Abstract: Anodized aluminum surfaces are electrolytically colored using alternating current in a process in which two different coloring baths are sequentially employed. One bath contains copper(II) ions and an additive which improves throwing power thereby providing uniform distribution of the depth of color. The other bath contains tin(II) ions, silver ions, or both tin(II) and silver ions. If tin(II) ions are included, additives which stabilize tin(II) ions and improve throwing power are also included. Either bath may be used first. The use of two separate coloring baths provides colored aluminum surfaces which have excellent resistance to corrosion. Workpieces with reddish-gold hues and darker tones can be produced.

Abstract: A lubricant and surface conditioner for formed metal surfaces, particularly aluminum and tin beverage containers, reduces the coefficient of static friction of said metal surfaces and enables drying said metal surfaces at a lower temperature. The conditioner includes a water-soluble organic material selected from amine oxides and quaternary ammonium salts, fluozirconate, fluohafnate, or fluotitanate ion, and preferably also phosphate and nitrate ions. Good resistance to damaging the friction reducing effect by overheating and to staining of the domes of treated containers during pasteurization can be achieved.

Abstract: An effective phosphate free and organic solvent free aqueous acidic cleaner for soiled plastic surfaces is a low foaming aqueous solution or dispersion that consists essentially of water and:(A) hydroxycarboxylic and/or dicarboxylic acid or acids;(B) nonionic surfactant; and, optionally, one or more of the following:(C) salts including anions of hydroxycarboxylic and/or dicarboxylic acid or acids, preferably anions of the same acid or acids as specified for part (A); and(D) a sufficient amount of hydrotrope material to produce a stable homogeneous solution or dispersion of components (A) through (C) in water; and(E) a sufficient amount of a biocidal material to inhibit growth of any bacteria and/or fungi that may be present in the composition.

Abstract: A lubricant and surface conditioner for formed metal surfaces, particularly beverage containers, reduces the coefficient of static friction of said metal surfaces and enables drying said metal surfaces at a lower temperature. An aqueous composition for forming the conditioner by contact with metal surfaces includes a water-soluble organic material selected from a phosphate ester, alcohol, fatty acid including mono-, di-, tri-, and polyacids; fatty acid derivatives such as salts, hydroxy acids, amides, esters, ethers and derivatives thereof; and mixtures thereof and at least one of the elements selected from zirconium, titanium, cerium, aluminum, iron, tin, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, and hafnium in metallic or ionic form. In order to avoid formation of sludge in the aqueous lubricant and surface conditioner forming composition, the composition should contain as little as possible of materials containing phenanthrene rings, such as conventional surfactants made by ethoxylating rosin.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method of pretreating aluminum or aluminum alloy surfaces before application of a permanent corrosion-protective conversion coating treatment, in particular before phosphating in acidic phosphating baths containing zinc, a chromating treatment, or a chromate free treatment. The method is characterized in that the surfaces are brought into contact with acidic aqueous treatment solutions containing complex fluorides of the elements boron, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium, alone or in mixtures with each other, at total concentrations between 100 and 4000 mg/L and at a pH between 0.3 and 3.5. Following the pretreatment, the aluminum or aluminum alloy parts may, after shaping if necessary, be joined by adhesive bonding and/or welding to each other or to parts made of steel, zinc plated and/or zinc alloy plated steel, and/or aluminum or aluminum alloy plated steel.

Abstract: Esters of fatty acids with ethoxylated polyols are prepared by (a) ethoxylating polyols in the presence of basic catalysts at high temperatures with 80 to 150 moles ethylene oxide per mol polyol and then (b) reacting the reaction product with 1 to 1.3 moles fatty acids per mole of hydroxyl groups contained in the original polyol, in the presence of acid catalysts. These esters are useful as thickeners of aqueous solutions of surface active agents.

Abstract: The service life of a conventional free fluoride ion sensitive electrode can be improved by shielding the outer casing of the conventional electrode against contact with the liquid composition in which the free fluoride ions concentration is to be measured, particularly when the solution is a hot acid solution containing surfactants and/or oxidizing agents, such as is normally used for cleaning aluminum beverage containers or providing a protective surface treatment to aluminum surfaces.

