Abstract: This invention is directed to producing highly concentrated solutions of methylenebisacrylamide and thereafter blending with ionogeneous acrylic monomers to produce low porosity, highly crosslinked, water insoluble polymers for use as anion selective resins and membranes.

Abstract: An electrodeionization polarity reversal apparatus is employed for the removal of dissolved salts from liquids. The preferred embodiment comprises the use of a fluid permeable filler of an equinormal mixture of anion and cation exchange material in both the ion-depleting and ion-concentration chambers while employing periodic symmetrical polarity reversal.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for monitoring the quality of water, said process comprising a first heated zone, means for introducing at least a portion of said water into said first heated zone, means for gently evaporating at least part of the water in the first heated zone and passing the vapor into and through a second heated zone, means for maintaining the temperature of said second heated zone in the range of from about 450.degree. to about 1000.degree. C., means for collecting and condensing vapor from said second heated zone to condensed liquid water and means for measuring the electrical impedance of at least a portion of said condensed liquid water.

Abstract: An apparatus containing a multiplicity of three chamber units comprising a combination of ion exchange membranes and bipolar membranes with certain of said chambers containing a fluid permeable filler of ion-exchange material. The apparatus can be used in a process to remove weakly ionized gases from fluid mixtures.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for monitoring the quality of water, said apparatus comprising a first heated zone, means for introducing at least a portion of said water into said first heated zone, means for gently evaporating at least part of the water in the first heated zone and passing the vapor into and through a second heated zone, means for maintaining the temperature of said second heated zone in the range of from about 450.degree. to about 1000.degree. C., means for collecting and condensing vapor from said second heated zone to condensed liquid water and means for measuring the electrical impedance of at least a portion of said condensed liquid water.

Abstract: A thin film composite (TFC) semipermeable membrane on a semiporous substrate is produced by an interfacial polymerization reaction between (1) an aqueous phase comprising a blend of water soluble and water dispersable compounds, (the latter being a chlorine or other oxidant neutralizer which protects the resulting semipermeable membrane from short term damage by chlorine or other oxidants) and (2) an organic phase comprising polyfunctional crosslinking reagents capable of reacting and/or polymerizing with one or more of the ingredients of said aqueous phase.

Abstract: An apparatus containing a multiplicity of two or three chamber units comprising a combination of ion exchange membranes and bipolar membranes with certain of said chambers containing a filler of ion-exchange material. The apparatus can be used to remove weakly ionized substances such as silica from water. The three chamber unit can be further used to pretreat (acidify) water prior to treatment of the water in an electrodialysis or electrodeionization stack.

Abstract: Improved bipolar membranes comprised of two laminates, one a long term base stable thermoset anion exchange membrane and the other a strongly solvent bonded (solvent cast) thermoplastic water insoluble cation exchange membrane. The membranes have a useful level of acid and base efficiencies at low water splitting voltages, along with high current densities.

Abstract: This invention is directed to the process and apparatus for making a polymeric membrane containing non-quaternized amine groups, with the polymer having substantially zero amounts of non-polymerized solvents. The resulting membrane is a more efficient anion membrane for recovering acid from acidic solutions by electrodialysis than the corresponding membranes containing quaternized amine groups. The membrane is made by polymerizing a monomeric mixture on a reinforcing cloth structure, which monomeric mixture is void of non-polymerizing solvents.

Abstract: A process for preparing assymetric polyvinylidene fluoride microporous membranes using novel pore forming agents of an ammonium salt which is a non-solvent for the polymeric casting solution; such agents for example being ammonium hydroxide, ammonium chloride and the like.

Abstract: A composite semipermeable membrane on a semiporous support or substrate is produced by employing an interfacial polymerization reaction between (1) an aqueous phase comprising a blend of water soluble and water dispersable compounds and (2) an organic phase comprising poly-functional crosslinking reagents capable of reacting and/or polymerizing with one or more of the ingredients of said aqueous phase.

