Abstract: A method of preparation and application of a composition comprising specified microorganisms in combination with surfactants for a synergistic dispersal of oil slicks.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for making supported nickel catalysts which are characterized as having the nickel in a highly dispersed state, the catalysts and use thereof in hydrogenation, reforming and hydrocarbon synthesis reactions, for example, Fischer-Tropsch reactions. Catalysts prepared by the method of the instant invention, wherein nonaqueous solutions are used in preparing the catalyst, are characterized as having a degree of dispersion of at least 10% greater than similar catalysts prepared by the prior art aqueous impregnation techniques and in some instances show an improved degree of dispersion of more than 50% over the catalysts prepared by the prior art methods.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to a novel catalyst which comprises a physical mixture of (1) at least one catalytically active transition metal selected from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements in combination with at least one alkaline earth metal oxide, and (2) an acidic refractory oxide. The combination of one or more of said Group VIII metals and one or more alkaline earth metal oxides may be provided by supporting said metals and said oxides on a nonacidic refractory oxide support. These catalysts are useful in hydrocarbon conversion processes and are characterized as having improved stability under oxidizing conditions, for example, the high temperature oxidation treatments encountered in regenerating deactivated reforming catalysts.

Abstract: Novel layer type clay-like tetraalkyl phosphonium aluminosilicates can be produced by the ion exchange reaction of metal aluminosilicates with phosphonium salts. For example, layered type tetraalkyl phosphonium derivatives of clays are prepared by the reaction of sodium clays with tetraalkyl phosphonium chlorides. Substituted tetraalkyl phosphonium clays such as phosphino-, amino-, cyano- and hydroxy-alkyl derivatives are similarly synthesized. The novel compositions have unexpected microstructure, thermal stability, and thixotropic properties in organic liquids.

Abstract: Novel heterogeneous silylhydrocarbyl phosphine transition metal complex catalysts and intermediates therefor are prepared by (a) the selective monoaddition of silane having chlorine, alkoxy or acyloxy groups to an .alpha.,.omega.-diene, (b) followed by the addition of a phosphine to the resulting .omega.-alkenyl silanes to form the corresponding silylalkyl phosphines, (c) which are then covalently anchored as such or in the form of their transition metal complexes via condensation of their reactive silane substituents with hydroxy groups of silica and metal oxides, (d) optionally followed by complexing the free phosphine groups of anchored silylalkyl phosphines with transition metal compounds.

Abstract: Materials of the general formula MXY.sub.3 wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Mg, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, Sn, Pb and mixtures thereof; X is a pnictide selected from the group consisting of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and mixtures thereof, and Y is a chalcogenide selected from the group consisting of sulfur, selenium and mixtures thereof, have been discovered to be superior lubricants exhibiting resistance to oxidation and thermal degradation, low friction, excellent antiwear activity and long effective life. Metal surfaces coated with such materials resist gauling and damage due to adhesive or corrosive wear. These materials can be used as dry solid lubricants or as additives to oils and greases.

Abstract: A new method for the selective synthesis of olefinic hydrocarbons of from C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 from CO and H.sub.2 which method comprises the steps of passing a synthesis gas stream of CO and H.sub.2 at a H.sub.2 /CO ratio of from 0.1-10 at a space velocity of from 100 hr..sup.-1 to 50,000 hr..sup.-1 over a catalyst system comprising from 0.01 to 10 wt. % rhodium deposited on TiO.sub.2, other titanium-containing oxides or mixtures of said titanium-containing oxides for a time sufficient to effect the generation of desired olefinic products, at a temperature of from 100.degree.-500.degree. C. and a pressure of from 100 to 10.sup.5 kPa. The supported rhodium catalyst has a surface area of from 10 to 60 m.sup.2 g.sup.-1 of total catalyst with a preferred rhodium crystallite size .ltoreq. 5 nm.Rhodium supported on TiO.sub.2, other titanium-containing oxides, or mixtures of titanium oxides results in a catalyst system which exhibits superior hydrocarbon synthesis characteristics.

