Abstract: Disclosed is a fluid catalytic cracking process in which the catalytic cracking reaction takes place in a dilute phase, and the reaction product contains a reduced volume of off gas having a low concentration of SO.sub.x and NO.sub.x. The use of off gas, which is produced during a regeneration step, to strip entrained vapor from spent catalytic cracking catalyst acts to reduce SO.sub.x and NO.sub.x byproducts, and eliminates the need to separately recover and treat the off gas stream from the regenerator portion of the system. The entire process, including the reaction step, the stripping step and the regeneration step, can be performed in a single vessel, and the stripping and reaction steps take place entirely in the dilute phase.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for fluidizing a dense phase bed of solid particles, preferably a method for fluidizing a dense phase bed of solid catalyst particles. The method includes the steps of continuously supplying a flowing fluid stream in a downward direction within an enclosed volume; contacting an upper surface of a dense phase bed of solid particles resting within the enclosed volume with the downward flowing fluid stream; continuously directing the flowing fluid stream into the dense phase bed of particles to form a continuous fluidized bed of solid particles within the enclosed volume; directing the flowing fluid stream in an upward direction after contacting the upper surface of the dense phase bed; and collecting the flowing fluid stream.

Abstract: A process for making a catalyst product which comprises reacting dialkyltin oxide with an alcohol and the corresponding dialkyl carbonate at a temperature in the range between about 50.degree. to 200.degree. C. and at a pressure in the range between about 75 to 600 psi (0.52 to 4.14 MPa), wherein the catalyst product comprises dialkyltin dialkoxide in the range between about 90 to 100 mole % based on the tin species of the catalyst product. This process also forms effective catalyst product when the methanol is replaced with either a primary or secondary alcohol.

Abstract: A process for the formation of esters from at least one phthalic anhydride residue stream produced from the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene, naphthalene and/or the like which comprises: (a) adding a phthalic anhydride residue stream and a mono-alcohol to a reaction vessel to form a reaction mixture; and (b) heating the reaction mixture and maintaining a pressure sufficient to obtain boiling of the reaction mixture thereby converting any acid and/or anhydride components of the phthalic anhydride residue stream to an ester.

Abstract: A process for the esterification of acids or anhydrides with alcohols or a polyhydroxy compound wherein the lower boiling point reactant is added to the reaction vessel in stages such that it is present in an amount of at least about 5% of the stoichiometric requirements of the total lower boiling point reactant required to react with the limiting reagent, and wherein the concentration of the lower boiling point reactant is monitored so that additional reactant having the lower boiling point can be subsequently added in stages to the reaction mixture in order to maintain a certain predetermined concentration of the lower boiling point reactant.

Abstract: A process for separating phthalic anhydride from a vapor phase oxidation product by mixing and cooling the vapor phase oxidation product with recycled by-products which have freezing points lower than the freezing point of pure phthalic anhydride, thereby condensing and recovering a liquid phase phthalic anhydride product without the formation of an intermediate solid phase.

Abstract: There are disclosed refrigeration working fluid compositions comprising R125 (pentafluoroethane) or R152a (1,1-difluoroethane) refrigerants and certain polyol esters of C.sub.7 to C.sub.10 branched alkanoic acids or mixtures of such branched acids with linear C.sub.7 to C.sub.10 monoalkanoic acids. The polyols are neopentylglycol, technical grade pentaerythritol and trimethylolpropane; the esters exhibit suitable viscosity ranges and miscibility with refrigerants over a broad compositional range. The acids have a defined average effective carbon chain length in order to be miscible with the refrigerants over the range of 5 to 55 wt. % ester lubricant.

Abstract: There are disclosed refrigeration working fluid compositions comprising 1,1,1-trifluoroethane refrigerant and either a neopentylglycol ester of 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid or a trimethylolpropane ester of a mixture of 65 wt. % 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid, 22.2 wt. % n-heptanoic acid and 12.8 wt. % methylhexanoic acid. The esters exhibit suitable viscosity ranges and miscibility with the refrigerant over a broad compositional range.

Abstract: A method for producing 3-methyl-2-pentene which is substantially free of any other C.sub.6 olefin, except 2-ethyl-1-butene, by first producing a stream that contains 2-ethyl-1-butene from the trimerization of ethylene, and second by recovering the 2-ethyl-1-butene as 3-methyl-2-pentene via etherification, separation of the ether, and decomposition of the ether back to predominantly 3-methyl-2-pentene with some 2-ethyl-1-butene.

Abstract: A flexible connector assembly comprising a flexible material which is substantially resistant to temperature and acid/solvent fumes, and a telescopic assembly comprising first and second upper end flanges, and first and second lower end flanges, wherein an inner sleeve is connected to the first upper end flange, a first outer sleeve is connected to the second upper end flange, and a second outer sleeve is connected to the second lower end flange, wherein the flexible material is disposed between the inner sleeve and the outer sleeves.

