Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons from coal. More particularly, disclosed is a two-stage coal liquefaction process wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a solvent in a first non-catalytic dissolving stage at the temperature in the range 750.degree. to 900.degree. F. In a second stage, the mixture of solvent, dissolved coal and insoluble solids is contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst at a critical temperature below 800.degree. F. The normally liquid portion of the hydrocracker effluent product has a surprisingly low sulfur content of less than 0.1 weight percent, a low nitrogen content of less than 0.5 weight percent, and a high API gravity of at least -3.

Abstract: Disclosed is a two-stage process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons from coal. More particularly, disclosed is a two-stage coal liquefaction process wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a solvent in a first non-catalytic dissolving stage at the temperature in the range 750.degree. to 900.degree. F. In a second stage, the mixture of solvent, dissolved coal and insoluble solids is contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst at a critical temperature below 800.degree. F. The normally liquid portion of the hydrocracker effluent product has a surprisingly low sulfur content of less than 0.1 weight percent, a low nitrogen content of less than 0.5 weight percent, and a high API gravity of at least -3.

Abstract: An improved coal liquefaction process is disclosed wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a petroleum-derived solvent in the presence of added hydrogen in a non-catalytic dissolving stage at a temperature in the range 400.degree. to 480.degree. C., thereby forming a mixture of dissolved coal, solvent and insoluble solids. The effluent mixture of solvent, dissolved coal and insoluble solids from the dissolver is contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst under hydrocracking conditions at a reduced temperature below 425.degree. C., resulting in a product having a normally liquid portion which may be used directly as a low-sulfur, low-nitrogen fuel oil.

Abstract: An improved coal liquefaction process is disclosed wherein subdivided coal is substantially dissolved in a petroleum-derived solvent in the presence of added hydrogen in a non-catalytic dissolving stage at a temperature in the range 400.degree.-480.degree. C., thereby forming a mixture of dissolved coal, solvent and insoluble solids. The effluent mixture of solvent, dissolved coal and insoluble solids from the dissolver is contacted with a hydrocracking catalyst under hydrocracking conditions at a reduced temperature below 425.degree. C., resulting in a product having a normally liquid portion which may be used directly as a low-sulfur, low-nitrogen fuel oil.

Abstract: Processes for preparing 3-cyanopropanol and 2-pyrrolidone. The processes are characterized by the step of reacting 3-cyanopropanal with hydrogen in the presence of an especially prereduced copper-chromite catalyst to afford high yields of high-purity 3-cyanopropanol.

Abstract: Processes for copolymerizing 2-pyrrolidone and caprolactam to yield a copolymer which can be formed into useful shaped articles, e.g., filaments. The processes are characterized by the use of both a crown ether and an N-acyl pyrrolidone activator and the use of a limited copolymerization temperature range.

Abstract: An improved outlet apparatus for a bounce crimper is disclosed which includes a restrictor assembly provided with a bore and an internally mounted flat leaf spring. Extending beneath the leaf spring, a longitudinal slot may be provided through which a texturized multi-filament yarn of synthetic resinous material may be drawn in a reverse direction back into the restrictor assembly without entanglement and deformation of the flat leaf spring when the feed yarn is tangled.

Abstract: Certain polyhydric alcohols are thermal stabilization additives for normally solid polypyrrolidone at melt temperatures.

Abstract: Improvements in thermoplastic yarn rebound texturizing method are provided by advancing a plurality of continuous filament yarns at different speeds into a stream of heated fluid advancing longitudinally of the yarns, hurling the yarns toward a foraminous surface by means of the stream of fluid while passing at least part of the stream of fluid through the surface, impinging the advancing yarns on the foraminous surface with sufficient force to induce compression crimps in the filament of at least the faster fed yarn, instantaneously rebounding the yarns from the foraminous surface, and continuously controlling the actual compaction of the yarn as it moves away from the crimping zone. The rates of advancement of the yarns respective to the fluid stream are such that at least one yarn is introduced into the system at a rate at least twice the rate of the other.

Abstract: Novel sulfonamides of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl; R.sup.2 is haloalkyl or halovinyl; and X is hydrogen or halogen and at least one X is halogen, are useful for the prevention or cure of fungal infections.