Abstract: An improved process for storing the off-peak electrical output of an electricity generating plant in the form of heat by using said off-peak electrical output to raise the temperature level of a quantity of stored low vapor pressure thermal energy retention material and recalling said stored heat during periods of peak power demand in the form of electrical power, or industrial process heat wherein the excess electrical power, running a compressor (i.e. heat pump), compresses low grade heat containing vapor thereby raising the temperature and said compressed high heat is transferred to a LVP thermal energy retention material, the improvement comprising using as a source of low grade heat the waste heat generated by industrial and/or municipal installation such as refineries, steel mills, incinerators, etc.

Abstract: The excess power from a power station, whether nuclear, fossil fuel, geothermal, solar, etc. is stored in the form of heat in a low vapor pressure thermal energy retention material which is selected from the group consisting of petroleum hydrocarbon distillates having a boiling range of between 500.degree. to 1300.degree. F with a vapor pressure in the temperature range of 500.degree.-650.degree. F not exceeding 1 atm. Low vapor pressure thermal energy retention materials may be heated in any number of ways, for example, directly by turbine extraction steam and primary high pressure steam, or by means of excess volumes of boiler feed water heated by turbine extraction steam and primary high pressure steam, or by direct solar energy or by means of the excess electricity generated by any form of power station.

Abstract: A one-piece, integral, high strength, combined heat exchanger-reactor comprising a monolithic honeycomb structure wherein the channels thereof are divided into two or more groups; group one carrying one fluid and group two carrying another fluid which differs from the first in composition and/or temperature and/or pressure and/or direction of flow, the main design feature of the combined heat exchanger-reactor (CHER) being that group one channels extend outward parallel to the channel axis and perpendicular to the cross-section of the honeycomb and each channel of this group one being in thermal contact through common walls with channels of group two while each channel of group one is separated from other channels of group one by the intervening voids formed by the presence of the channels of group two.

Abstract: Mixed metal oxides of the formula CaMn.sub.3 O.sub.6, CaMn.sub.4 O.sub.8 and CaMn.sub.7 O.sub.12 are disclosed. They are useful in electrochemical processes. CaMn.sub.3 O.sub.6 is a mixed valence composition whose formula may be written as Ca[Mn.sub.2.sup.3+ Mn.sup.4+ ]O.sub.6. The compound is stable in H.sub.2 to about 400.degree. C. and in oxygen to approximately 925.degree. C. CaMn.sub.4 O.sub.8 is also a mixed valence composition whose formula may be written Ca[Mn.sub.2.sup.3+ Mn.sub.2.sup.4+ ]O.sub.8. This compound is stable in H.sub.2 to about 250.degree. C. and in O.sub.2 to about 900.degree. C. CaMn.sub.7 O.sub.12 is a mixed valence composition whose formula may be written as Ca[Mn.sup.4+ Mn.sub.6.sup.3+ ]O.sub.12. The compound is stable in H.sub.2 to about 500.degree. C. and in oxygen to approximately 950.degree. C.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for the selective separation and sequestering of plutonium from uranium which comprises contacting a gas stream containing uranium hexafluoride [at a partial pressure of 26 torr or less] and plutonium hexafluoride at any pressure with graphite whereby PuF.sub.6 is selectively intercalated into the graphite while UF.sub.6 is left unreacted in the gas stream. Preferably, the contacting of UF.sub.6 and PuF.sub.6 with graphite is conducted in the presence of excess fluorine.In another embodiment the graphite is first reacted with a chemical oxidant. Such pretreatment of the graphite renders it inert to UF.sub.6 intercalation at partial pressures over 26 torr, the pressure above which UF.sub.6 normally intercalates with graphite. Such pretreatment will have less effect on PuF.sub.6 intercalation into the prereacted graphite compound and therefore will permit the separation of UF.sub.6 -PuF.sub.

Abstract: Chelated lithium aluminum compounds are prepared by mixing a lithium aluminum compound such as a lithium aluminum hydride with a chelating agent wherein the agent contains at least one nitrogen atom. The chelating agent is a tertiary polyamine or aminoether. The resultant chelate is used for a variety of processes such as separations, catalytic reactions, substitution reactions, reductions, electrochemical reactions, and also as an oil and fuel additive.

