Abstract: Crude trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (DACH) contained in a mixture of amines derived as a by-product from the manufacture of 1,6-hexanediamine (HDA) or any other synthesis process crude by-product stream may be directly resolved into its optical isomers by using a mixture of tartaric acid and a second acid selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 carboxylic acids and HCl, without first separating the DACH in high purity from the mixed amine component by-product stream. Alternatively, racemic DACH may be separated from a crude mixed amine component by-product stream by use of oxalic, sulfuric and/or nitric acids. This racemic product may then be optically resolved by techniques known in the art.

Abstract: Novel heterogeneous silylhydrocarbyl phosphine transition metal complex catalysts and intermediates therefore are prepared by (a) the selective monoaddition of silane having chlorine, alkoxy or acyloxy groups to an .alpha., .omega.-diene, (b) followed by the addition of a phosphine to the resulting .omega.-alkenyl silanes to form the corresponding silylalkyl phosphines, (c) which are then covalently anchored as such or in the form of their transition metal complexes via condensation of their reactive silane substituents with hydroxy groups of silica and metal oxides, (d) optionally followed by complexing the free phosphine groups of anchored silylalkyl phosphines with transition metal compounds.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for making supported nickel catalysts which are characterized as having the nickel in a highly dispersed state, the catalysts and use thereof in hydrogenation, reforming and hydrocarbon synthesis reactions, for example, Fischer-Tropsch reactions. Catalysts prepared by the method of the instant invention, wherein nonaqueous solutions are used in preparing the catalyst, are characterized as having a degree of dispersion of at least 10% greater than similar catalysts prepared by the prior art aqueous impregnation techniques and in some instances show an improved degree of dispersion of more than 50% over the catalysts prepared by the prior art methods.

Abstract: Coal is electrophilically aromatically substituted (i.e., alkylated or acylated) in the presence of an alkylating or acylating agent with or without a catalyst under mild conditions to give a treated coal product. This treated coal product may then be solvent extracted to give an extract and an upgraded coal residue, with this residue being subjected to a gasification process procedure or the treated coal product may be subjected to gasification process procedures without any prior extraction being performed. By means of either technique, a material is prepared for which the rate of gasification and the yield of desired product upon gasification is dramatically increased when compared with nonelectrophilically aromatically substituted material (i.e., raw coal). An improved gasification process is disclosed comprising the steps of electrophilically aromatically substituting coal and subjecting such pretreated coal, either extracted or unextracted to gasification process techniques.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel liquid membrane formulations which are water-in-oil emulsions wherein the oil phase comprises a sulfonated polymer having a backbone which is substantially nonaromatic, for example, less than 10 mole % aromatic, and uses thereof in high temperature liquid membrane processes. The emulsions are useful in liquid membrane water treating processes, especially in water treating processes which are desirably run at high temperatures. In the most preferred embodiment, these compositions are used in a liquid membrane sour water treating process wherein a waste water stream containing ammonium sulfide is contacted with a liquid membrane emulsion, i.e. the emulsions of the instant invention, at conditions whereby ammonia permeates through the external phase of the emulsion into an acidic internal phase wherein it is converted to a nonpermeable form, e.g. ammonium ion, while H.sub.2 S is continuously stripped out of the waste water solution by means of an inert gas, e.g. steam.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of high surface area mixed metal oxides by decomposition of solid solutions of carbonates possessing the calcite structure. Oxide compounds comprising mixtures of Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd and Mg can be prepared by this method. For example, CaMnO.sub.3 with a surface area of 11 m.sup.2 /g useful as a battery cathode, has been prepared by the instant method, that is, by decomposition of a CaMn(CO.sub.3).sub.2 precursor.The mixed metal carbonate solid solutions which are used as precursors for the preparation of the mixed metal oxides are themselves prepared by the precipitation from solution of the appropriate metal ions by the addition of an excess of a carbonate ion source (such as (NH.sub.4).sub.2 CO.sub.3). The metal-ion ratio in this solution is adjusted so that the resulting precipitate has the same stoichiometry as the desired oxide.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of and pretreatment of coal, which coal will not cake when subjected to standard coal conversion processes, which method comprises the steps of electrophilically aromatically substituting the coal yielding alkylated or acylated products thereby.

