Abstract: 2-Methallyloxyphenol is produced selectively in good yield, high purity and without having to separate and recycle large amounts of catechol, in the reaction of methallyl chloride with catechol, by forming a substantially non-aqueous mixture of an alkali metal catecholate and a molar excess of methallyl chloride perferably in a polar organic solvent in which the methallyl chloride is substantially insoluble, agitating the mixture to produce a two-phase system comprising an organic first phase containing product 2-methallyloxyphenol dissolved in methallyl chloride and a polar second phase containing unreacted catecholate, and recovering product 2-methallyloxyphenol from the first plase. The presence of a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium catalyst in the reaction mixture further reduces undesired ring-alkylated by-products.

Abstract: A dry powder stabilizing agent useful for suspending cocoa solids in dry mix instant chocolate drink formulations that are reconstituted with hot water. The stabilizing agent is a coprocessed, codried powdered composition containing colloidal microcrystalline cellulose, a minor amount of starch, and a non-thickening water-soluble diluent such as maltodextrin, whey or non-fat dry milk.

Abstract: Polyhaloalkene compounds of the formula: ##STR1## wherein X is sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen, Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are fluorine, Z is hydrogen or the same as Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2, and n is 1-4; provided that:(A) when X is sulfur, Z is fluorine and R is thienyl or substituted thienyl, thianaphthyl or substituted thianaphthyl, thiazolinyl or substituted thiazolinyl, oxadiazolyl or substituted oxadiazolyl, 3,4,4-trifluoro-3-butenyloxycarbonylmethyl, thiadiazolyl substituted by halogen or R.sup.2 S, wherein R.sup.2 is 3,4,4-trifluoro-3-butenyl or R.sup.2 is phenylmethyl or phenylthiomethyl each optionally substituted by halogen or nitro; or R is thiadiazolyl substituted by R.sup.3, wherein R.sup.3 is substituted aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkylthio, haloalkylthio, haloarylthio, cyanoalkylthio, arylalkylthio, aryloxyalkylthio, arylthioalkylthio, heterocycloalkylthio, alkenylthio, haloalkenylthio, halocycloalkylalkenylthio, wherein said aryl or heterocyclic groups of R.sup.

Abstract: Nematodes and insects are controlled by application of vinyl fluorides of the formula ##STR1## where R is CH.sub.2 X--, CHX.sub.2 --, CX.sub.3 --, XCH.dbd.CH--, CH.sub.2 .dbd.CX-- or straight chain alkyl(C.sub.2 -C.sub.8);R.sup.1 is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, CH.sub.2 Z--, CHZ.sub.2 -- or CZ.sub.3 --;R.sup.2, X and Z independently are hydrogen, fluoro, chloro or bromo; Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2, Y.sup.3, and Y.sup.4 independently are CH.sub.3 or any value of R.sup.2, X and Z; a is 0-12; n is 7-13; and n is greater than a.Particular species controlled are the root-knot, stunt, lesion, cyst and free-living nematodes, and the southern corn rootworm. The vinyl fluorides also have anthelmintic utility.

Abstract: Composition for preparing a polymer concrete, a method of protecting or reconditioning surfaces by treatment with the composition, the protected or reconditioned surfaces thus-treated, and multi-package systems for bringing the components of the composition to an application site, wherein the composition comprises a substantially non-aqueous slurry of (1) an aggregate material and (2) a monomer binder system effective to bind the aggregate, upon curing, into a polymer concrete, the binder system comprising (a) a liquid comonomer component, (b) a solid, thermoplastic macromonomer component dissolved in the comonomer and comprising a linear polymer terminated at one or both ends with a polymerizable end group, and (c) a polymerization catalyst.

Abstract: 2-Methallyloxyphenol precursor to 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-hydroxybenzofuran is prepared selectively and in good yield in the etherification of an alkali metal catecholate by methallyl chloride in an improved process using the same solvent medium for both the precursor and the hydroxybenzofuran, the process characterized by a solvent medium comprising an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, the medium also containing an amine selected from alkylamines and N-heterocyclic amines. The amine forms a quaternary salt with the methallyl chloride in situ to catalyze the etherification and the aromatic solvent permits rearrangement of the product and Claisen closure to a benzofuran intermediate without solvent exchange.