Abstract: A complex is described of the formula:TX.sub.2 (RNC).sub.ywherein TX.sub.2 is the inorganic host in which T is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten and mixtures thereof, and X is a chalcogenide selected from the group consisting of sulfur, selenium and tellurium, and RNC is the organic guest wherein R is an alkyl or aryl alkyl radical of from 1 to 18 carbon atoms and y is a number ranging from about 0.10 to about 2.0.These new complexes are afforded by the intercalation of organic isonitriles within the layered structure of Group IVb, Vb, molybdenum and tungsten transition metal dichalcogenides.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to a novel catalyst which comprises a physical mixture of (1) at least one catalytically active transition metal selected from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements in combination with at least one alkaline earth metal oxide, and (2) an acidic refractory oxide. The combination of one or more of said Group VIII metals and one or more alkaline earth metal oxides may be provided by supporting said metals and said oxides on a nonacidic refractory oxide support. These catalysts are useful in hydrocarbon conversion processes and are characterized as having improved stability under oxidizing conditions, for example, the high temperature oxidation treatments encountered in regenerating deactivated reforming catalysts.

Abstract: A method for producing low molecular weight organic compounds, said method comprising the step of passing a mixture of CO and H.sub.2 over palladium supported on a suitable acidic metal oxide at a temperature and pressure sufficient to form said organic compounds. The palladium is highly dispersed on the chosen support and has a crystallite size of less than 100 A, preferably less than 70 A, most preferably, less than 40 A. In this state, the surface Pd atoms have a much higher activity than surface Pd atoms of very large Pd crystallites. To insure maintenance of such high activity and small crystallite size for a substantial period during the course of the reaction, the synthesis reactions are run at reactor bed temperatures below which agglomeration of crystallites is avoided, i.e., at temperatures below 350.degree. C., preferably about 325.degree. C., most preferably 300.degree. C.

Abstract: Radioactive ruthenium, molybdenum and technetium which are by-products of the fission of U.sup.235 are prevented from contaminating the environment during nuclear fuel reprocessing procedures by passing the radioactive ruthenium, molybdenum and/or technetium oxides over a trapping agent selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth compounds, lanthanide compounds and lead compounds at a temperature of over 500.degree. C. leading to the formation of nonvolatile ruthenates, molybdates and technetates. By this process volatile radioactive RuO.sub.4, MoO.sub.3 and Tc.sub.2 O.sub.7 are kept from escaping into the atmosphere during nuclear fuel reprocessing. The stable ruthenates, molybdates and technetates thus formed can then be easily isolated and contained during the period of maximum radioactive decay.

Abstract: A method is described for storing the offpeak electrical output of an electricity generating plant in the form of heat by using it to raise the temperature level of a quantity of stored heat retention material and recalling said stored heat during periods of peak power demand in the form of electrical power. During low power demand periods hot water is drawn from a hot water storage means and cooled by flashing it at successively lower pressures. The cold condensate is sent to a cold water storage means while the various flash vapors are fed to appropriate stages of a steam compressor driven by excess power drawn from the electricity generating station. The steam which has been compressed by means of the excess electrical power is directed to heat exchanger means where it is used to heat a low vapor pressure (LVP) thermal energy retention material flowing from cold to hot storage means through the heat exchanger means.

Abstract: This invention relates to the use of chelated lithium hydridoaluminates or hydridoborates in hydride reductions of organic and inorganic substrates. Novel or improved reductions are obtained at increased rates or selectivities in hydrocarbon media.

Abstract: A process for the hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbon fractions is described which comprises dissolving said unsaturated hydrocarbon fraction in a liquid acid system, said liquid acid system being selected from the group consisting of liquid HF, other liquid Bronsted acid containing fluorine, fluorine containing Friedel-Crafts catalyst (such as BF.sub.3, TaF.sub.5) in liquid HF or other liquid fluorine containing Bronsted acid and contacting the resulting solution with a catalyst selected from the group consisting of the elemental oxide and sulfide forms of platinum and iridium and the elemental and oxide forms of palladium promoted with a liquid acid system said liquid acid system being selected from the group consisting of liquid fluorine containing Bronsted acid and fluorine containing Friedel-Crafts catalyst in liquid fluorine containing Bronsted acid in a pressurized hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature sufficient to facilitate the reaction and avoid hydrocracking.