Abstract: A thin film thickness monitor using successive reflection of a polychromatic light beam off of reference thin film of variable optical thickness and a sample thin film whose thickness is to be determined, in which a monochromatic light source is used beforehand to first determine the actual optical thickness of the reference thin film at each relative position of the beam and reference thin film. In one embodiment, the ratio S/R of detected light intensity S from the sample thin film and detected light intensity R from the reference thin film is found for each relative position and the position at which the ratio is a maximum is determined. In another embodiment, this ratio is corrected by a corresponding ratio S.sub.1 /R.sub.1 derived from a bare wafer substrate. The sample can then be located behind additional optical surfaces, such as a vacuum port without causing substantial errors.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a lead frame inner connection assembly includes forming a lead frame having conductive fingers with inner lead ends connected to an electronic component, such as an integrated circuit die. Fluid-soluble alignment bars are deposited and cured within the areas between the conductive fingers. Preferably, the alignment bars are water soluble and are deposited using silk screen techniques. In a subsequent step of encapsulating the electronic component and inner lead ends, the alignment bars function as dams to prevent the flow of material beyond the desired extent of the encapsulation. At the ends of the alignment bars opposite to the electronic component a molded carrier ring may be formed, with the alignment bars again acting as dams to limit the flow of material. Conductive material can be contained within fluid-soluble material, thereby providing some degree of electrical connection between adjacent conductive fingers via the alignment bars.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser that includes at least one grating reflector with a grating period selected to diffract at a nonperpendicular angle within the plane of the laser waveguide. This allows dispersal of laser light, eliminating filamentary multimode operation of broad area lasers. In one embodiment, the grating reflector couples light between a single transverse mode waveguide portion of the optical cavity and a second, broad area, portion that is not collinear with the single mode waveguide. In another embodiment, the cavity favors a ring mode of oscillation. One or more grating reflectors form part of the feedback mechanism which forms a resonant optical cavity with noncollinear portions. Other reflectors in the feedback mechanism include facet reflectors which can be cleaved or ion milled, or semiconductor material refractive index boundaries. Laser embodiments with two or more grating reflectors can be independently tuned to provide a high rate of amplitude modulation.

Abstract: An electrostatic color printer or copier which uses a single pump for controlling fluid toner at low flow velocities and a separate pump or blower for an air jet used to expel fluid from common passages between applications of different colors. A full width toning applicator admits toner and air in a manner so that air limits flow of toner beyond the applicator. During a purging cycle, more air is admitted, forming an air jet which blasts surfaces and passages clear of liquid.

Abstract: An integrated circuit package including a plurality of macrocells for connecting a logic circuit of the package to a plurality of external contacts of the package. At least one of the macrocells has an output driver that is enabled or disabled by a control signal for transmitting or preventing transmission of a logic signal to one of the contacts. The control signal is generated by a logic gate that receives and logically combines an individual output enable signal dedicated to that particular macrocell with a selected signal. One signal that may be selected is a regional output enable signal that is supplied to more than one macrocell. Each macrocell also has a feedback multiplexer selecting one signal to be sent to the logic circuit. Choices include a nonstored logic signal, a stored logic signal from a flip-flop register in the macrocell, a signal applied to the external contact associated with that macrocell, and a signal applied to another external contact associated with a different macrocell.

Abstract: A method for controlling the air-fuel ratio in an internal combustion engine equipped to operate from a gaseous alternative fuel. The output signal of the engine's exhaust gas oxygen sensor is used to measure the variable engine transport delay. The variable is used to approximate a reciprocal of the delay. The reciprocal is used as a representation of the variable engine mass air-flow. A limit cycle operating in a transport-delay-oscillator mode is modified by extending the duration of the enrichment phase in proportion to the mass air-flow. The resulting exhaust gas concentrations are biased rich and thus shifted within an optimum operating window of the engine's gasoline catalytic converter. A significant reduction of unwanted exhaust emissions is observed.

Abstract: An electrophoresis-based assay system for detection of one or more target substances, i.e. an analyte tagged with fluorescent binding agents. The analyte is reacted with an excess amount of fluorescently tagged binding agent. The reaction mixture is subjected to electrophoresis and the migration of bound and free fluorescent substances are timed at a location where there is a spatial and optical differentiation of the two substances. An optical detector supplies signals corresponding to fluorescent amplitudes of the two substances. The free fluorescent substance arrives at a time expected from calibration runs. This optical signal is a marker for a second time, either earlier or later, when the bound substance should have arrived. Recorded data is searched to establish the relation between free and bound dye among the recorded optical signals. An absence of a bound dye signal infers the absence of target analyte in a sample.