Abstract: N-chlorothio ureas are produced by the reaction of sulfur dichloride and a urea having at least one hydrogen substituted on a urea nitrogen atom in the presence of an acid acceptor. The N-chlorothio ureas are useful intermediate in the preparation of pesticides.

Abstract: Thiadiazin-5-one compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is alkyl and R.sup.2 is alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or aryl are prepared by reacting a thiosemicarbazide and an alkyl alpha-halothioacetate. Addition of a dialkylhalothiophosphate to the thiadiazin-5-one compounds produces useful thiadiazine insecticides.

Abstract: N-carbamyloxy-6-oxotetrahydro-1,3-oxazines of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl,R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are alkyl or aryl,X is halo,R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are hydrogen, alkyl or halo, with the proviso that two R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 groups may together form a divalent alkylene group of 3 to 5 carbon atoms, have been round to be excellent plant fungicides, particularly for plant diseases caused by Phytophthora infestans and the fungal species of the Peronosporaceae family.

Abstract: Poly-2-pyrrolidone compositions having improved resistance to thermal reversion to pyrrolidone via the incorporation of certain polyesters and methods of melt extruding such compositions.

Abstract: A process for producing N-acyl-2-pyrrolidone which comprises a contacting N-acyl allylamine with carbon monoxide in the presence of an aliphatic carboxylic acid solvent and a homogeneous catalyst of palladium or platinum coordinated with triphenylphosphine. According to a preferred embodiment, the acyl group is removed from the N-acyl-2-pyrrolidone by contacting and heating the N-acyl-2-pyrrolidone with allylamine to thereby effect transacylation and obtain product 2-pyrrolidone and N-acyl-allylamine as a recycle feed stream. Alternatively, N-acyl-2-pyrrolidone can be hydrolyzed to 2-pyrrolidone and the carboxylic acid derived from the acyl group.

Abstract: The process of making a catalyst for the polymerization of 2-pyrrolidone by contacting an alkali metal pyrrolidonate, a quaternary ammonium halide and carbon dioxide in a mol ratio of about 1:0.1-2:0.1-0.5. The alkali metal pyrrolidonate may be prepared by reacting an alkali metal hydroxide with 2-pyrrolidone. The polymerization of 2-pyrrolidone in the presence of this catalyst system produces poly-2-pyrrolidone of high molecular weight.

Abstract: The process of making catalyst for the alkaline catalyzed polymerization of 2-pyrrolidone, in which an alkali metal is contacted with a 5-7 membered-ring lactam and the product alkali metal lactamate is obtained by distillation in the residuum containing about 50-95% of the total lactam. The alkali metal lactamate so obtained is used as a catalyst in the polymerization of 2-pyrrolidone, or may be contacted with carbon dioxide to form an adduct which finds use as an activator in the polymerization of 2-pyrrolidone.

Abstract: Thiadiazine compounds of the formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is alkyl, R.sup.2 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl or aryl, R.sup.3 is alkyl and R.sup.4 is alkyl, are useful as insecticides. The thiadiazine compounds are prepared by the addition of a dialkylhalothiophosphate to a tetrahydro-6H-1,3,4-thiadiazin-5-one.

Abstract: An annularly segmented generally cylindrical pick-up container is disclosed for use in combination with bounce crimping apparatus which texturizes a multi-filament yarn of synthetic resinous material. The container includes a plurality of annular baffles which divide the container into a corresponding plurality of substantially annular chambers. The container is rotated while a texturized multi-filament yarn of synthetic resinous material is deposited into the annular chambers. As one chamber becomes full, the rotational axis of the container is moved to a new position so that the texturized material will begin filling the next radially outwardly adjacent annular chamber.

Abstract: Fungicidal compositions containing 3-(N-chloroacetyl-N-2,6-dimethylphenylamino)-gamma-butyrolactone or 3-(N-chloroacetyl-N-2,6-dimethylphenylamino)-5-methyl-gamma-butyrolactone, as the active ingredient, are highly effective for the prevention and eradication of downy mildew fungal diseases and Phytophthora crown and root rot diseases.