Abstract: Bulk cubic gallium nitride is made by charging into a reaction vessel to a fill of 25-95% having a temperature difference between its ends of at least 1° C. a gallium precursor, sufficient amount of an acid mineralizer to form product zinc blende gallium nitride, and sufficient amount of ammonia to at least solubilize the precursor; sealing the reaction vessel; heating contents of the reaction vessel to at least 150° C. while autogenously pressurizing contents of the reaction vessel to at least 500 psi for a duration sufficient to form the product zinc blend gallium nitride; cooling contents of the reaction vessel; and removing from the reaction vessel the product zinc blende gallium nitride.

Abstract: An apparatus for performing spatial and spectral analysis comprising a bundle of a plurality of chalcogenide glass fiber, an optical system for transmitting light received from the bundle, and a detector for receiving the light signal from the optical system for providing spatial and spectral analysis of the bundle image; maximum diameter of the fibers is about the size of the pixels on the detector.

Abstract: In one embodiment, this invention pertains to desalination of seawater by eding methane into seawater at a depth generally exceeding 100 meters to form methane hydrate which rises to where it is decomposed into methane and water, and recoverig water. Methane is recycled to depth to form more buoyant hydrate.

Abstract: A method for in-vivo analysis of a biomedical sample characterized by contacting the sample with a chalcogenide glass fiber directly or through a crystal or other medium, with the chalcogenide fiber having input and output ends and light transmitted thereby with some of the light leaving the fiber to form evanescent field, which fiber transmits a signal in response to absorption of some of the light in the evanescent field by the sample, and processing the signal with a Fourier Transform IR Spectrometer to obtain a spectrum which indicates surface character of the sample without water masking the signal.

Abstract: Sol-gel process conducted under an inert gas in a solvent at a temperature up to the boiling points of the solvent and by-products by reacting a chalcogen source, a glass network former-intermediate metal in the form of an alkoxide or a non-alkoxide and a catalyst to form a homogeneous product having average particle size of below 100 nm with catalyst, if the catalyst is a catalyst dopant, uniformly dispersed in the particles.

Abstract: An actuator composed of a plurality of telescoping piezoelectric members ch produces a displacement that is the sum of the length of the members.

Abstract: Heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) and other electronic devs are fabricated from a series of semiconductor layers to have reduced impact ionization. On to a first barrier layer there is added a unique second subchannel layer having high quality transport properties for reducing impact ionization. A third barrier layer having a controlled thickness to permit electrons to tunnel through the layer to the subchannel layer is added as a spacer for the fourth main channel layer. A fifth multilayer composite barrier layer is added which has at least a barrier layer in contact with the fourth channel layer and on top a sixth cap layer is applied. The device is completed by adding two ohmic contacts in a spaced apart relationship on the sixth cap layer with a Schottky gate between them which is formed in contact with the fifth barrier layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a low phonon energy glass and a fiber made therefrom. e glass includes the following components given in mol percent:______________________________________ germanium 0.1-30 arsenic 0-40 X 0.01-20 Y 40-85 ______________________________________wherein X is selected from the group consisting of gallium, indium and mixtures thereof wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of selenium, and mixtures of selenium and up to 50% of sulfur substituted for selenium and the glass also contains 0.001-2 weight percent of a rare earth, based on the weight of said components. The fiber has a minimum loss of less than 5 dB/m.

Abstract: An electron emitting device characterized by a monocrystalline substrate, a plurality of monocrystalline nanomesas or pillars disposed on the subste in a spaced relationship and extending generally normally therefrom, monocrystalline self-assembled tips disposed on top of the nanomesas, and essentially atomically sharp apexes on the tips for field emitting electrons. A method for making the emitters is characterized by forming a gate electrode and gate electrode apertures before forming the tips on the nanomesas.

Abstract: An article includes a diamond substrate which is securely adhered to a rot layer of silica layer that cannot be scratched by a tungsten probe or delaminated from the diamond substrate by pulling on a gold wire secured to the silica layer. This aricle can be made by electrochemically cleaning the diamond substrate to remove non-diamond carbon adhering thereto, depositing a fragile layer of silica layer which weakly bonds to the cleaned diamond, and annealing the fragile silica layer to convert it into a strongly bonded and robust silicon dioxide layer. The article is particularly useful in electronics, and has a low leakage current and low responsiveness to visible light.

Abstract: A composition including a solid substrate, a metal chelant, and a saturated hydrocarbon linker attached between the substrate and the chelant. The position is used in the method for removing from a liquid medium a metal having atomic number equal to or greater than 27, the method including the steps of passing the liquid medium through the composition that is in solid, particulate form and separating the medium from the composition.