Abstract: A shuttle vehicle for transferring objects to and from another vehicle, especially a field harvester. The shuttle has a tower lift for raising a platform carrying objects such as pallets of folded containers to a high elevation forming a tunnel-like opening. The shuttle is equipped with horns and locking hooks to engage a field harvester so that the bed of the harvester is brought into alignment with the bed of the shuttle. Boxes from the shuttle are then pushed through the tunnel-like opening of the tower lift onto the flat bed of the shuttle. Once the harvester is unloaded, the support platform of the tower lift may be lowered and objects carried by the lift placed onto the harvester. In this manner, there is a two-way transfer of goods from one vehicle to the other.

Abstract: A method using implantation to form a semiconductor laser or laser array with current blocking implants. A semiconductor material laser structure including layers of a first conductivity type, an active region and layers of a second conductivity type is formed. In a first embodiment, impurity ions of the second conductivity type are implanted into selected regions of a first conductivity type layer. The implanted ions form current blocking buried regions of the second conductivity type with current confining channels therebetween. Finally, the structure is thermally annealed. In a second embodiment, a disorder inducing impurity, which may be a saturable absorber, is diffused into selected portions of the layers of the first conductivity type through the active region. The diffusion converts side regions of those layers into the second conductivity type.

Abstract: A prestressed pressure vessel safety enclosure is used as a pressure safety enclosure for a nuclear reactor pressure vessel or other primary system vessel containing fluid or gaseous material under high pressure, such as, steam generators, pressurizers and pumps. The special pressure vessel enclosure comprises a first pressure vessel containment assembly surrounding the primary pressure vessel. A pair of first upper and lower pressure vessel jackets are adapted to enclose and be spaced apart, respectively, from the upper and lower portions of the first pressure vessel containment assembly with the rims of the jackets adapted to be slidable and sealed with respect to the first pressure vessel containment assembly. The spaces between the jackets and pressure vessel containment assembly are filled with a high boiling point, low melting point metal.

Abstract: A truck-train system uses a first ("A") railway dolly or bogie to support the front or fifth-wheel hitch end of roadable truck-trailer. It uses a second ("B") railway dolly to support the rear or roadable wheel end of the same truck-trailer. The first ("A") and second ("B") railway dollies are connected to each other by a longitudinal support member having a telescoping central sill. The central sill is adapted to be detachably connected to the first ("A") railway dolly. The longitudinal support member is connected to the second ("B") railway dolly and also supports a raised platform having a deployable ramp for receiving the wheels of a roadable truck-trailer. The telescoping central sill and longitudinal support member can be locked in any fixed position to take up the train draw-bar tension and to provide for truck-trailers of various lengths.

Abstract: A battery-powered portable tool for handling electronic workpieces, such as semiconductor wafers, wherein a desired pressure differential is generated by a serial connection of vacuum pumps. The tool includes a number of features which minimize the generation of particulate matter. The pumps are sealed in an airtight chamber to prevent the release of particles created during operation of the pumps. The tool is exhausted directly to the ambient atmosphere to prevent pump exhaust from disturbing particles within the tool. The valve is designed to provide a quick release of even lightweight workpieces and to minimize the sliding of valve components against each other. Submicron filtering removes any particles from the pump exhaust.

Abstract: A method of packaging an integrated circuit chip having an active surface with a pattern of input/output pads. A package member is positioned to frame the integrated circuit chip, leaving a gap between the active chip surface and an interconnect support surface of the package member. A filler material is deposited within the gap, simultaneously fixing the chip to the package member and providing a bridge that is coplanar with the active and interconnect support surfaces. A pattern of conductive printed circuit interconnects is preferably photolithographically formed from the input/output pads to an edge of the package member. The resulting structure can then be electrically connected to a substrate, such as a printed circuit board, by bonding the interconnects to contact sites on the substrate. Optionally, a number of integrated circuit chips can be connected to a single package member to form a multi-chip module.

