Abstract: An apparatus for determining the resistivity of formations surrounding an earth borehole. An elongated electrically conductive body is movable through the borehole. A first transmitter establishes a first current in the body from a first transmitter position on the body, the first current traveling in a path that includes the body and the formations. An electrode is mounted on the body and has a surface that is electrically isolated from the surface of the body. A first electrical signal, resulting from the first current, is measured at the electrode. A second transmitter establishes a second current in the body from a second transmitter position on the body that is spaced from the first transmitter position, the second current traveling in a path that includes the body and the formations. A second electrical signal, resulting from the second current, is measured at the electrode. A current monitor measures the axial current passing a monitor position on the body to obtain a monitor current value.

Abstract: The disclosed technique and apparatus utilizes the different characteristic responses of a plurality of signals from a propagation or induction well logging device to determine the vertical and horizontal resistivity of formations surrounding a borehole.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to improved techniques and devices employing an aluminum-bearing III-V semiconductor material and a native oxide of aluminum that is formed in the semiconductor material. Effective optical confinement, tailored to obtain desired operating conditions, can be achieved with a thick native oxide of aluminum that extends through at least one-third of the thickness of the aluminum-bearing layer in which the native oxide is formed. The resultant lateral index step can be made quite large and employed for devices such as ring lasers.

Abstract: A humidity meter includes a humidity-frequency converter (2) which is essentially a pulse oscillator, the oscillation frequency of which depends upon the impedance of a humidity sensor (1), a differentiation circuit (3) and a wave-form shaping circuit (4) which essentially operate as a pulse width modulator for adjusting pulse width of an output pulse of the converter (2) for assuring a linear relationship between humidity and the output signal, and an integrator (6) for integrating the output of the pulse width modulator to provide an output signal as a DC level. A feedback path (5) is provided to apply the output signal to the pulse width modulator for assuring a linear output irrespective of the exponential characteristics of the humidity sensor. Said differentiation circuit (3) has a capacitor (31), a first variable impedance element (32) which is controlled by said feedback path , and a second variable impedance element (33) coupled in series with the first variable impedance element (32).

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an apparatus and method for producing a three-dimensional image representation of a body. The body can be animate or inanimate; i.e. the invention can be used to obtain 3D image representations of for example, parts of the human body or any object that one wishes to view or measure. The 3D image representations can be used to produce 2D displays of sections, contours, etc., or displays having 3D perspective, such as wire-frame type illustrations. This facilitates automatic computation of areas or volumes. In a disclosed embodiment, an ultrasonic imaging subsystem is provided for producing signals representative of two-dimensional images of sections of the body, the subsystem including a scanning transducer that is moveable to determine the section of the body to be imaged. The image representative signals are stored as arrays of digital pixel values.

Abstract: An ultrasonic wave nebulizer for converting water or liquid to mist has a disc-shaped piezoelectric vibrator (TD) which has a pair of surfaces one of which is defined as an operation surface. A thin plate (21) having a plurality of small holes or mesh is located close to the operation surface so that a gap or a thin water or liquid film is defined between the mesh and the operation surface. The gap spacing is smaller than the diameter of a water drop which is composed by surface tension of water where no mesh is located. Upon excitation of the vibrator with high frequency power, the water film is converted to mist. The exciting frequency is almost the same as the resonant frequency of the vibrator. The high frequency power is intermittent having duty ratio (D.sub.ON /D) in the range from 10% to 70% so that instantaneous exciting power is high to facilitate water to mist conversion while average power is low to keep temperature at the operation surface low.

Abstract: An ultrasonic wave nebulizer for converting water or liquid to mist has a disc-shaped piezoelectric vibrator (1) which has a pair of surfaces one of which is defined as an operation surface. A mesh (3) is located close to said operation surface so that a gap (G) or a thin water or liquid film is defined between the mesh and the operation surface. The gap spacing is smaller than the diameter of water drop which is composed by surface tension of water when no mesh were located. Upon excitation of the vibrator with high frequency, the water film is converted to mist. Fresh water is supplied in said gap spacing through capillarity. The exciting frequency is almost the same as the resonant frequency of the vibrator. The present nebulizer is useful for a small atomizer which operates with small power consumption.