Abstract: Novel layer type clay-like tetraalkyl phosphonium aluminosilicates can be produced by the ion exchange reaction of metal aluminosilicates with phosphonium salts. For example, layered type tetraalkyl phosphonium derivatives of clays are prepared by the reaction of sodium clays with tetraalkyl phosphonium chlorides. The novel compositions have unexpected microstructure, thermal stability, and thixotropic properties in organic liquids.

Abstract: A new low temperature layered manganese compound of the formula Ca.sub.2 Mn.sub.3 O.sub.8 has unexpectedly been synthesized in pure form. The unit cell dimensions of this new compound have been determined by X-ray diffraction and reveal that the compound is monoclinic with lattice parameters of a=11.02 A, b=5.85 A, c=4.94 A, .alpha.=90.degree., .beta.=109.80.degree., .gamma.=90.degree.. The structure consists of pseudohexagonal Mn.sup.4+ sheets with similar oxygen sheets on either side, giving a distorted octahedral coordination to the Mn.sup.4+. Every fourth Mn.sup.4+ is missing in these layers, so their composition is Mn.sub.3 O.sub.8 with chains of coordination octahedra linked by common edges (rutile type arrangement). The Ca ions are situated between the Mn.sub.3 O.sub.8 layers.This new Ca.sub.2 Mn.sub.3 O.sub.

Abstract: Nickel supported on TiO.sub.2, other titanium-containing oxides or mixtures of various titanium oxides results in a catalyst system which exhibits superior hydrocarbon synthesis characteristics. Such supported nickel catalysts exhibit selectivity to paraffinic hydrocarbon products of from C.sub.2 to C.sub.7 which are free of olefins and oxygenated products. They generate CO conversions of up to 60% at pressures of 3090 kPa without significant change in product distribution. A large fraction of the product obtained contains 2 or more carbon atoms in the chain up to conversions of 60%. The supported nickel catalysts exhibit enhanced activity, improved selectivity to higher molecular weight normal paraffins, improved longevity and tolerance to sulfur and resistance to nickel carbonyl formation as compared to nickel catalysts on other supports such as Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, silica or carbon.A new method for the selective synthesis of higher molecular weight normal paraffins from CO and H.sub.

Abstract: A new method for the synthesis of hydrocarbons with chain lengths of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms inclusive and for selective generation of olefinic hydrocarbons in this carbon number range with reduced wax formation, said products being synthesized from CO and H.sub.2 at pressures of from 100 to 3100 kPa which method comprises the steps of passing a synthesis gas stream of CO and H.sub.2 at a H.sub.2 /CO ratio of from 0.1-10 at a space velocity of from 100 hr.sup.-.sup.1 to 50,000 hr.sup.-.sup.1 over a catalyst comprising from 0.01 to 15 wt. % ruthenium on TiO.sub.2, other titanium-containing oxides or mixtures of said titanium-containing oxides for a time sufficient to effect the generation of desired olefinic hydrocarbon products, at a temperature of from 100.degree. to 500.degree. C and a pressure of from 100 to 10.sup.5 kPa (1-1000 atm). The supported ruthenium catalyst has a BET surface area of from 10 to 60 m.sup.2 g.sup.

Abstract: Halogenated hydrocarbons are selectively prepared under mild reaction conditions by flowing a gaseous mixture of H.sub.2, CO, and halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine over a well-dispersed supported catalyst system, such as Pt/Re, Pt/Ir, Pt, Ir and Re on an acidic support such as Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, SiO.sub.2 -Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 or zeolites. The reaction occurs over a broad temperature range of from 200.degree. to 1,000.degree. C and a pressure of from 0.1 to 500 atmospheres.

Abstract: It has been discovered that supported iridium catalysts will selectively reduce NO.sub.X under lean conditions in a critical temperature range.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the extraction of bitumen from tar sands which comprises contacting the tar sand in an extraction zone with a paraffinic hydrocarbon solvent having from 5 to 9 carbon atoms at a ratio of from 2 to 10 parts solvent per part of bitumen present in the tar sand, maintaining the asphaltene fraction of said tar sands in suspension, separating a major portion of said solvent which contains a major amount of the bitumen dissolved therein along with the suspended asphaltene fraction from the extracted sand, passing the extracted sand along with a minor portion of said solvent and a minor amount of bitumen into a water contacting zone and therein contacting said extracted sand with sufficient water at a temperature of at least 100.degree. F.