Abstract: A composition for chemical mechanical polishing of copper that includes 05% by volume of an etchant such as nitric acid, ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, or ammonium chloride; 0.1-1% by weight of an azole selected from benzotriazole and derivations thereof that function similarly to bezotriazole in the composition; 0.1-2% by volume of a biodegradable detergent; and deionized water or a lower alkanol to make 100% by volume of the composition. The polishing method includes the step of polishing the bottom copper surface of a magnetic electronic device with the polishing composition of this invention for 5-30 minutes to obtain rms roughness of the copper surface of less than about 6 .ANG..

Abstract: The process for making a porous mass containing dense aggregates or granu includes the steps of mixing powder with more than 10% by weight of a binder to form agglomerated powder, heating the agglomerated powder to remove the binder and to grow crystallites in the powder to an average diameter exceeding 5 microns to form a porous mass containing the dense aggregates, and cooling the porous mass. The porous mass is broken up, if it is cohesive, into the aggregates containing the crystallites and the aggregates can be used to make an article, such as a transducer. The transducer is essentially a thick film and its thickness is that of the ceramic aggregates of granules. The electrodes connect to the top and to the bottom of the aggragates. As a result, the transducer material operates in the 1-3 mode.

Abstract: Improvement in resolution in terms of minimum feature sizes and proximity fects in an electronic mask is attained by making the mask using a high voltage electron beam which deflects or blocks backscattered electrons. The novel mask structure comprises a transparent support, an absorber layer disposed on said support, a dielectric layer disposed on said absorber layer, and a resist layer disposed on said dielectric layer. It is the dielectric layer which is credited for improving resolution in said mask which can be used a multiple number of times in printing a pattern for various applications, including electronic devices and integrated circuits.

Abstract: A telluride glass with glass transition temperature above 150.degree. C., fference between the crystallization temperature and the glass transition temperature of above 200.degree. C., and extended transmission in the infrared region of radiation of up to 20 microns having, on mol basis, 20-60% tellurium, 10-50% arsenic, 4-35% germanium, 0.5-15% gallium, up to 15% iodine, and up to 30% selenium. All or part of the gallium can be replaced with indium and the glass can contain up to 5%, based on the weight of the glass components, of a rare earth ion to render the glass fluorescent. Optical fibers drawn from these glasses have shown mid infrared fluorescence and may have as a bright source of IR light.

Abstract: Stabilized zirconia containing sintered particles of alumina and zirconia tetragonal phase at temperatures below about 1150.degree. C. is prepared by mixing alumina particles of less than 30 nanometers with zirconia particles of less than 30 nanometers in presence of a liquid to form a suspension, drying the suspension at a temperature up to about 600.degree. C. to remove the liquid and products thereof to form a dried suspension composed of agglomerated alumina and zirconia particles, sintering the dried suspension to fuse the particles, and cooling the sintered dried suspension to an ambient temperature to produce free-standing bodies or coatings on substrates.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an amplification method, an optical glass amplifier, a laser based on the amplifier and an amplification optical communication system, all based on a limited length of a single-mode glass fiber made from glass having phonon energy of less than about 350 cm.sup.-1 and doped with dysprosium. The glass includes 0.1-30 mol % germanium, 0-40 mol % arsenic, 0.01-20 mol % X, 0.01-20 mol % Y, and 0.001-2 weight % dysprosium, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of gallium, indium and mixtures thereof selenium; and wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of selenium, and mixtures of selenium and up to 50% of sulfur. The system includes a coupler, a silica-based signal fiber carrying the optical signal that is to be amplified in communication with said coupling means, a pump light source in communication with the coupler, an amplifier in communication with the coupler at one end and another silica-based fiber joined to the amplifier at its other end.

Abstract: An ozone detector in the form of two basic embodiments which can measure ozone concentration in ambient air at 0.001-1 ppm. The first embodiment includes a stretched elastic material and a standard which can give ozone concentration in response to degree of microcracking or frosting of the elastic material. The second embodiment includes a chamber containing a long strip of elastic material wound on a spool, a small amount of manganese dioxide in the chamber to neutralize any ozone therein so that the ozone does not attack and frost the elastic material, a take-up spool mounted away from the chamber and adapted to wind the material from the chamber, a component for stretching the material, a light source for generating a light beam and illuminating the film between the chamber and the take-up spool and a detector for the light beam after the light beam passes through the material.

Abstract: Ceramic structure having therein reinforcing fibers and backfilled strands s prepared by the arranging tows of fugitive and reinforcing fibers parallel to each other to form a fiber preform, contacting the preform with a matrix precursor whereby the precursor deposits around the fibers, removing the preform from the precursor wherein the fibers are coated with the precursor, drying the preform to solidify the precursor on the fibers and to convert the precursor to a matrix form, calcining the preform to convert the matrix form on the fibers to another matrix form, removing the fugitive fibers from the preform to form channels therein, backfilling the channels with a material, and hot pressing the preform for densification purposes to form the ceramic structure containing spaced fibers and spaced backfilled material strands disposed in the matrix.

Abstract: A wet-spinning fiber process which controls the micro-structure of the wepun fiber by varying the non-solvent/solvent miscibility and precipitation strength.