Abstract: A method for starting a preformer reactor disposed within a hydroformylation system which comprises an oxo reactor, a stripper reactor and a preformer reactor, wherein the bottoms from the stripper reactor comprise at least a water soluble cobaltous salt and wherein the overhead from the stripper reactor comprises entrained volatile cobalt compounds, wherein at least a portion of the entrained volatile cobalt compounds from the stripper reactor are recycled to the preformer reactor to act an initiator in the conversion of the cobaltous salt to cobalt carbonyl.

Abstract: C.sub.3 and higher olefins are oligomerized using a two component catalyst system comprising (a) a soluble adduct of zirconium tetrahalide, the halogen being Br or Cl, with an organic compound selected from the group of esters, ketones, ethers, amines, nitriles, anhydrides, acid chlorides, amides or aldehydes, the organic compound having up to about 30 carbon atoms and (b) an alkyl metal selected from the group R.sub.2 AlX, RAlX.sub.2, R.sub.3 Al.sub.2 X.sub.3, R.sub.3 Al and R.sub.2 Zn where R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl and X is Cl or Br. ZrCl.sub.4 adducts with organic acetates are the preferred embodiments. Dimers, trimers and tetramers are selectively prepared in the process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method which combines catalytic cracking and olefin production using a coked catalytic cracking catalyst as a dehydrogenation catalyst to dehydrogenate an alkane feed stream and form an olefin rich product stream. The method uses a staged backmixed regeneration system to form the dehydrogenation catalyst and to fully reactivate deactivated cracking catalyst for reuse in the cracking reaction. The catalyst preferably comprises a crystalline tetrahedral framework oxide component.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method which combines catalytic cracking and olefin production using a coked catalytic cracking catalyst to dehydrogenate an alkane feed stream and form an olefin rich product stream. Preferably, the coked catalytic cracking catalyst has a carbon content of about 0.2-10 wt. %. The catalyst preferably comprises a crystalline tetrahedral framework oxide component.

Abstract: This invention relates to a catalytic process for converting a carbonaceous material to a liquid product. More specifically, this invention relates to a process for hydroconverting coal in a hydroconverting zone to liquid hydrocarbon products in the presence of a catalyst prepared in situ, with the catalyst being added to a mixture of coal and solvent as an oil soluble metal compound. An increased quantity of liquid product is achieved by incorporating a hydrocracking zone into the process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for fluid catalytic cracking. The system includes a method and means for decreasing and increasing the slip velocity of a hydrocarbon reaction stream to further enhance catalytic cracking of the hydrocarbon within the reaction stream. The system also allows for control of residence time within both a riser and a collection and velocity reducing means to provide for more complete cracking of the hydrocarbon without leading to additional coking of the catalytic cracking catalyst.

Abstract: An alkylation process which utilizes a solid alkylation catalyst is disclosed. The catalyst, which has carbonaceous material adsorbed thereto, is regenerated by reacting the adsorbed carbonaceous material. The reaction step is accomplished by heating the catalyst in the presence of ozone to form an ozonated hydrocarbon, wherein the ozonated hydrocarbon includes carbonyl carbons. The ozonated hydrocarbon is removed by desorbing the carbonyl carbons from the solid alkylation catalyst. The carbonaceous material is preferably reacted at a temperature ranging from about 20.degree. C. to 200.degree. C. The ozone is preferably in a gaseous stream at a concentration ranging from about 1 to 50 volume percent. The carbonyl components are preferably desorbed from the heated alkylation catalyst by sweeping the catalyst with a desorption fluid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fluid catalytic cracking system in which the catalytic cracking reaction takes place in a dilute phase, and the reaction product contains a reduced volume of off gas having a low concentration of SO.sub.x and NO.sub.x. The use of off gas, which is produced during a regeneration step, to strip entrained vapor from spent catalytic cracking catalyst acts to reduce SO.sub.x and NO.sub.x byproducts, and eliminates the need to separately recover and treat the off gas stream from the regenerator portion of the system. The entire process, including the reaction step, the stripping step and the regeneration step, can be performed in a single non-partitioned vessel.

Abstract: This invention is to a method of manufacturing fluid catalytic cracking catalyst. In particular, the invention is to a method of manufacturing a catalytic cracking catalyst which incorporates a step of matching the isoelectric point of each component of the catalyst framework structure to the pH of an inorganic oxide sol used to form the matrix component of the catalyst. The resulting catalyst product has a controlled pore size and is extremely durable.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a catalytic process for converting a solid carbonaceous material, such as coal, to a liquid product in the presence of hydrogen. More particularly, this invention relates to a coal liquefaction process wherein a mixture of coal, bottoms, solvent and a sulfiding agent is subjected to liquefaction conditions in the presence of a catalyst precursor. This catalyst or catalyst precursor is comprised of a thermally decomposable compound of Groups IIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, and VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements such as molybdenum.