Abstract: The spectrum of crops which can be protected against weeds by clomazone is widened to include cotton, corn, wheat, oats, barley, sorghum and others, by combining the clomazone treatment with application of antidotal amounts of an organophosphorus pesticide of the formula ##STR1## wherein W.sup.1 and W.sup.2 independently are oxygen or sulfur, x is an integer of from 1 to 4, Q is SR.sup.2 or ##STR2## and R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are alkyl(C.sub.1 -C.sub.13), provided that when Q is SR.sup.2, both W.sup.1 and W.sup.2 are not oxygen.The organophosphorus compounds include phorate, disulfoton, terbufos, demeton and dimethoate.

Abstract: Pyridinylurea compounds of the formula ##STR1## and acid addition salts thereof; wherein R is cyclo alkyl, alkenyl, or an alkyl group optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, dialkylamino or phenyl; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or alkyl; R and R.sup.1 together with the nitrogen atom of the NRR.sup.1 group optionally define a heterocycle containing 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms; X is hydrogen, halogen, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio or alkylsulfonyl; Y is hydrogen, halogen, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio or alkylsulfonyl; and wherein the NHCONRR.sup.1 group is bonded to the pyridinyl ring in the 3- or 4-position; provided that at least one of X and Y is other than hydrogen and when both R and R.sup.1 are alkyl, R is 1,1-dimethylethyl or cyclopentyl and R.sup.1 is methyl. The compounds are useful in agriculture as plant growth regulators.

Abstract: Pyridinylurea N-oxides of the formula ##STR1## and acid addition salts thereof; wherein R is cycloalkyl (C.sub.3 -C.sub.8), alkenyl (C.sub.3 -C.sub.8), or an alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6) group optionally substituted with halogen, hydroxy, cycloalkyl (C.sub.3 -C.sub.8) alkoxy (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6), dialkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)amino or phenyl; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6); R and R.sup.1 together with the nitrogen atom of the NRR.sup.1 group optionally define a nonaromatic heterocycle containing 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms; each X independently is halogen, alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6), haloalkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6), alkoxy (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6), hydroxy, 2-pyridinyl, alkyl(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)thio or alkyl (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)sulfonyl; A is 1 to 4; and wherein the NHCONRR.sup.1 group is bonded to the pyridinyl ring in the 3- or 4-position. The compounds are useful in agriculture as plant growth regulators.

Abstract: Pork and other meat products are cured with pickling solutions from which nitrite is effectively exhausted during curing, thereby avoiding nitrosoamine formation, by buffering the solutions at the requisite acid pH with an alkali metal (M) glassy phosphate of the formula M(PO.sub.2 OM).sub.n OM having an M/P mole ratio of 1.188/1 to 1.250/1 and an average chain length (n) of about 8-11.

Abstract: Novel beta-1,3-glucan polysaccharide gels characterized by (a) coherent, uniform, non-particulate structure, and (b) substantially uniform pH throughout. The gels are prepared by dissolving a beta-1,3-glucan polysaccharide in an aqueous alkaline medium at a temperature of about 55.degree. C. or below and while maintaining the solution at a temperature of at least 50.degree. C., adjusting the pH to 10.5 or lower, followed by cooling below about 40.degree. C. or heating above 50.degree. C. The gels formed by cooling are reversible whereas the gels formed by heating are thermally irreversible. The gels are useful for supporting, separating, transforming or treating biological materials, as carriers for pharmaceuticals, as coatings for biological materials, in food products, and can be shaped to form disposable contact lenses.

Abstract: Benzofurans of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen, nitro, amino, phthalimido or acetamido, R.sup.2 is at least one of halo, cyano, alkyl(C.sub.1 -C.sub.8), cycloalkyl(C.sub.3 -C.sub.8), hydroxy, alkoxy(C.sub.1 -C.sub.8), acyl(C.sub.1 -C.sub.8), acyloxy(C.sub.1 -C.sub.8), alkoxy(C.sub.1 -C.sub.8)carbonyl, alkoxy(C.sub.1 -C.sub.8)carbonylalkyl(C.sub.1 -C.sub.8), phenyl, phenyloxy, trifluoromethyl or dialkyl(C.sub.1 -C.sub.8)amino, m is 0-3, and at least one of the carbon atoms of the benzene ring of said benzofuran is substituted. The compounds are intermediates in the preparation of pyrazoline insecticides.