Abstract: A MOS-FET transistor is produced on a substrate made of glass which has a non single crystal semiconductor film (2'). The average diameter of a crystal grain in said film is in the range between 0.5 times and 4 times of thickness of said film, and said average diameter is 250 .ANG.-8000 .ANG. , and said film thickness is 500 .ANG.-2000 .ANG.. The density of oxygen in the semiconductor film (2') is less than 2.times.10.sup.19 /cm.sup.3. A photo sensor having PIN structure is also produced on the substrate, to provide an image sensor for a facsimile transmitter together with the transistors. Said film (2') is produced by placing amorphous silicon film on the glass substrate through CVD process using disilane gas, and effecting solid phase growth to said amorphous silicon film by heating the substrate together with said film in nitrogen gas atmosphere. The film (2') thus produced is subject to implantation of dopant for providing a transistor.

Abstract: A method of forming or reforming a composite material comprises relatively rotating a pair of members (2,3) while urging them together under pressure so as to mix or remix together the materials (1) making up the composite. The urging direction is substantially parallel with the axis of relative rotation. The composite is then extruded (7).

Abstract: A multilayer hybrid circuit having a laminated body having at least one of a plurality of dielectric layers, dielectric magnetic layers, and conductive patterns on said dielectric layers and said magnetic layers, is produced through a printing process and a sintering process, and comprises capacitors, inductors, and resistors. An external connection is effected by side terminals positioned on side walls of the laminated body. A coupling conductor which is perpendicular to a dielectric plane is provided for coupling elements on different planes. Said coupling conductor is a succession of essentially S-shaped conductor chips or lines with the ends connected to adjacent conductor chips on different planes. That coupling conductor functions via a through hole conductor in a prior printed circuit board, and has high operational reliability in a component which is produced through a sintering process.

Abstract: In an ultrasonic wave nebulizer having a piezoelectric vibrator (1) at the bottom of a water container for exciting ultrasonic vibration of water on the water surface to convert water to mist, a flat plate (16) having a center aperture (15) is provided above the vibrator (1) with a spacing (Z) between the plate (16) and the vibrator (1), so that the aperture (15) is positioned above the center of the vibrator (1). The plate (16) has no further apertures except the center aperture (15). The diameter (D) of the aperture (15) is smaller than the diameter (A) of the vibrator (1). The presence of the aperture (15) above the vibrator (1) improves the performance of the nebulizer, and increases the generation of mist.

Abstract: In an optical MDF (main distributing frame) for interconnecting external subscriber optical lines (122) with office optical lines (131) through jumpering operation, a matrix waveguide (128, 129, 130) having a plurality of crosspoints coupled with external lines and office lines is used. The matrix waveguide has a groove (235 in FIG. 4A) at each crosspoint so that said crosspoint is switched ON or OFF depending upon whether said groove is filled with matching oil or not, so that one of the external lines is connected to the selected office line. Said matching oil has the same refractive index as that of waveguides. Each crosspoint groove is coupled with a respective oil pool (236), which supplies matching oil which has essentially the same refractive index as that of a waveguide to said groove.

Abstract: The substrate in a plasma jet deposition system is provided with structural attributes, such as apertures and/or grooves, that facilitate efficient deposition. Groups of substrates are arranged with respect to the plasma beam in a manner which also facilitates efficient deposition. In addition to increasing the portion of the plasma beam volume which contacts the substrate surface or surfaces, it is advantageous to provide for the efficient evacuation of spent fluids away from the substrate so that fresh plasma containing the operative species can easily and continuously contact the substrate surface.

