Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing hydrofluorocarbons of the formulas CF.sub.3 (CH.sub.2 CF.sub.2).sub.n F comprising reacting at least one reactant selected from CCl.sub.3 (CH.sub.2 CCl.sub.2).sub.n Cl, CCl.sub.3 (CH.sub.2 CF.sub.2).sub.n Cl or CCl.sub.2 [(CH.sub.2 CF.sub.2)Cl].sub.2, where n=1 to 3, with hydrogen fluoride at a temperature of from about 25.degree. to about 200.degree. C.

Abstract: Trichlorofluoromethane refrigeration systems use mineral oil to lubricate the compressor. We have found that the use of 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane and mineral oil results in the formation of 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane; in the absence of mineral oil, the use of 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane does not result in the formation of 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane. We have found an additive which substantially reduces the formation of 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane. Thus, the present invention provides a composition comprising: (a) 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, (b) hydrogen-contributing lubricant: and (c) a composition comprising: (i) at least one phenol and (ii) at least one aromatic or fluorinated alkyl epoxide wherein the composition (c) substantially reduces the decomposition of 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process of forming liquid or solid blends, solutions, or dispersions of electrically conductive doped conjugated polymer dissolved or dispersed in a liquid or polymeric matrix.

Abstract: This invention relates to thermally stable electrically conductive conjugated polymer comprising a conjugated polymer cation such as a substituted or unsubstituted polyaniline doped with a dopant anion substituted with one or more polar groups such as hydroxy, the polar group having an electronegativity or an electropositivity such that said polar group or groups have a net polar group molar contribution greater than zero.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition for use in compression refrigeration and air-conditioning. The composition comprises: (a) a refrigerant selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon; and (b) a sufficient amount to provide lubrication of at least one fluorinated silicone. The fluorinated silicone has units therein selected from the group consisting of fluoroalkyl and alkyl. If both fluoroalkyl and alkyl units are present in the fluorinated silicone, at least 25% of the units are fluoroalkyl. The fluorinated silicone has a molecular weight between about 280 and about 6,000; a viscosity of about 10 to about 300 centistokes at 38.degree. C. (0.1 to 3 cm.sup.2 /sec), and is miscible in combination with the refrigerant in the range between -40.degree. C. and at least +20.degree. C.

Abstract: Stable azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropentane, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkanol and optionally nitromethane have been discovered which are useful as degreasing agents and as solvents in a variety of industrial cleaning applications including cold cleaning and defluxing of printed circuit boards and dry cleaning.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved process for the regeneration of ion exchange gels and resins. Exhausted regenerating solutions from a either a cationic or anionic exchange column are converted into fresh regenerating solutions via one or a combination of electrodialysis units having at least one bipolar membrane. The spent regenerants may be treated in an electrodialytic water splitter, an acid or base purification unit, or any combination thereof, to reclaim as much or as little of the regenerating solution as is required by the particular process.

Abstract: Azeotrope-like compositions comprising trifluoromethane and carbon dioxide or trifluromethane, hexafluoroethane and carbon dioxide are stable and have utility as refrigerants for heating and cooling as well as fire extinguishing compositions.

Abstract: The present invention provides hydrochlorofluorocarbons having 3 to 5 carbons atoms, 1 to 2 chlorine atoms, and an OH rate constant from about 8 to about 25 cm.sup.3 /molecule/sec.times.10.sup.-14. The hydrochlorofluorocarbons are useful as solvents and blowing agents.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the reductive dechlorination of ClCF.sub.2 CFClCF.sub.2 Cl to CF.sub.3 CHFCH.sub.2 F comprising the step of contacting 1,2,3-trichloropentafluoropropane and H.sub.2 in the presence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium and mixtures thereof supported on alumina under reaction conditions sufficient to produce a product stream containing 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved apparatus of the type containing membranes which are selectively permeable to ion transport and a related method. The apparatus comprises at least one guard membrane located adjacent to a first membrane. A conductive bridge is formed between the guard and first membrane, either by adding an adhesive layer between the membranes or by treating the surface of the guard membrane. The adhesive layer between the guard and first membranes is preferably highly water swollen. The apparatus comprises at least one unit cell comprising at least one first membrane and one guard membrane which are held together by a static ionically conductive layer or interface. The guard membranes of the present invention are particularly useful in weak acid systems and prevent the formation of a non-conducting layer which greatly increases potential across the cell.