Abstract: S-trifluorobutenyl thiocarbonic acid esters of the formula ##STR1## and salts thereof, wherein X is R.sup.1 N or S and Y is RS or R.sup.3 R.sup.2 N;wherein R is a metal or a radical selected from alkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, halocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, halophenoxyalkyl, trialkylsilylalkyl, (vinyl)dialkylsilylalkyl, (allyl)dialkylsilylalkyl, 2-chlorothiophene-5-ylmethyl, phenylalkyl, halophenylalkyl, nitrophenylalkyl, haloalkylphenylalkyl, dialkyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl, [2-methyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methyl, 3-phenoxybenzyl, phenylthioalkyl, halophenylthioalkyl, dialkylphosphoryl, dialkylthiophosphoryl, dialkylisoxazolylalkyl and thienylisoxazolylalkyl;wherein R.sup.1 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cyano, dialkyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl, halophenyl, halophenylalkyl, haloalkoxyphenyl, pyridinyl, halopyridinyl, alkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, haloalkyl-1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, dialkyloxazolyl or thiazolinyl;wherein R.sup.

Abstract: The use of liquid chemical containers in closed chemical applicator systems is made more secure, safe, convenient and cost effective by a fitting which combines a quick connect-disconnect coupler and a vent/fill tube in a single, protected assembly. The fitting eliminates the need for other openings in the containers and renders the containers returnable to distribution points for refill and/or cleaning, thereby avoiding operator contact with the chemical during transfer and minimizing unauthorized access.

Abstract: Pyridazinylurea N-oxide plant regulators of the formula ##STR1## and acid addition salts thereof; wherein R is alkyl, cycloalkyl or phenyl optionally substituted with halogen; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or alkyl; each X independently is halogen, alkoxy, alkylthio or alkylsulfonyl; p is 0, 1 or 2; and wherein the NHCONRR.sup.1 group is bonded to the pyridazinyl ring in the 3- or 4-position; provided that (a) when X is halogen, p is 1 or 2 and the NHCONRR.sup.1 group is in the 4-position, the halogen is in at least one of the 5- and 6-positions, and (b) when X is halogen, p is 1 or 2 and the NHCONRR.sup.1 group is in the 3-position, the halogen is in at least one of the 4- and 5-positions.

Abstract: Tetrafluorobenzofurans of the formula ##STR1## are prepared by contacting, at elevated temperature in an aprotic solvent, an ether of the formula ##STR2## with a catalytic mixture of metallic cooper and a polydentate or other ligand, wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen, nitro, amino, phthalimido or acetylimido, R.sup.2 is at least one of hydrogen, halo, cyano, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, phenyl, phenyloxy, trifluoromethyl or dialkylamino. The products are intermediates in the preparation of pyrazoline insecticides.

Abstract: Beryllium is efficiently recovered from silicate ores in a hydrometallurgical, single solvent, process which avoids the complexities, high costs and hazards ofpyrolytic, fluorination and acid leach methods, by contacting the ore in a closed reactor at elevated temperature and autogenous pressure with a concentrated caustic solution and lime or lime hydrate to form a slurry containing dissolved beryllium, reducing the pressure to about one atmosphere and the temperature to below the boiling point of the caustic solution, separating by-product solids to leave a pregnant leach liquor, diluting and digesting the leach liquor to precipitate the beryllium and to leave a caustic mother liquor, and separating the beryllium. The caustic mother liquor can be recycled to the ore contacting step in a closed loop version of the process.

Abstract: Pyridazinylurea plant regulators of the formula ##STR1## and acid addition salts thereof; wherein R is alkyl or cycloalkyl, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or alkyl, each X independently is halogen, alkoxy, alkylthi or alkylsulfonyl, and p is 0, 1 or 2.

Abstract: Liquid agrichemicals such as pesticides are applied to soil or crops in a continuous stream at low flow rate from microtubes without need for a mixing tank and without clogging of the microtubes during downtime, by a system mountable on a farm vehicle, the system comprising a liquid agrichemical supply tank, a water supply tank, a first conduit connecting the agrichemical supply tank to a manifold feeding the microtubes, a first pump in the conduit, water entrainment means (such as a venturi) and a second, suction pump in the conduit, a second conduit between the water supply tank and the venturi, and other conduits, valves and pressure regulators as appropriate to control the directions and rates of flow, and for recirculation or flushing. By such control, water may be entrained by the venturi for inline admixing with the agrichemical, or the venturi optionally may be bypassed for application of undiluted agrichemical.

Abstract: Synergistic herbicidal effect is obtained in the application of clomazone together with reduction in the rate of clomazone, by combining clomazone with a photosystem II (PS-II) inhibiting herbicide such as atrazine, cyanazine or linuron. Crops such as corn and other gramineous plants are rendered more tolerant to clomazone and to combinations of clomazone with a PS-II inhibiting herbicide by treatment of the crops or crop seeds with a safener such as 1,8-naphthalic anhydride.