and an actual torque signal. The desired performance signal may also be a signal representative of the difference between a signal obtained by comparing desired and actual rotational speed signals with a signal representative of actual torque. A Hall generator is used to measure actual flux.

Abstract: A rotor, especially for rotary wing aircraft, is constructed without flapping hinges and without lead-lag hinges. The rotor comprises a rigid rotor head and rotor blades secured to the rotor head by flexible coupling rods, for example, made of fiber reinforced composite material. One end of each rod is secured to the rotor head. The other end of each rod is secured to the root of the respective rotor blade. The rods are so arranged that their central longitudinal axes coincide with a generatrix of two coaxial cones having a central axis. One of the cones is located with its base in the respective rotor blade while the other cone is located with its base in the rotor head. This type of structure is surprisingly simple, yet capable of transferring substantial forces between the rotor head on the one hand and the rotor blades on the other hand.

Abstract: A tool for use in a lathe for truing railroad wheels comprises a plurality of cutting tools mounted on a common tool carriage. One of the tools is independently movable relative to the other tool or tools so that the rolling surface and wheel flange of a worn wheel may be trued in a single axial cutting stroke of the tool carriage. The arrangement is such that the movable tool is withdrawn after cutting at least a portion of the worn rolling surface, and another tool cuts the remaining defective stock of the rolling surface as well as the wheel flange.

Abstract: The analog output signals of a photoelectric image converter or transducer are passed through an analog-to-digital converter and then corrected to take various irregularities of the optical sensor elements of the transducer into account. A reference signal and a dark signal are subtracted from the individual image point signals. The difference is then multiplied by a factor representing the slope of the characteristic response curve of the respective optical sensor element. The so corrected signal may be used for further processing or it may be subjected to a further correction operation.

Abstract: Copies or duplicates are made from a suitable original such as a silver f or a diazofilm onto a further diazofilm by circulating the ammonia gas in a closed, evacuated circuit including the developing chamber. The ammonia gas is compressed in the developing chamber and expanded again as it is returned to a heatable supply chamber. The apparatus includes a closed circuit arrangement between the supply chamber and the developing chamber as well as an evacuating device connected to the developing chamber.

Abstract: The present magnetic closure device has one or more holding members and one or more closure members, each with a surface configuration providing an increased frictional force, when two matching surface configurations cooperate. One member of a pair forming a closure device is a permanent magnet of so-called hard magnetic material, while the other member of a pair is a magnetic armature made of ferromagnetically soft, magnetizable material. The increased frictional force and the magnetic force combine to provide an effective closure device for articles of non-magnetic material, such as leather goods, textiles, and synthetic materials. The two members have a square or rectangular configuration and are corrugated whereby both members have the same configuration and the permanent magnet has poles of one polarity extending along the entire length of a ridge in the corrugation, and poles of the opposite polarity extending along the entire length of the valleys adjacent to a ridge.

Abstract: The present test apparatus provides for the simultaneous loading of a test sample with longitudinal forces and with torque. For this purpose a piston rod of a longitudinal loading cylinder and a piston of a torque cylinder are coupled for relative axial movement by a fork connected to the piston rod of the longitudinal loading cylinder and guided in a torque transmitting member connected to the piston of the torque cylinder. Frictional forces and play are minimized by providing the fork ends with bearing surfaces and providing the torque transmitting member with both stationary and tiltable bearings which may be adjustable. Another embodiment provides that the bearings of the torque transmitting member are hydrostatic bearings to further reduce friction.

Abstract: Film patterns are duplicated onto diazo-material in a developing apparatus which has a circulatory flow circuit with a pump for the developer ammonia gas to circulate the latter in sequential steps between a developing chamber and an ammonia gas supply container. Magnetic control valves open and close other valves in the closed circuit and in access circuits to make sure that the developing takes place in said sequence. The access circuits include an auxiliary gas container, a further pump and a vacuum container as well as further controlling and controlled valves for the sequence control.

Abstract: The present rotor for rotary wing aircraft is of the type which is free of flapping hinges as well as free of lead-lag hinges. Such rotor shall have a simple structure and a small structural weight while simultaneously having a high operational reliability. To this end the rotor hub comprises upper and lower support or carrier plates made of a fiber compound material arranged in such a manner that the fibers extend substantially radially. The upper and lower support plates are spaced from each other by thrust arms or lands and the blade angle bearings are supported between the carrier plates of a fiber compound material.

Abstract: Flat goods such as sheets of cardboard are destacked or removed from a stack for the purpose of further processing, especially in stamping, cutting, or break-out devices. A carrier is introduced into the stack. The carrier has a surface which remains stationary relative to that portion of the stack which is being removed when the carrier is withdrawn from the stack. For this purpose the carrier which is supported in a frame, is provided with a surface which is movable relative to the carrier. The movable surface is guided at least around the leading edge of the carrier.

Abstract: The present baby stroller may be collapsed to assume an elongated substantially flat form. The stroller has a push member which can be pivoted to selectively assume a back fronting push position or a face fronting push position with respect to the baby sitting in the stroller or carriage.

Abstract: In a power transmission system comprising at least two trolley wires for supplying an alternating current power to an electric vehicle, and at least two feeder lines coupled to the trolley wires at feeding points of the corresponding trolley wires spaced apart a given interval for feeding a voltage to the trolley wires, with a closed loop formed between a portion of the trolley wires and a portion of the feeder lines through two adjacent feeding points, a throughtype current transformer is provided for each feeder line such that the feeder line extends through the transformer and the primary winding of the transformer is connected to receive an alternating current voltage between the above described at least two trolley wires, whereby a secondary alternating current induced in the feeder lines serving as a secondary conductor of the transformer flows through the above described closed loop, which causes a Joule heat along the trolley wires, thereby to deicing of the trolley wires.

Abstract: The present base for a drawing or drafting board or the like supports the board so that the latter is adjustable in the three directions of space. After each adjustment the board may be locked in the adjusted position by a respective safety or locking device. These safety or locking devices are so arranged and constructed that a yielding is provided in response to the reaching of a load limit applied to the drawing or drafting board whereby damage to the board and its supporting structure is avoided.