Abstract: A lubricant composition including ethoxylated long chain primary alcohols and, preferably, boron compounds but excluding most other previously used organic lubricant materials gives superior results in tube pointing operations, especially with thick walled tubes, and is also useful for drawing operations, either subsequent to pointing or independently of pointing, where very high quality surface finishes are desired.

Abstract: Iron ore concentrates can be obtained by the flotation of iron ores providing mixtures containing at least one ether canine of formula (I):R.sup.1 O--(C.sub.n H.sub.2n).sub.y --NH--(C.sub.m H.sub.2m --NH).sub.x H,in which R.sup.1 is a linear or branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbon moiety having 6 to 22 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2 or 3 double bonds; n and m independently of one another represent the number 1, 2 or 3; x=0 or the number 1, 2 or 3; and y=2 or 3, and at least one other anionic and/or nonionic collector.

Abstract: Hydrophobicized double-layer hydroxide compounds may be produced if double-layer hydroxide compounds of the general formula (I): [M.sup.(II).sub.1-x M.sup.(III).sub.x (OH).sub.2 ] A.sub.x.n H.sub.2 O, in which M.sup.(II) is a divalent metal cation, M.sup.(III) is a trivalent metal cation, A is an equivalent of a monobasic and/or multibasic inorganic acid, x is a number from 0.2 to 0.5 and n is a number from 0 to 10, are reacted at elevated temperature and under autogenous pressure with at least one carboxylic acid or its salt and the reaction product is then dried. The hydrophobicized double-layer hydroxide compounds obtained by this process are suitable as catalysts for the alkoxylation of compounds with active hydrogen atoms or of fatty acid esters.

Abstract: An acidic cleaning process for aluminum, especially aluminum cans, that includes a pre-cleaning washing stage followed by an acid cleaning stage is improved by including in the pre-cleaning washing solution both of (i) a component of polyalkoxylated straight or branched chain alcohol surfactant and (ii) a component of polyalkylene glycol-abietic acid surfactant, which are maintained during the process in a ratio of component (i) to component (ii) within the range from 0.4:1 to 3.0:1. The method is particularly useful when the acid cleaning stage also contains both these types of surfactants, but at a lower ratio. A pre-cleaner replenisher composition including water, sulfuric acid, and polyalkoxylated straight or branched chain alcohol surfactant is advantageously used in the process.

Abstract: Heating an aqueous mixture of a fluoroacid such as H.sub.2 TiF.sub.6 and an oxide, hydroxide, and/or carbonate such as silica produces a clear mixture with long term stability against settling of any solid phase, even when the oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate phase before heating was a dispersed solid with sufficiently large particles to scatter light and make the mixture before heating cloudy. The clear mixture produced by heating can either be mixed with water soluble and/or water dispersible polymers, for example with dispersed polymers of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A or an acrylic acid polymer, or with soluble hexavalent and/or trivalent chromium, to produce a composition that improves the corrosion resistance of metals treated with the composition, especially after subsequent painting.

Abstract: A stearate free solid lubricant for cold working of metals contains approximately equal amounts of an alkene-acrylate ionomer and an alkoxylated alcohol in which the alcohol moiety has from 18-60 carbon atoms and the alkoxylate block has about the same number of carbon atoms. This lubricant can be conveniently applied from aqueous solution/suspension and works effectively even when the underlying steel surface has no conversion coating, which is usually required with stearate lubricants for best results.

