Abstract: Coking in and around the injector nozzle of indirect injection compression ignition engines is reduced by means of distillate fuel with which has been blended suitable concentrations of(a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator,(b) copolymer of an alpha-olefin having from 8 to 30 carbon and an N-substituted maleimide wherein the N-substituents are organic radicals having from 3 to 60 carbons and from 1 to 5 amine nitrogens, said copolymer having from 4 to 20 repeating olefin-maleimide units, and(c) hydrocarbyl amine having from 3 to 60 carbons and from 1 to 10 nitrogens.

Abstract: Coking in and around the injector nozzles of indirect injection compression ignition engines is reduced by means of distillate fuel with which has been blended suitable concentrations of:(a) organic nitrate ignition accelerator, and(b) hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide.Also described are additive mixtures of (a) and (b) for use in distillate fuels in amounts sufficient to reduce the coking tendencies of such fuels when used in the operation of indirect injection compression ignition engines.

Abstract: Esters of 3,5-dihydrocarbyl-4-hydroxybenzylmalonic acid are prepared by reacting a 2,6-dihydrocarbyl-4-halomethylphenol with an ester of a 1,3-dicarboxylic acid in the presence of an alkali or an alkaline earth metal hydride. The products are useful as antioxidants.

Abstract: Esters of 3,5-dihydrocarbyl-4-hydroxybenzylmalonic acid are prepared by reacting a 2,6-dihydrocarbyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol with an ester of a 1,3-dicarboxylic acid in the presence of an alkali or an alkaline earth metal hydride. The products are useful as antioxidants.

Abstract: Novel (3',5'-dihydrocarbyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl)-1,3-diketones are prepared by reacting an N,N-dihydrocarbyl-2,6-dihydrocarbyl-4-aminomethylphenol with a 1,3-diketone and an alkyl halide in the presence of an alkali or an alkaline earth metal hydride. The products are useful as antioxidants.

Abstract: Novel (3',5'-dihydrocarbyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl)-1,3-diketones are prepared by reacting an N,N-dihydrocarbyl-2,6-dihydrocarbyl-4-aminomethylphenol with a 1,3-diketone in the presence of a basic substance. The products are useful as antioxidants.

Abstract: Disproportionation of olefinic hydrocarbons by contact with a catalyst comprising a dicarbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)nitrosyl complex of molybdenum or tungsten and an alkylaluminum halide co-catalyst.

Abstract: 4-(.alpha.-alkyl-.alpha.-cyano-methyl)2,6-di-substituted phenols having the formula ##STR1## wherein R is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl are prepared by reacting a di-substituted phenol, such as 2,6-di-tertiary-butyl phenol, with a Friedel-Crafts addition agent in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as aluminum chloride to form the corresponding 4-(.alpha.-alkyl-.alpha.-oxo-methyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol. The 4-(.alpha.-alkyl -.alpha.-oxo-methyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol thus formed readily can be reduced to form the corresponding 4-(.alpha.-alkyl-.alpha.-hydroxy-methyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol which thereafter can be reacted with an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal cyanide to form the desired 4-(.alpha.-alkyl-.alpha.-cyano-methyl)2,6-di-substituted phenol. This can be converted by hydrolysis into the corresponding .alpha.-alkyl-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. These acids are well-known insecticidal and acaricidal intermediates.

Abstract: Adenine is prepared by reacting a dinitrile of diaminomaleic acid with N-methyldichloroformidinium chloride and ammonia at elevated temperature in the presence of formamide and an ammonium salt of a lower alkanoic acid.

Abstract: A process for producing L-proline in the absence of light by cultivating Chlorella sp. 580 algae in an aqueous growth medium containing a high concentration of sodium chloride of up to 1M in the final stage of cultivation and providing an adequate supply of carbon in the form of acetate ion, until algae of high L-proline content are obtained, harvesting the algae and thereafter recovering L-proline from the algae.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of certain 4-alkyl substituted 5-aroyl-pyrrole alkanoic acids useful as intermediates for anti-inflammatory agents.

Abstract: A process for recovering L-proline from Chlorella sp. 580 algae without disrupting the L-proline synthesizing capability of the algae thereby permitting reuse of the proline depleted cells to produce additional amounts of L-proline. The process comprises cultivating Chlorella sp. 580 algae under high-intensity illumination in an aqueous growth medium containing a high concentration of sodium chloride (at least 1 M in the final stage of cultivation), providing an adequate supply of carbon, in a depth not exceeding approximately 20 cm of the aqueous medium, until algae of high L-proline content are obtained, harvesting the algae and thereafter diluting the harvested algae with water to a concentration below at least 0.

Abstract: A process for producing L-proline by cultivating Chlorella sp. 580 algae under high-intensity illumination in an aqueous growth medium containing a high concentration of sodium chloride (at least 1 M in the final stage of cultivation), providing an adequate supply of carbon, in a depth not exceeding approximately 20 cm of the aqueous medium, until algae of high L-proline content are obtained, harvesting the algae and thereafter recovering L-proline from the algae.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 1,4-dialkyl-pyrrole diesters by reacting the enamine of a dialkyl acetone dicarboxylate with a 2-hydrocarboxy-1-nitroalkane.

Abstract: A process for recovering polyol fatty acid polyesters from the crude reaction product in which it is produced by contacting with an aqueous washing medium in the presence of an emulsion decreasing organic solvent so that the alkali metal fatty acid soaps and the color-forming bodies are taken into the aqueous phase, and upon settling the phases are separated from each other.

Abstract: Bis-(imidazolylmethyl)-ether hydrochloride conversion to the corresponding amino-alkylene-thiomethyl imidazoles by reaction with amino alkylene thiols.

Abstract: Oxygenated compounds can be prepared by contacting a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a solid catalyst containing rhodium, tungsten and an alkali metal.

Abstract: Exhaust hydrocarbon emissions from an internal combustion engine being operated on gasoline containing a cyclopentadienyl manganese antiknock are reduced by the addition of an exhaust emission reducing amount of a polyester of a polymerized carboxylic acid to the gasoline.

Abstract: A process for selectively preparing alpha-olefins having from 2 to about 22 carbon atoms by contacting a gaseous mixture containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen with an iron tungstate-alkali metal hydroxide catalyst at reaction conditions correlated so as to favor the formation of a substantial proportion of such alpha-olefin product.

Abstract: A process for selectively preparing alpha-olefins having from 2 to about 22 carbon atoms by contacting a gaseous mixture containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen with an iron titanate-alkali metal hydroxide catalyst at reaction conditions correlated so as to favor the formation of a substantial proportion of such alpha-olefin product.