Abstract: A heterocyclic phosphorus mono-, di- or polyester has the constitution of the product prepared by reacting an intermediate of specified type with a di- or polyol or derivative thereof capable of yielding the di- or polyol on hydrolysis, said intermediate of specified type being a heterocyclic phosphorus compound having the constitution of the compound prepared by reacting an olefin polymer or copolymer having at least 50 carbon atoms and containing olefinic unsaturation with a phosphorus trihalide in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst, preferably consisting of an aluminium halide, to form a reaction product having halogen atoms attached to phosphorus, and thereafter reacting the reaction product with a hydroxy compound, preferably water or methanol, to remove one or both of the halogen atoms attached to the phosphorus atom. Lubricating compositions containing the mono-, di- or polyesters of the invention are also described.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an exhaust system for an internal combustion engine including a catalytic converter. A valve-controlled by-pass around the catalyst bed in the converter is provided such that the exhaust gas is only passed through the catalyst bed during engine warm-up. The valve is automatically controlled by engine temperature such that after the engine attains operating temperature the by-pass valve opens and the exhaust gas by-passes all catalyst.

Abstract: A fuel induction system for a spark-ignited multicylinder internal combustion engine including a carburetor, a mixing chamber and an intake manifold. The carburetor includes a primary barrel which connects initially to an inlet in the mixing chamber. An outlet from the mixing chamber connects to the intake manifold. The inlet and outlet are arranged such that the direction of air/fuel mixture flow is reversed in passing through said inlet and outlet thereby providing an improved air/fuel mixture, resulting in lower exhaust hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heating the air-fuel mixture in the intake system or intake manifold of an internal-combustion engine which includes a heat exchanger heated by the exhaust gases out of the engine located between the carburetor of an internal-combustion engine and the engine cylinders. The air-fuel mixture is heated by passing through the heat exchanger and around the heat exchanger ports. The temperature of the heat exchanger can be varied to insure maximum vaporization of the fuel in the air stream.

Abstract: An induction system for a gasoline-fueled four-cycle engine having a carburetor which delivers an air/fuel mixture through a primary venturi to a "hot box" evaporation container located in the engine exhaust stream causing any liquid gasoline to be vaporized. The vaporized air/fuel mixture is then conducted to the intake manifold. In V-type engines the "hot box" is located in the exhaust cross-over. At high load a secondary venturi delivers air/fuel mixture directly to the intake manifold. Fuel distribution in multicylinder engines is thereby improved permitting leaner operation without misfire, resulting in decreased hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission.

Abstract: Novel compounds which are amides of bis(phenol substituted)carboxylic acids, or derivatives thereof are described by specified general formula and as reaction products of at least one bis(phenol substituted)carboxylic acid, or derivative thereof, having at least one alkyl substituent of at least 30 carbon atoms on a phenol substituent, and at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or heterocyclic primary or secondary di- or polyamine or a hydroxy alkyl amine.Also described are lubricating compositions containing the novel compounds of the invention.

Abstract: Aromatic amines are made by reacting a phenol with aluminum nitride and either ammonia or a primary or secondary amine at temperatures from 200.degree.-600.degree.C. For example, 2,6-dimethyl-phenol reacts with aluminum nitride and ammonia to yield 2,6-dimethylaniline.

Abstract: Aromatic hydroxy compounds (e.g., 2,6-dimethylphenol) are converted to the corresponding aromatic amine (e.g., 2,6-dimethylaniline) by reaction with ammonia at elevated temperatures in the presence of a cyclohexanone promoter and a catalyst comprising metallic palladium bonded to a phosphinated polystyrene resin.

Abstract: Bromine is produced by reacting chlorine and ethylene dibromide in the presence of an aluminum halide catalyst, e.g. aluminum chloride. A small amount of bromine present prior to chlorine addition shortens the induction period. Some decomposition of the organic product occurs if it is distilled in the presence of aluminum-containing residues. These residues can be removed by water wash which can be followed by drying with H.sub. 2 SO.sub. 4 . After such treatment, ethylene dichloride can be recovered by distillation without substantial decomposition.

Abstract: Gasoline compositions and additive mixtures of carboxymethoxy propanedioic acid, its salts, esters, or other gasoline soluble derivatives in amount sufficient to alleviate the plugging of certain catalysts being used in an engine exhaust system to lower the amount of undesirable constituents in exhaust gas from an engine being operated on gasoline containing a cyclopentadienyl manganese antiknock.

Abstract: A process for preparing polybrominated aromatic compounds which comprises (a) reacting an aromatic compound with bromine in the presence of a metal halide halogenation catalyst and solvent quantities of methylene bromide, and (b) adding a lower alkanol to the thereby produced reaction mixture to precipitate polybrominated aromatic product.

Abstract: Vinylidene bromide and vinylidene chlorobromide are stabilized by a conjugated butadiene such as isoprene used in conjunction with a phenolic composition such as butylated hydroxyanisole.

Abstract: A dispersant-antiwear lubricating oil additive is made by reacting a high molecular weight hydrocarbon-substituted phenol with aldehyde and ammonia or amines having a reactive hydrogen atom to form a Mannich condensation product which is reacted with an alkylene oxide and P.sub.2 S.sub.5 to form the additive.

Abstract: A process for preparing unsaturated organic compounds by reacting an allylic alcohol and a ketone or aldehyde, in the presence of carbon monoxide and a Group VIII metal salt/germanium or tin salt combination catalyst is described. The unsaturated organic compounds are principally unsaturated alcohols having a molecular weight greater than the allylic alcohol reactant.

Abstract: Novel compounds, useful as intermediates in the preparation of lubricant additives, are described by specified general formulae and as condensation products of (i) an alkyl-substituted monohydric phenol, phenol sulphide or alkylene bis-phenol in which the alkyl substituent contains at least 8 carbon atoms and (ii) a carbonyl-substituted compound selected from the group consisting of glyoxylic acid, pyruvic acid, levulinic acid, 3-oxoglutaric acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid and esters of such acids.

Abstract: A process for extracting nickel from a low-grade nickel complex ore. The process features simultaneously grinding and leaching of the ore with an aqueous ammoniacal leach solution.

Abstract: Gasoline compositions and additive mixtures of methanetricarboxylates in amount sufficient to alleviate the plugging of certain catalysts being used in an engine exhaust system to lower the amount of undesirable constituents in exhaust gas from an engine being operated on gasoline containing a cyclopentadienyl manganese antiknock.

Abstract: Fuel induction systems of internal combustion engines are cleaned by operating the engine on a gasoline containing a detergent amount of the condensation product of phenol and preferably a high molecular weight alkylphenol, an aldehyde and an amine having a H-N< group. Effectiveness is improved by inclusion of a mineral polyolefin having an average molecular weight of from about 300-2000. The condensation product is also effective in other distillate fuels.

Abstract: Gasoline compositions containing cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl antiknock and a glyceride ester in an amount sufficient to alleviate the plugging of catalysts being used in an engine exhaust system to lower the amount of undesirable constituents in exhaust gas. The antiknock and glyceride are preferably added to the gasoline as an additive mixture.

Abstract: Aluminum is removed from sec-alkyl phenolic compositions containing aluminum in the form of a phenate by first adding aqueous alkali metal hydroxide in stoichiometric excess over said aluminum and then acidifying the mixture with a mineral acid and removing the acidic aqueous phase to leave a substantially aluminum-free sec-alkyl phenolic composition. The method is especially adapted to remove aluminum from the distillation bottoms remaining after distilling product from a sec-alkylation mixture formed by alkylating a phenol with a sec-alkyl precursor olefin using an aluminum phenate catalyst.