Abstract: A surface which has excellent adhesivity to paint, good corrosion resistance, and low friction may be obtained on drawn and iron tin plated cans by spraying the can surface for a time between 5 and 60 seconds at a temperature between 40.degree. and 60.degree. C. with an aqueous treating liquid having a pH between 4 and 6 and comprising (i) orthophosphoric acid and/or condensed phosphoric acids and (ii) a concentration of at least 0.1 w/o of a water soluble oligomer according to the general formula: ##STR1## wherein n is a number with a value between 10 and 30 and each of X and Y independently represents hydrogen or a group Z, wherein Z has a chemical composition conforming to the general formula: ##STR2## wherein each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of special alkyd resins and/or special polyester resins of monobasic carboxylic acids and/or esters thereof, polybasic carboxylic acids and/or anhydrides thereof, polyhydric alcohols and polyethylene glycol containing residual acid carboxyl groups at least partly reacted to form salts as pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesives removable with aqueous solutions.

Abstract: A process for the production of washing- and cleaning-active surfactant granules containing 60 to 70% by weight of surfactant and having an apparent density above 500 g/l, wherein a formulation containing a non-surface-active liquid component and having a liquid to paste-like form under normal pressure at temperatures of 20.degree. to 40.degree. C. is introduced to a fluidized bed and granulated and, at the same time, totally or partially freed from the non-surface-active liquid compound, optionally with addition of an inorganic or organic solid, and wherein the granules are discharged from the fluidized bed via a grading step by a countercurrent air-stream which is adjusted so that only particles above a predetermined size are removed from the granules.

Abstract: A highly corrosion-resistant, highly alkali-resistant, and very paintable chromate film on the surface of a steel substrate coated with Zn-containing metal is formed by coating the substrate with an aqueous chromate bath and drying into place, preferably at a substrate temperature of 60.degree. to 200.degree. C., without a water rinse. The bath contains Cr.sup.6+, Cr.sup.3+, phosphate ions, water-soluble glycol ether (WSGE) and/or poly{vinyl alcohol} (PVA), and optionally silica sol, in amounts giving ratios of Cr.sup.3+ /Cr.sup.6+ =0.25 to 4.0, PO.sub.4 /total Cr=0.1 to 2.5, and (WSGE+PVA)/Cr.sup.6+ =0.1 to 0.5 in the bath.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for phosphating galvanized steel surfaces, preferably electrolytically or hot-dip galvanized surfaces of steel strip, by treating them in a bath or spray with acidic aqueous phosphating solutions, wherein the workpieces are given a d.c. cathodic treatment at the same time. In the process, (a) the phosphating solutions contain Zn.sup.+2 cations in the range from 0.1 to 5 g/l, PO.sub.4.sup.-3 anions in the range from 5 to 50 g/l, NO.sub.3.sup.- anions in the range from 0.1 to 50 g/l, Mn.sup.+2 cations in the range from 0.1 to 5 g/l, and Cu.sup.+2 cations in the range from 0.001 to 1 g/l; (b) the following conditions are used: pH of the phosphating solution in the range from 1.5 to 4.5, temperature of the phosphating solution in the range from 10.degree. to 80.degree. C., treatment time in the range from 1 to 300 sec; and (c) the workpieces are also cathodically treated with a direct current with a density in the range from 0.01 to 100 mA/cm.sup.2 during phosphating.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for degreasing and cleaning metal surfaces with surfactant containing aqueous cleaning liquids in baths and/or by spraying. In order to obtain an exact measurement of the bath load and cleaning reserve economically and quickly to allow more accurate subsequent metering of the cleaning agent, the invention provides that, as a measure of the current reserve of cleaning liquid, a bubble tensiometer is used to measure a value correlated with the dynamic surface tension and operated with a sufficiently constant gas flow, the measurements are compared with a predetermined set value obtained for the cleaning agent used by calibration, and, depending on the results of comparison, appropriate steps are taken to treat the cleaning liquid.

Abstract: A method for stabilizing aqueous zeolite suspensions by adding fatty-alcohol poly(ethylene glycol) ethers of the formula R.sup.1 O--(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.n in which R.sup.1 is a linear aliphatic alkyl group containing 12 to 14 carbon atoms and n is an average number of from 4.2 to 4.8. Aqueous slurries containing from 20 to 60% by weight of zeolite are stabilized by adding it to the slurry from 0.1 to 5% by weight of the fatty-alcohol poly(ethylene glycol) ethers.