Abstract: Processes and apparatus are disclosed for recovering free organic acids from aqueous solutions in which they occur at least in part as free acid together with other organic matter comprising:(a) passing said solution through a de-acidifying chamber (compartment, cell, space) in an electrodialysis ("ED") apparatus, said de-acidifying chamber defined on each face thereof by membranes substantially permeable to anions, said membranes separated from each other by turbulence promoting spacers, such ED apparatus also comprising an organic acid receiving chamber juxtaposed to one face of said de-acidifying chamber;(b) passing a direct electric current (which may include alternating current components) through said ED apparatus in a direction to cause anions of said organic acid and hydronium cations to migrate into said organic acid receiving chamber; and(c) recovering from said organic acid receiving chamber a solution comprising free organic acid.

Abstract: A process for preparing assymetric polyvinylidene fluoride microporous membranes using novel pore forming agents of an ammonium salt which is a non-solvent for the polymeric casting solution; such agents for example being ammonium hydroxide, ammonium chloride and the like.

Abstract: An improved spiral-wound pressure membrane sorbent bed module is disclosed comprising a central permeate conduit around which said spiral is wound, said module also comprising a collection means for each membrane envelope in said module, said collection means communicating with the interior of said envelope along a substantial fraction of one edge of a permeate spacer in said envelope, all said collection means conveying permeate to the interior of said central permeate conduit at substantially the same cross-section of said conduit, the interior of said conduit containing sorbing means.

Abstract: A cell for electrically controlled drug delivery into and through the skin consisting of a source of current, an electrode, and a drug reservoir in which a drug is bound by an ion exchange medium or an immobilized ligand affinity medium. An additional ion reservoir may be interposed between the electrode and the drug reservoir and semi-permeable membranes are employed as barriers between the various components of the device as required.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are disclosed for improving the anodic life of an electrode in an electrodialysis stack which electrode comprises at least in part an area which is anodic during at least part of the duty time of said stack, which stack also comprises an electrode compartment (chamber, cell, space) containing said electrode, a counter-electrode in a counter-electrode compartment and interior compartments between said electrode compartment and said counter-electrode compartment, which method and apparatus comprises:(a) introducing into said electrode compartment (and means therefor) a solution capable of forming a film on said area which is anodic during at least part of the operating time of said stack, which film is characterized by being electronically conducting and substantially refractory anodically, and(b) causing a film derived at least in part from said solution to be formed on said area which is anodic during at least part of the duty time of said stack (and means therefor) said film characterize

Abstract: A process is disclosed for recovering renatured polypeptides and proteins (collectively "polypeptides") from solution thereof and/or of their S-sulfonate derivatives (collectively "solution of polypeptides") in denaturants comprising:introducing said solution into a renaturant chamber (compartment, cell, space) of an electrodialysis ("ED") apparatus, said chamber bounded by membranes each of which is substantially permeable to low molecular weight singly charged ions of at least one charge sign and substantially impermeable to said polypeptides and S-sulfonate derivatives, said membranes separating said renaturant chamber from juxtaposed rinsing chambers on each side of the renaturant chamber;introducing rinsing solutions into said juxtaposed rinsing chambers, said rinsing solutions synergetically with said membranes facilitating a decrease in the chaotropism of said denaturant in said renaturant chamber when a direct electric current is imposed through said renaturant and rinsing chambers in series;applying

Abstract: The disclosure is directed to an improved apparatus and method for isoelectric focusing whereby the reservoirs and recirculating paths in the apparatus are sealed off from the atmosphere. A liquid is employed which contains buffering compounds capable of maintaining a pH gradient in an electric field. A plurality of permeable diaphragms or membranes are used to separate the flows of liquid while allowing interchange of liquid constituents therebetween. A direct current electrical potential is established transverse to the flow, so as to maintain a gradient of pH steps as between successive channels defined by the membranes, and to separate a mixture of amphoteric substances into said channels.

Abstract: Processes and apparatuses are described for recovering components dispersed in an aqueous solution comprising contacting said solution as a first solution with an electrically conducting barrier, diaphragm or membrane which has a high affinity for at least one of said components whereby a substantial fraction of said component is sorbed by said barrier. The barrier is subsequently contacted with a second aqueous solution and a direct electric current is passed through said barrier and second solution in a direction substantially parallel to the smallest dimension of the barrier thereby facilitating desorption of at least one of the sorbed components from the barrier into the second solution which solution is thereafter removed.