Abstract: An ultrasonic wave nebulizer has a vibrator-heater assembly unit (4) mounted at bottom of a water container (1) for converting water to mist, and heating water to provide warm mist. The assembly unit (4) has a circular piezoelectric vibrator element (9), and a ring-shaped conductive plate (7) surrounding said vibrator element (9). A heater (11) is attached on the rear surface of the conductive plate (7) so that the heater (11) is out of water. The assembly unit (4) has also a circuit element (13) for energizing the vibrator element (9). Water is heated, preferably, at less than 70.degree. C.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for combining a first video signal representative of a first image and a second video signal representative of a second image. In one embodiment, the first video signal is filtered to remove high frequency two-dimensional diagonal frequency components therefrom. The second video signal is also filtered to remove high frequency two-dimensional diagonal frequency components therefrom. The filtered second video signal is two-dimensionally modulated, and the filtered first video signal is combined with said modulated filtered second video signal. In a further embodiment, filtered signals are spatially decimated and combined.

Abstract: An electron beam welding system having improved deep penetration weld characteristics in which the electron beam is repeatedly deflected from an undeflected nominal position, as the beam traverses along a weld zone, to build up a heat distribution pattern in the vicinity of the weld zone. The heat distribution pattern is made up of a number of substantially distinct zones of different heat density with a preferred pattern comprising three zones with a space between the first and second zones. The third zone leads the second zone and the space trails the second zone in the direction of traversal of the beam with the maximum heat density occurring in the second zone.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an apparatus and method for measuring the presence of a volatile constituent of a sample of ground water or soil mixed with water. In an embodiment of the apparatus, a valve system is provided, and has a plurality of branches. A recloseable and collapsible bag, preferably of the polyethylene freezer bag type, is provided for receiving the sample. The bag has a hole in a wall thereof, preferably near the top ofthe bag. A first of the branches of the valve system is air-tight coupled to the bag via the hole. A detector of the volatile constituent is coupleable to a second of the branches of the valve system. The valve system is operative, in one position thereof, to close off the first branch so as to isolate the bag, and in another position thereof, to couple the first and second branches so that the detector can communicate with the bag.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are disclosed for encoding and decoding video to achieve bandwidth compression. In one embodiment, frames of a video signal are divided into a multiplicity of tiles. The picture content of each tile is separated into a plurality of frequency bands having a predetermined priority order. Motion is determined at each tile from changes in picture content of the tile from frame to frame. Signals are generated for each frame, the signals including an indication of the motion status for each tile and a representation of a frequency band for each tile. The frequency band representation for each particular tile is selected as a function of the motion status for the particular tile.

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an apparatus and method for receiving and processing an optical signal representative of electronic information. In an embodiment of the invention there is provided a light-emitting diode which is reverse biased to receive the optical signal and convert the optical signal to an electronic signal. Means are provided for determining time periods during which the electronic signal produced by the light-emitting diode is below a predetermined threshold. Means are provided for generating a dark current error signal indicative of a sampled output of the light-emitting diode during said time periods. Means are also provided for holding the error signal during other time periods when the electronic signal produced by the light-emitting diode is not below the predetermined threshold. Finally, means are provided for modifying the electronic signal produced by the light-emitting diode as a function of the held error signal to obtain an output electronic signal.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital converter circuit is disclosed for receiving an analog input signal and producing a digital output having a plurality of binary bits representative of the input signal. A number of devices are utilized, each of which has a voltage versus current characteristic with a plurality of peaks, and negative resistance regions between said peaks. In the illustrated embodiments, these devices are resonant tunneling diodes. For each bit to be produced, a pair of said devices are provided, each being coupled in series arrangement with a resistor. Predetermined portions of the input signal are applied to both of the series arrangements for each respective bit to be produced. Signals from both of the series arrangements are combined for each respective bit to be produced. The combined outputs respectively represent the produced binary bits.