Abstract: The present invention comprises an improved electrodialytic cell and closed loop process for removing SO.sub.2 from SO.sub.2 containing gases. An aqueous scrubbing medium is used to remove the SO.sub.2 from the gas. A two compartment electrodialytic water splitter and a means for stripping is used to isolate the SO.sub.2 and regenerate the aqueous scrubbing medium. Use of univalent cation selective membranes, recycling of the acid product to the base loop of the water splitter, and a prescrubber allow high concentrations of scrubbing solution to be treated without significant fouling inside the membranes. The above process embodiments may be used either alone or in combination.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for rapidly field annealing ferromagnetic cores and the cores produced thereby. A current is applied across a magnetizing source associated with a magnetizing core which induces a flux/voltage in the ferromagnetic core which is disposed about a leg of the magnetizing core. The flux/voltage in the second core induces a current in the second core which in turn induces a field in, and transverse to the width direction of, the ferromagnetic core. A second field may e applied to the ferromagnetic core during cooling. The cores produced display low core loss and either sheared over or square loop properties which are suitable for current and distribution type transformers respectively.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel heat treatment process, and the alloy products produced thereby. The heat treatment process includes heating an alloy at a temperature and for a time sufficient to cause crystallization, cooling the alloy at a rate greater than about 10.degree. C. per minute, preferably greater than about 50.degree. C. per minute, and most preferably greater than about 100.degree. C. per minute. Alloys of many compositions and having either amorphous, surface crystallized or partially bulk crystallized structure may be beneficially treated. Alloy strips and cores heat treated according to the present invention display B-H loops which display a discontinuous change in slope at near zero field conditions. Alloy strips which have been heat treated according to the present invention display greatly increased resonant output voltages and are particularly useful as resonant markers in article surveillance systems.

Abstract: The present invention is an improved process for electrodialytically generating salts of volatile acids and/or bases from a salt stream. The salt of the volatile base may either be generated from a similar salt, or may be recovered from a mixed salt solution containing the salt of a volatile base and other similar salts. The salt solution is treated in a two or three compartment electrodialytic water splitter. The acid formed in the acid compartment of the electrodialytic unit is neutralized as it is formed by adding the volatile base directly to the acid loop. Neutralization of the acid in the acid loop minimizes the acid concentration in the electrodialytic unit, thereby increasing the efficiency of the membranes, and the cell stack. The electrodialytic unit may be run in either batch or continuous mode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and related apparatus useful to electrodialytically convert salt to acid and/or base of improved purity. The apparatus comprises an electrodialytic water splitting apparatus comprised of at least one unit cell. Each cell comprises at least two means for splitting water. An intermediate compartment is between the two adjacent means for splitting water. At least one ion selective means is adjacent to at least one of the means for splitting water. An acid or base product compartment is between the ion selective means and the means for splitting water. There is an aqueous salt feed compartment, the ion selective means being between the salt feed compartment and the water splitting means.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and related apparatus useful to electrodialytically convert the salt of a strong base and a weak acid to base with improved purity; or the salt of a weak base and a strong acid to acid with improved purity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus of electodialytically treating an acid such as citric acid to produce a desired salt of the anion of the acid, such as sodium citrate. A cation can be introduced into a solution via a cheap donor salt solution such as NaCl or KCl, without significantly altering or degrading the purity of the final product. The apparatus comprises a three-compartment cell, which comprises at least two adjacent anion selective membranes to accomplish a cation substitution reaction exploiting the differential selectivities of the adjacent anion membranes employed.

Abstract: A method of separating acid from an aqueous feed stream comprising acid and salt. The method is conducted in an apparatus comprising a bipolar membrane between at least one first anion membrane and at least one second anion membrane.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel, environmentally acceptable blowing agent and blowing agent blends and a process for producing thermalplastic, and particularly polyolefin foams using the environmentally acceptable blowing agent(s). The blowing agents of the present invention comprise difluoromethane and optionally a second blowing agent component which is nonflammable and possesses good blowing agent properties. Polyolefin foam is made by mixing a polyolefin resin and the blowing agent and introducing the resin/blowing agent mixture into a zone of lower pressure.