Abstract: This invention relates to the separation of complex protein mixtures by lowering (desalting) or by raising (salting-out) their electrolytic (ionic) concentration by electrodialysis followed by chilling, pH adjustment, filtration, and/or centrifugation and optionally thereafter restoration of the lost electrolyte or removal of the gained electrolyte and water. This technique is especially adaptable for therapeutic plasma exchange performed in situ for immunepheresis i.e. removal of globulin or immunecomplexes implicated in autoimmune diseases. The techniques are also applicable for antihemophilic factor separation and purification, and separation of proteins from whey.

Abstract: This invention relates to the separation of complex protein mixtures by lowering (desalting) or by raising (salting-out) their electrolytic (ionic) concentration by electrodialysis followed by chilling, pH adjustment, filtration, and/or centrifugation and optionally thereafter restoration of the lost electrolyte or removal of the gained electrolyte and water. This technique is especially adaptable for therapeutic plasma exchange performed in situ for immunepheresis i.e. removal of globulin or immunecomplexes implicated in autoimmune diseases. The techniques are also applicable for antihemophilic factor separation and purification, and separation of proteins from whey.

Abstract: A process is described for the fractionation of solutions of protein mixtures which includes the steps of subjecting such solutions to "salting-out", separation of the resulting turbidity, subsequent removal of the "salting-out" agent from the supernatant by dialysis and finally making up the original salt level of the liquid if required. Such a process may be used in therapeutic plasma exchange where removal of immunoglobulins or their complexes therefrom is desired so that the remaining albumin void of immunoglobulins can be administered back to the patient.

Abstract: The reaction of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with an ionogenic methacrylate ester containing amine groups of the tertiary type such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in the presence of an acidic water solution produces a new and novel water soluble, ionic, cross-linking, methacrylate bifunctional monomer wnhich is useful in the manufacture of anion exchange polymers while employing an aqueous solvent system.

Abstract: A process for the removal of silica from an aqueous solution is disclosed in which the pH of the solution is adjusted to at least about 9.5 and then passed through a conventional electrodialysis cell to effect ionic transfer of the silica out of solution.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for the fractionation of liquid solutions of protein mixtures which includes the steps of subjecting such solutions to electrodialysis (ED) while in the pH range of about between 5-8 until a partial or a substantially complete desalting takes place, the ED preferably being conducted between about 15.degree. C. to 40.degree. C., separating the fraction of protein which precipitates, passing the resulting supernatant salt depleted protein mixture into the concentrating compartments of the ED apparatus whereby the salts entering the salt concentrating chambers from the adjacent salt diluting chambers will substantially restore the original salt content of the desalted protein mixture.

Abstract: The reaction of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with an ionogenic methacrylate ester containing amine groups of the tertiary type such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in the presence of an acidic water solution produces a new and novel water soluble, ionic, cross-linking, methacrylate bifunctional monomer which is useful in the manufacture of anion exchange polymers while employing an aqueous solvent system.

Abstract: A corrosion resistant electrode connector assembly suitable for use in electrodialysis cells is disclosed, in which a jacket of titanium pipe is closely and mechanically fitted over an electrically conducting pipe comprised, for example, of copper. The assembly is flattened, closed at one end, and drilled to receive a plurality of connecting bolts. In use, an electrical conductor cable is attached to the assembly at the open end and the connector assembly securely bolted to an electrode.

Abstract: An improved integrated and cyclic process and apparatus are disclosed wherein portions of various process and waste fluids are recycled to control impurities in the influents to membrane chlor-alkali cells and simultaneously to minimize liquid pollutants from the process. The improved process and apparatus reduces energy costs and wastes while simultaneously controlling impurities important to operation of membrane chlor-alkali electrolytic cells.