Abstract: A device for retarding drool from a multi nozzle manifold having a plurality of outlet passageways in fluid communication with a single feed passageway. A drool-retarding member selectively segregates the outlet passageways with respect to fluid communication among the outlet passageways, preventing flow from one outlet passageway into a lower outlet passageway during adhesive cutoff periods. The drool-retarding member is a reciprocating member having an inoperative position in which a plurality of inlet ports to the outlet passageways are sealed, and having a fluid-apply position in which the inlet ports are free to allow fluid communication among the outlet passageways and the feed passageway. In a passive embodiment, the drool-retarding member is a valve that is spring biased to cover the inlet ports. Pressurized adhesive overcomes the bias of the spring when an upstream flow-regulating mechanism is controlled to discontinue adhesive flow.

Abstract: A laser generates a beam which is actively steered into an optical element having a waveguide which receives and transmits the beam. The waveguide is coupled to an optical fiber which is also actively steered. Both the beam steering and fiber steering mechanisms seek to align the beam from the laser to the fiber for maximum output. The beam steering mechanism features a pair of planar mirrors pivoted at right angles to each other. A precision force transducer will cause desired amounts of pivoting to adjust the beam. The fiber steering mechanism features a pair of flexures, arranged with bending moments of the flexures being at right angles. Electrical signals control the extent of bending in each flexure. The amount of light in the fiber is sensed downstream from both steering mechanisms and compared to an expected amount.

Abstract: A pulsed surface discharge apparatus for treating dielectric surfaces, such as polymers, having a pair of electrodes spaced apart adjacent to a surface to be treated, means for supplying an inert gas, or a predominantly inert gas mixture, adjacent to the surface in the region between the electrodes, an electric pulse generator providing repeated pulses of a high voltage to the electrodes sufficient to cause breakdown of the inert gas and generate a discharge across the surface to be treated, and a dielectric surface transport for moving the surface to be treated past the electrodes. The electrodes and inert gas may be enclosed within a treatment chamber having entrance and exit ports for the material to be treated, and adapted for wire, rod, tube, sheet or other forms of dielectric material. One embodiment encloses the supply of dielectric material, which material drags inert gas along with to the discharge region.

Abstract: An aerobic exercise device featuring a vertically movable seat counter-balanced mainly by a spring. As a user, supported by the seat, executes a squatting exercise the seat will urge the user toward an initial position. The seat moves vertically along an upright column having a pulley at its top. A cable connects the seat to a spring at the back side of the column via the pulley. Handles are suspended from arms at the top of the column to help a user support his or her weight.

Abstract: A headset-based hearing tester and hearing aid programming instrument featuring an electronic module shaped as a headband having a connected acoustic transducer module. The electronic module includes microcontroller, internal and plug-in external memory for storage of program code and patient data. The headset instrument in conjunction with a hand-held patient response device is capable of automatic hearing testing. The produced audio stimuli including test tones, speech and verbal instructions are retrieved from external memory cards. The instrument automatically computes fitting parameters and is capable of programming a programmable hearing aid via a port for direct wire programming or via wireless methods including inductive coil coupling to a hearing aid equipped with a receiving coil.

Abstract: A standard for calibrating a wafer surface inspection optical scanner, particularly a system for measuring haze. The referene wafer contains sections divided into subsections, each subsection having a quasi-random pattern of light scattering features on an otherwise polished surface of the wafer. The quasi-random pattern of features is formed by creating a random pattern of pits within tiny areas of the subsection and repeating that pattern. The random pattern of pits covers an area less than the area of the spot of a scanning beam used by the wafer surface inspection system. By randomizing the pattern of pits within the scanning beam, the scattered light does not produce interference patterns and thus the scattered light is more isotropic. A direct measurement of the amount of hazel on the reference wafer can be obtained from measuring the amount of scattered light caused by the pits.

Abstract: A method of microphotometering individual volume elements of a microscope specimen 10, comprising generating a luminous dot or cursor and progressively illuminating a plurality of part elements in the focal plane 11 of the microscope through the specimen. The mutual position between the specimen and the focal plane is then changed and a plurality of part elements in the focal plane are illuminated. Reflected and/or fluorescent light and transmitted light respectively created by the illumination is collected, detected and stored for generating a three-dimensional image of that part of the specimen composed of the volume elements. Illumination of multiples of part elements is implemented by deflecting the cursor and/or by moving the specimen. The change in the relative mutual position between the specimen and the focal plane of the microscope is effected either by displacing the specimen or the objective.