Abstract: The salt of a weak acid and a weak base is removed from a solution by contacting said solution with an emulsion. Said emulsion comprises an exterior phase which is characterized as immiscible with said solution and permeable to the weak acid and/or weak base in their un-ionized forms. One of the species which can permeate through said exterior phase reacts with a reactant present in the interior phase of the emulsion which converts said permeating species to a non-permeable form, i.e., by neutralization, thus providing a continuing driving force for the permeation of said permeating species. The other nonreacting or nonpermeating species is stripped from solution by passing an inert gas through said solution. Stripping and neutralization in the interior phase of the emulsion are carried out simultaneously.

Abstract: Adding liquid HF or liquid Bronsted acids containing fluorine to palladium results in a catalyst which demonstrates enhanced hydrogenation activity on the order of 10 to 144 times that of palladium by itself. Adding a Friedel-Crafts catalyst containing fluorine (e.g. BF.sub.3, TaF.sub.5) to the liquid HF or liquid Bronsted acids containing fluorine leads to even greater hydrogenation rate increases, e.g. 3500 times. Addition of liquid HF or Friedel-Crafts catalysts containing fluorine in HF or Bronsted acid containing fluorine to platinum also results in a superior catalyst possessing enhanced hydrogenation rates but to a lesser degree than with palladium. However, such liquid acid promoted platinum catalysts are more tolerant to sulfur, than are palladium catalysts, making them attractive as heavy ends, resid and coal liquid hydrogenation catalysts. Iridium has also been discovered to be a good hydrogenation catalyst.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to novel liquid membrane formulations, i.e., emulsions, which comprise an aqueous interior phase and a water-immiscible exterior phase; said water-immiscible exterior phase comprising an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and a solvent for this polymer. These compositions may additionally contain a water insoluble surfactant to stabilize the emulsions. In the most preferred embodiment, the aqueous interior phase comprises a strong acid, for example from about 1 to 10 percent by weight sulfuric acid. These emulsions are useful in liquid membrane processes for the separation of dissolved components from aqueous solution. Emulsions of the instant invention are characterized as showing very low swelling when contacted with aqueous solutions, especially at higher temperatures and thus are especially effective for use in the treatment of sour water feed streams by the liquid membrane technique.

Abstract: The regeneration of spent metal catalysts is accomplished by treatment with a sulfurous atmosphere at a pressure of at least 0.10 atmospheres and at a controlled high temperature of between 400-825.degree. C. (preferably between 400.degree.-715.degree. C., and most preferably between 400.degree.-600.degree. C.) for a time sufficient for the selective formation of sulfides of carbon and sulfides of vanadium or lead which sulfides are characterized by having high volatility and solubility in the sulfurous atmosphere and which vanadium and carbon sulfides are selectively removed from the catalyst within the stated temperature range.The coke and vanadium or lead removal methods disclosed are selective in that the coke and vanadium or lead are removed without removing the active catalytic components.

Abstract: A catalyst comprising at least one metal selected from the group consisting of rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and platinum in combination with a Group VB element supported on a porous carrier is employed in the hydrocracking of heavy aromatic hydrocarbons using steam as the hydrogen source. The product consists mainly of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and lower molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons. The catalyst is especially useful for the dealkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The power output from a nuclear power plant or fossil fuel power plant operating under constant reactor (or furnace) and boiler conditions is varied by regulating the rate of turbine extraction steam and primary high pressure steam used to heat boiler feed water (BFW). During periods of low power demand excess extraction steam is drawn off to heat excess quantities of boiler feed water. One portion of the BFW is fed to the boiler while the other portion is used to reheat a low vapor pressure (LVP) organic material which hot material is stored under an inert atmosphere at atmospheric pressure in a high temperature storage location means. During periods of high power demand BFW preheat duties would be taken over entirely by the moving LVP organic material, moving from hot to cold storage location means, use of extraction steam for BFW reheat being curtailed and such untapped extraction steam being allowed instead to expand itself fully in the turbines.