Abstract: This invention relates to cross-linked copolymers of methacrylate esters containing ionogenic functional groups capable of being converted into high efficiency electro-dialysis membranes. Such totally aliphatic polymer membranes have been found to give electrical resistances which can be as low as one half that of membranes previously synthesized as well as higher interstitial molality. This reduced resistance, in concert with a high degree of chemical and physical stability enables water desalination by electrodialysis to be performed over longer periods of useful membrane life and at a lower expenditure of electrical energy per thousand gallons of water desalted.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for pH control in the anode compartments of membrane chlor-alkali cells is disclosed wherein an anode is used having an oxygen evolution efficiency substantially equivalent chemically to the hydroxide ion transfer efficiency of the membrane.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for pH control and energy savings in chlor-alkali electrolysis cells is disclosed wherein a fuel cell type spaced porous catalytic anode is utilized to chemically oxidize a controlled, sub stoichiometric amount of hydrogen to provide hydrogen ions to a recirculating anolyte. The pH is monitored and the flow of hydrogen fuel adjusted to provide a resultant desired pH in the range of about 2 to about 4. Optionally, hydrogen gas produced at the cell cathode may comprise the fuel supply and a spaced porous catalytic cathode may be employed for hydrogen supply control and depolarization.

Abstract: This invention is directed to electrodialysis, electrochemical cell and membrane cell equipment particularly to components comprising the ion exchange membranes. These membranes are fabricated with the polymer containing occluded particles of activated carbon. The activated carbon lessens the tendency for membranes, especially the anion selective type, to foul when employed in the electrodialysis of solutions containing fouling constituents. The membranes are obtained by polymerizing a mixture of a liquid monomer and activated carbon particles.

Abstract: Rotationally symmetric fluid distribution cell modules combinable to form stacks for the processing of solutions are disclosed. Each module comprises at least one membrane and/or diaphragm and/or electrode and a plate, the latter having a central aperture and a plurality of fluid distribution ports symmetrically spaced in a configuration about the aperture. Connecting fluid passages lead from at least one of the ports in the plate to the central aperture such that part or all of the fluid introduced into one of those ports will flow into the aperture. In some applications of the modules there will be a second connecting fluid passage leading from the aperture to a second port such that at least part of the fluid introduced into the aperture will flow out the second port.Stacking the plates in combination with different types of electrodes, membranes and/or diaphragms provides a cell stack in which a large variety of fluid treatment processes may be carried out.

Abstract: The invention related to a heterogeneous cation exchange membrane comprised of particles of sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide polyelectrolyte in a fluorocarbon polymeric binder and to the method of making the same.

Abstract: A heat pipe recuperator for recovering heat from flue gas stacks is disclosed. The recuperator consists of a toroidal shell forming a fluid heating chamber having inlet and outlet fluid circulating ports. A plurality of heat pipes are mounted within the chamber and are attached to the inner wall of the shell such that the condensor sides of the pipe reside within the shell and the evaporator sides extend outside the shell into the center of the toroid. The recuperator is positioned in a flue gas stack wherein the hot flue gas stream contacts the heat pipes which transfer heat into the fluid heating chamber. Fluid, gas or liquid, is passed through the chamber resulting in a rise in temperature of the fluid.

Abstract: A process for treating liquid whey is disclosed in which raw whey is first partially demineralized by electrodialysis and then subjected to forced flow electrophoresis to effect the separation of lactose and a simultaneous increase in the percentage solids content in the resulting product whey solution.

Abstract: An improved process and apparatus for pH control and energy savings in chlor-alkali electrolyis cells is disclosed wherein a fuel cell type spaced porous catalytic anode is utilized to chemically oxidize a controlled, sub stoichiometric amount of hydrogen to provide hydrogen ions to a recirculating anolyte. The pH is monitored and the flow of hydrogen fuel adjusted to provide a resultant desired pH in the range of about 2 to about 4. Optionally, hydrogen gas produced at the cell cathode may comprise the fuel supply and a spaced porous catalytic cathode may be employed for hydrogen supply control and depolarization.

Abstract: A process for treating liquid whey is disclosed in which raw whey is first partially demineralized by electrodialysis and then subjected to forced flow electrophoresis to effect the separation of lactose and a simultaneous increase in the percentage solids content in the resulting product whey solution.

Abstract: A high thermal conductivity combustion cone in combination with a chemical analysis instrument is disclosed. The cone functions to capture and rapidly volatilize a liquid sample drop injected into the instrument. The volatilized components are then reacted with a feed or carrier gas in the presence of a heated catalyst bed. Changes in the reacted gas are detected by a sensor and quantitatively analyzed as an indicator of the chemical nature of the sample.